Life Stress Measures and Reported Frequency of Sleep Disorders

1984 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zack Zdenek Cernovsky
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Life Stress ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Sleep Onset ◽  
Negative Events ◽  
Positive Events ◽  
Unrefreshing Sleep ◽  
Part Time

Scales to assess nightmare recall frequency and recalled frequency of insomnia-related disorders (sleep onset, sleep-maintenance problems, unrefreshing sleep, and restless sleep) were administered, together with the Social Readjustment Rating Scale of Holmes and Rahe to 170 part-time undergraduate students (mean age 27.4 yr., 97 men, 73 women), and together with the Life Events Inventory of Tennant and Andrews to another sample of 91 part-time undergraduates (mean age 26 yr., 53 men, 37 women). The time span for which life events and sleep disorders were to be assessed was the previous 6 mo. Pearson rs suggested that the relationships of different types of scores for life events (scores for change, for distress, for amount of control over events, weighted and unweighted scores for negative and positive events) to reports of sleep disorders were mostly weak (the largest coefficient was .29) and nonsignificant. Of all life events measures, negative life events listed on the Readjustment Scale were the most closely associated with reports of sleep disorders; all 14 coefficients involving negative events were significant and in the clinically expected direction. Further research is needed to examine whether the size of correlations between events and sleep disorders is related to factors such as readiness to recall and report negative personal experiences.

Effects of Life Stress and Dysphoria on Complex Judgments

1993 ◽  
Vol 72 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1355-1363 ◽  
Author(s):  
John S. Gillis
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
State Anxiety ◽  
Life Stress ◽  
Focus Of Attention ◽  
Judgment Task ◽  
Judgment And Decision Making ◽  
Subjective Distress ◽  
External Sources ◽  
Two Indices

A sparse literature concerning the effects of stress on judgment and decision making has produced two tentative conclusions: (1) stress impairs judgment and (2) such impairment is often the result of the narrowing of a judge's focus of attention. While evidence supportive of these propositions exists, there have also been contradictory findings. This investigation attempted to address both of these issues. 98 undergraduate students completed a complex multiple-cue judgment task and were also assessed as to (a) their exposure to two potential sources of stress (life events and irrational thinking) and (b) the amount of personal dysphoria they were experiencing. Two indices of subjective distress, depression and state anxiety, were significantly related to poor judgmental performance. None of several indices of potential stressors confirmed a relationship, which suggests that possible external sources of stress do not negatively affect judgment unless they generate subjective distress at the time judgments are made. There was no support for the “narrowing” hypothesis.

scholarly journals Good is stronger than bad for eudaimonic well-being

2022 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 455-490
Author(s):  
Gonzalo Martínez-Zelaya ◽  
Marian Bilbao Ramírez ◽  
Darío Páez Rovira
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Negative Life Events ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Negative Events ◽  
Positive Events ◽  
Post Traumatic Growth ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Basic Beliefs

Perceived changes in basic beliefs and growth related to life events were examined in three studies. A representative sample (N = 885), a sample of students and their families (N = 291) and a sample of students (N = 245) responded with a list of positive and negative life events, a scale of changes in basic beliefs and a post-traumatic growth scale. Positive events were strongly associated with changes in basic beliefs, while only weak associations were found for negative events. In addition, negative changes in basic beliefs were associated with growth only in negative life events and positive changes in basic beliefs were generally associated with growth.

Narcissism and Causal Attribution

1997 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen R. Ladd ◽  
M. Cay Welsh ◽  
William F. Vitulli ◽  
Elise E. Labbé ◽  
Joseph G. Law
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Attributional Style ◽  
Causal Attribution ◽  
Personality Inventory ◽  
Negative Events ◽  
Positive Events ◽  
Narcissistic Personality ◽  
Narcissistic Personality Inventory ◽  
Attributional Style Questionnaire ◽  
The Relationship

This study examined the relationship between scores on narcissistic personality traits and causal attributions to positive and negative events. 119 undergraduate students in psychology as participants completed the Narcissistic Personality Inventory-40, the Attributional Style Questionnaire, and several Self-referencing Closed-ended Vignettes. Analyses indicated that men who scored higher on the Narcissistic Personality Inventory-40 made more internal and stable attributions to positive events and more external and unstable attributions to negative events than did men who scored lower on the Narcissistic Personality Inventory-40. Also scores on the Self-referencing Closed-ended Vignettes correlated significantly and positively with the Attributional Style Questionnaire, providing evidence for the validity of the vignettes.

