Impact of Sex of Experimenter on the Draw-a-Person Test

1979 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 456-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele A. Paludi ◽  
William D. Bauer
Keyword(s):  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Introductory Psychology ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Male Experimenter ◽  
Female Experimenter ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Diagnostic Setting

A significant relationship was obtained between first figure drawn on the Draw-A-Person Test and sex of experimenter of 140 male and 143 female students in introductory psychology. Of the men who made drawings of the opposite sex, most drawings were elicited by a female experimenter. A like finding held for women; most drawings of the opposite sex were elicited by a male experimenter. The impact of the sex of examiner on an individual at the time of response to the Draw-A-Person Test in a diagnostic setting should be assessed.

Sex of Experimenter and Effects of Pretest Interactions on Approaching a Snake by Fearful Female Subjects

1981 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 403-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Somervill ◽  
Stephen A. Mullenberg ◽  
Blair L. Benz ◽  
Marcia Chaisson
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Introductory Psychology ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Screening Procedure ◽  
Significant Finding ◽  
Male Experimenter ◽  
Modeling Condition ◽  
Female Experimenter ◽  
Attractive Male ◽  
Female Subjects

96 female students in introductory psychology were selected by a screening procedure to ensure moderate to strong fearfulness of snakes. Each subject was assigned to one of eight groups according to a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design (attractive male or female experimenter; a modeling or no-modeling condition, and a pretest condition in which subjects either remained alone in a room or conversed with the experimenter for 7 min.). The only significant finding was that subjects showed significantly greater approach with modeling than without and with a male experimenter.

Reciprocity of Liking following Face-to-Face Encounters with Attractive and Unattractive others

1986 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 599-609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warner Wilson ◽  
Wilma Henzlik
Keyword(s):  
Negative Feedback ◽  
Introductory Psychology ◽  
Female Students ◽  
The Other ◽  
Strong Tendency ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Opposite Sex

48 male and female students in introductory psychology engaged in a get acquainted conversation with a confederate of the opposite sex. After the conversation, the experimenter asked each person to rate the other and indicated that they would then see each other's ratings as a part of the acquaintance process. Immediately after the first ratings were exchanged, however, the experimenter asked both subjects for a second confidential rating. According to prior instructions, the confederate gave either positive (7 to 9) or negative (3 to 6) preliminary ratings. The second rating, which was of liking, showed a strong tendency for the subjects to reciprocate the favorability of the first ratings made of them by the confederate. Attractive more than unattractive confederates were better liked. In contrast to previous research, however, data showed no tendency for subjects to respond more strongly to positive or negative feedback from an attractive rather than from an unattractive other.

scholarly journals Relationship between body image and self-acceptance of female students

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 129-136
Author(s):  
Siti Maryam ◽  
Ifdil Ifdil
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Female Students ◽  
The Body ◽  
Counseling Services ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Self Acceptance ◽  
The Impact

This research is motivated by the phenomenon of female students who give a negative assessment of their body shape. The impact of the student is not being able to accept the situation that is in him. This study aims to examine the significant relationship between body image and self-acceptance of female students. This study uses quantitative methods with descriptive and correlation types. The total sample of 242 students was selected using a purpose stratified random sampling technique. The research instrument used was body image inventory and inventory of female student self-acceptance. Data were analyzed by Pearson Product Moment technique. The results revealed that there was a significant relationship between body image and self-acceptance of female students with a correlation coefficient of -0.469 which was at a significance level of 0,000. This can be interpreted that the more positive the body image, the higher the level of self-acceptance, and vice versa, the more negative the body image, the lower the level of self-acceptance. With the findings of these studies, counselors can provide guidance and counseling services such as information services, individual counseling services, group guidance services, and group counseling services specifically related to body image and self-acceptance.