scholarly journals Maternal exposure to life events during pregnancy and congenital heart disease in offspring: a case-control study in a Chinese population

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Li ◽  
Yujiao Du ◽  
Yini Liu ◽  
Jiaoyang Du ◽  
Ruo Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Heart Disease ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Congenital Heart ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Maternal Exposure ◽  
Negative Events ◽  
Positive Events ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background Previous studies have suggested that maternal stress could increase the risk of some adverse pregnancy outcomes, but evidence on congenital heart disease (CHD) is limited. We aimed to explore the association between maternal exposure to life events during pregnancy and CHD in offspring. Methods The data was based on an unmatched case-control study about CHD conducted in Shaanxi province of China from 2014 to 2016. We included 2280 subjects, 699 in the case group and 1581 in the control group. The cases were infants or fetuses diagnosed with CHD, and the controls were infants without any birth defects. The life events were assessed by the Life Events Scale for Pregnant Women, and were divided into positive and negative events for synchronous analysis. A directed acyclic graph was drawn to screen the confounders. Logistic regression was employed to estimate the odds ratio and 95% confidence interval for the effects of life events on CHD. Results After controlling for the potential confounders, the pregnant women experiencing the positive events during pregnancy had lower risk of CHD in offspring than those without positive events (OR = 0.38, 95%CI: 0.30 ~ 0.48). The risk of CHD in offspring could increase by 62% among the pregnant women experiencing the negative events compared to those without (OR = 1.62, 95%CI: 1.29 ~ 2.03). Both effects showed a certain dose-response association. Besides, the positive events could weaken the risk impact of negative events on CHD. Conclusion It may suggest that maternal exposure to negative life events could increase the risk of CHD in offspring, while experiencing positive events could play a potential protective role.

Which depressions are related to life stress?

2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 167-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Paykel
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Life Stress ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Negative Events ◽  
Stress Effects ◽  
Social Rhythm ◽  
Insidious Development ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Course Of Depression

This paper examines the relationship of recent life events to specific kinds of depression using published studies and the author's own work. An overall effect of life events on depression has been found consistently and is moderate in degree. In suicide attempts there are stronger and more immediate effects than in depression. Life events precede both non-melancholic and melancholic depressions. It is only in recurrent depressions that life events are less common with melancholic pictures. Life events influence bipolar disorder as well as unipolar. Mania may be preceded by life events, particularly those involving social rhythm disruption, but it is harder to rule out events which are consequences of insidious development of illness. There are strong effects of life events and social support in postpartum depressions but in postpartum psychoses these effects are absent. Events precede depression comorbid with other disorders as well as pure depression. The course of depression is also influenced by life stress with less remission where negative events occur after onset and better outcome where earlier adverse events are neutralized. Relapse is related to immediately preceding life events. However, where depressions are both severe and recurrent life stress effects weaken and as the number of episodes increases preceding life events lessen. These findings suggest that some kinds of depression are more related to psychosocial causation and some are more biological in origin.

A Study of a Stress Questionnaire: The Later Years

1983 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan N. Meimsh
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Life Stress ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Life Change ◽  
Significant Life ◽  
Social Readjustment Rating Scale

A twenty-seven item life stress questionnaire was derived from the Holmes-Rahe Social Readjustment Rating Scale, modified for older respondents, and administered to sixty-two patients hospitalized for neuro-behavioral diagnosis and treatment. The aims were to focus on significant life stresses and the patients' responses to these, and to identify those life events that were subjectively evaluated by the patients as significantly affecting their life adjustment. The study suggests that fewer than twenty items-seventeen in this investigation-may be an efficient range of events to estimate life change effects and that the degree of impact of these stresses must be sought out systematically if these phenomena are to be better understood.

scholarly journals Negative valence effect in affective forecasting: The unique impact of the valence among dispositional and contextual factors for certain life events

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-130
Author(s):  
Virginie Christophe ◽  
Michel Hansenne
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Affective Forecasting ◽  
Personal Life ◽  
Negative Events ◽  
Positive Events ◽  
Life Event ◽  
Negative Valence ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Valence Effect