Self-Enhancement, Self-Protection as a Function of Esteem-Related Feedback and Success Contingency

1985 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 583-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madeleine McNicoll ◽  
Terri Annamunthodo ◽  
Michael McCarrey ◽  
Fouad Kamal
Keyword(s):  
Social Skills ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Ego Functions ◽  
Male Experimenter ◽  
Future Success ◽  
The Social ◽  
Female Experimenter ◽  
Self Protection ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Male Subjects

This experiment was conducted to assess the impact of esteem-related feedback and success-contingency on the self-protective/self-enhancing aspects of self-handicapping behavior. Following feedback about either contingent or noncontingent success on an intellectual task provided by a male experimenter, 67 male subjects randomly received either ego-enhancing or ego-diminishing feedback on an unrelated task (social skills) provided by a female experimenter. It was hypothesized that the effect of esteem-related feedback on an unrelated task (social skills) provided by the female experimenter would generalize to other ego functions and activate self-protective/self-enhancing processes. It was predicted that those individuals whose self-esteem had been lowered, whether in the conditions of contingent or noncontingent success would self-protect more in that they would be more inclined (1) to attribute their success externally, (2) to self-handicap by choosing the performance-inhibiting drug more often, (3) to show a lower expectancy of future success on retest, and (4) to self-protect by refusing more often to volunteer in a proposed high-risk experiment than those subjects whose self-esteem had been raised via ego-enhancing feedback on the unrelated task. Analysis showed that esteem-related affect did not generalize from the intellectual domain to the social-skills area or from the male to the female experimenter. The findings are discussed in terms of the compartmentalization of affect such that risk-taking reflected self-protection on tasks associated with the female experimenter while the remaining variables associated with the male experimenter showed no such effects.

Impact of Self-Esteem and Body Image on Sports Participation of Female Athletes

2020 ◽  
pp. 65-80
Author(s):  
Sumera Sattar ◽  
Dr. Shahzaman Khan ◽  
Sharin Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Sports Participation ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Impact

With reference to Pakistan, it has been observed that young female students are reluctant to take part in sports because of social pressures that affect their health in the long run. This research was conducted to examine the effect of self-esteem and body image on sports participation of female athletes mainly with two objectives i.e. to quantify the relationship between self-esteem and body image of sports participation of females and to quantify the impact of self-esteem and body image as motivators for sports participation of females. The purpose of selecting this topic was that both self-esteem and body image can play a major role to motivate females participate in sports. By applying the simple random sampling, a total of 200 female students were selected from four different universities to participate in the study.  These female students belonged to the physical education department of different universities of Lahore, Pakistan. Adapted questionnaires of Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale (1965) and Offer Scale of Body-image (1972) were used to get the opinion of the participants. Results indicated a positively significant relationship between self-esteem and sports participation of female students as the values of the correlation were 0.317. In case of body image, positive significant relationship was observed between body image and sports participation as the value of correlation was 0.442. The research concluded that female students having high level of self-esteem and perfect body image, were more enthusiastic to participate in sports. The findings will help the physical trainers, instructors and teachers to find out the causes from the females who have low self-esteem.

The Draw-A-Person Test and Body Image

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan E. Handelzalts ◽  
Yael Ben-Artzy-Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Image ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Diet Group ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Body Image Scale ◽  
Healthy Female

The Draw-A-Person (DAP) test has been the center of a long-lasting debate regarding its validity. This study investigated the DAP indices of height, width (size), and inclusion/omission of details and their relation to body image as measured by a self-report scale (Gray’s body image scale) and manifested by the diet behaviors and body mass index of 55 healthy female students. Although the drawings of the diet group were smaller, there was no significant relationship between figure size and diet behaviors. However, body image as measured by a self-report scale did result in significant differences between groups. Moreover, there was a significant correlation between the size of the figure drawn and body image as measured by a self-report scale (larger figures correlated with better body image). No significant results were found for the omission/inclusion indices of the DAP. These results are discussed in light of previous findings regarding the DAP.

scholarly journals Association of epileptiform brain activity and specific language impairment (SLI) in preschool children