Decades of research on affective forecasting have shown a persistent intensity bias—a strong tendency by which people overestimate their future hedonic response for positive events and underestimate it for negatives one. While previous research has provided answers on the isolated impact of various individual or contextual factors, this study is original in that it brings them together to determine which ones most influence the inaccuracy of affective forecasting. Participants were asked to predict their emotional satisfaction for a personal life event, the course (positive or negative) and date of which were already known. First, the results support previous research by showing that affective predictions are highly associated with people’s affective experience. Moreover, multiple regression showed that among the individual and contextual factors previously reported to be in relation with affective forecasting inaccuracy, only the valence of the event could explain inaccuracy of forecasting. According to a growing body of literature, these findings point out a tendency to underestimate the intensity of the affect predicted both for negative and positive, with a stronger underestimation for negative events: the negative valence effect.

Influence of Emotional Intensity and Frequency of Positive and Negative Events on Depression

1999 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul A. Davis ◽  
G. Leonard Burns
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Emotional Response ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Emotional Intensity ◽  
Negative Events ◽  
Pilot Studies ◽  
Environmental Process ◽  
Personality Process

This study replicates and extends aspects of psychological behaviorism's analysis of the role of positive and negative events in depression. As a first step, four pilot studies were conducted to develop a positive and negative events rating scale. This measure assesses the emotional intensity of positive and negative events (i. e., the strength of the positive or negative emotional response produced by the event) as well as the frequency of occurrence of the positive and negative events. A sample of 1089 college students then completed the Beck Depression Inventory and this new life events measure. Consistent with psychological behaviorism's analysis that emotional intensity involves a personality process and frequency an environmental process, the results showed that the emotional intensity of positive and negative events as well as the frequency of positive and negative events had independent roles in the prediction of depression (i. e., each of the four variables predicted depression after controlling for the other three). In addition, the results supported the personality and environmental subtypes of depression as specified by the theory. Suggestions are made for how subsequent research can test more explicitly this theory of depression.

Life Stress and Onset of Physical Illness

1982 ◽  
Vol 51 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1207-1210
Author(s):  
Robert G. Frank ◽  
Paul H. Van Valin ◽  
Charles L. Weinstein
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Life Stress ◽  
Spinal Cord Injuries ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Physical Illness ◽  
The Social ◽  
Medical Inpatients ◽  
Local Residents

The Life Experiences Survey has been presented as an improvement on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale which has been shown to have a small correlation with the onset of physical illness. The ability of the Life Expetiences Survey to identify persons experiencing high stress prior to the onset of physical illness has not been demonstrated. The survey and a modified form of the rating scale were administered to 185 persons from six groups: hospitalized inpatients, hospitalized spinal cord-injured inpatients and outpatients, local residents, graduate and undergraduate students. No differences in positive, negative, and total scores on the survey were found. Graduate students were more stressed than medical inpatients or outpatients with spinal-cord injuries on the rating scale.

scholarly journals Maternal exposure to life events during pregnancy and congenital heart disease in offspring: a case-control study in a Chinese population

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Jing ◽  
Yujiao Du ◽  
Yini Liu ◽  
Jiaoyang Du ◽  
Ruo Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Congenital Heart ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Maternal Exposure ◽  
Negative Events ◽  
Positive Events ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background: Previous studies have suggested that maternal stress could increase the risk of some adverse pregnancy outcomes but evidence on congenital heart disease (CHD) is limited. We aimed to explore the association between maternal exposure to life events during pregnancy and CHD in offspring.Methods: The data was based on an unmatched case-control study about CHD conducted in Shaanxi province of China from 2014 to 2016. We included 2280 subjects, 699 in case group and 1581 in control group. The life events were assessed by Life Events Scale for Pregnant Women, and were divided into positive and negative events for synchronous analysis. A directed acyclic graph was drawn to screen the confounders. Logistic regression was employed to estimate odds ratio and 95% confidence interval for the effects of life events on CHD.Results: With confounders adjusted, pregnant women with positive events experienced had 62% lower odds of CHD in offspring than those without (OR =0.38, 95%CI: 0.30~0.48). Those exposed to negative events were 1.64 times odds to have CHD that of those without (OR =1.64, 95%CI: 1.31~2.05). The both effects showed dose-response association. Besides, positive events could weaken the risk impact of negative events on CHD.Conclusion: It may suggest that maternal exposure to negative life events could increase the risk of CHD in offspring, while experiencing positive events could play a potential protective role.

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