2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Esmael ◽  
Sara Elsherbeny ◽  
Mohammed Abbas
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Language Impairment ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Specific Language Impairment ◽  
Intelligence Quotient ◽  
Epileptiform Activity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Specific Language ◽  
Cognitive Age ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Epileptiform activities can cause transient or permanent deficits that affect the children during development and may be accompanied by neurodevelopmental disorders like specific language impairment. Objectives The objective of this study was to find if there is a possible association and the impact of epilepsy and epileptiform activity in children with specific language impairment. Patients and methods The study was conducted on 80 children suffering from specific language impairment and 80 age and sex match healthy control children. Computed tomography brain was performed and electroencephalography was recorded for children. Intelligence quotient level, cognitive age, social, and phoniatric assessment were done for all patients. Results Eighty children with specific language impairment (51 males and 29 females) with a mean age of 4.11 ± 1.93. Patients with specific language impairment showed significantly higher rates of abnormal electroencephalography (P = 0.006) and epilepsy (P < 0.001) compared to the control group. Spearman correlation demonstrated a highly negative significant relationship linking the language, intelligence quotient with abnormal electroencephalography and epilepsy (r = − 0.91, P < 0.01 and r = − 0.91, P < 0.01 respectively). Also, there was a moderately inverse significant relationship linking the cognitive age, social with abnormal electroencephalography, and epilepsy (r = − 0.70, P < 0.05 and r = − 0.65, P < 0.05 respectively). Conclusion Epileptiform activities even without epilepsy in preschool children may alter normal language function. Specific language impairment was associated with lower intelligence quotient levels, social, and cognitive age. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT04141332

scholarly journals Emotional Intelligence Differences between the Normal, the Blind and the Deaf in Adolescence in a Jordanian Sample

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 392
Author(s):  
Feryal Shnekat
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Intelligence Scale ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Intelligence Level ◽  
The Impact

<p>This study aimed to identify the Emotional intelligence differences between the normal, the<br />blind and the deaf in a Jordanian sample, in addition to the impact of the gender and type of<br />disability on the level of the emotional intelligence. The sample of the study consisted of 150<br />male and female students who are normal, deaf and blind in the adolescence. The researcher<br />collected data using Bar-On Emotional intelligence scale which is developed by Alia<br />Al-Oweidi and it is consisted of 60items distributed into six domains. Results showed the<br />highest mean of emotional intelligence level was for the normal students, the deaf and the<br />blind respectively. The results also showed that there were statistical significant differences<br />attributed to the type of the disability variable but there were no statistical significant<br />differences attributed to the gender variable.</p>

Gedeeld leiderschap en proactiviteit in Het Nieuwe Werken

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martine J.H. Coun ◽  
Cees J. Gelderman ◽  
José Pérez-Arendsen
Keyword(s):  
Leadership Styles ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Shared Leadership ◽  
Insurance Company ◽  
New Ways Of Working ◽  
Feedback Culture ◽  
Indirect Impact ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Shared leadership and proactivity in the New Ways of Working Shared leadership and proactivity in the New Ways of Working Increasingly, employees are experiencing so-called New Ways of Working (NWW), facilitated by advanced ICT. They must deal with more autonomy and responsibilities in combination with flexibility in time and location of work. It has been argued that NWW combine well with novel leadership styles, such as shared leadership, although this relationship has not been studied before. Similarly, the expected consequences of NWW on proactivity of employees and teams requires academic investigation. This paper reports on a study on the impact of NWW implementation on shared leadership and the proactivity within SNS REAAL (a large banking and insurance company in the Netherlands). The case study is particularly interesting since NWW employees (N = 51) are compared with non-NWW employees (N = 77). The results confirm that NWW have a positive, significant relationship with team proactivity behaviour. In addition, the implementation of NWW can have an indirect impact on the individual proactivity of employees, which is only effective if team proactivity is promoted. Merely implementing NWW will not result in shared leadership. The findings suggest that NWW characteristics, such as an open feedback culture, more autonomy, and internal entrepreneurship, are most effective in the pursuit of proactivity and shared leadership.

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