Goal Orientation, Goal Difficulty, and Incentive Values of Academic Goals

2005 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 681-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank W. Wicker ◽  
Douglas Hamman ◽  
Joylynn H. Reed ◽  
Erin J. McCann ◽  
Jeannine E. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Positive Affect ◽  
Goal Orientation ◽  
Academic Goals ◽  
Mastery Goals ◽  
Goal Difficulty ◽  
Extrinsic Goals ◽  
Intrinsic Goals ◽  
Affective Value ◽  
Relative Salience ◽  
Extrinsic Goal

We examined relationships among goal attributes (difficulty and affective value) and goal types (mastery, performance, intrinsic, and extrinsic). Goal attributes of positive affect value and relative salience of positive value were higher for intrinsic goals, mastery goals, and more difficult goals, qualified by an interaction between difficulty and type of goal. Intrinsic goals were more affectively positive than extrinsic goals and mastery goals were more positive than performance goals, but these differences vanished if goals were also perceived as difficult. Results were consistent with goal-orientation theories and suggest the usefulness of integrating incentive-attribute concepts with goal-orientation theories.

The effect of intrinsic and extrinsic goals on work performance

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 900-912 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Jian Zhang ◽  
Jingjing Li
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Work Performance ◽  
Adaptive Performance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Extrinsic Goals ◽  
Intrinsic Goals ◽  
Interpersonal Performance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Content Theory ◽  
Extrinsic Goal

Purpose Based on the goal content theory (GCT), the purpose of this paper is to focus on the essence of goals and examine the associations between different work goal contents (intrinsic and extrinsic goals) and work performance. Design/methodology/approach The data were collected from 279 employees and their immediate supervisors, and the theoretical hypotheses were tested by correlation and hierarchal regression analyses. Findings The results of the analyses showed that intrinsic goal content positively predicted task performance, dedicative performance, interpersonal performance, and adaptive performance and that extrinsic goal content positively predicted the task performance and adaptive performance; intrinsic goals were also found to enhance the relationship between extrinsic goals and task performance. Originality/value The contribution of the current study is that it explores whether both extrinsic goals and intrinsic goals can contribute to predicting work performance. Moreover, different from previous studies that focus on discussing the separate effects of intrinsic and extrinsic goals on outcomes, the authors aim to study the interaction effect between these goals, which enriches GCT.

The effect of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on entrepreneurial intentions

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 649-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Arshad ◽  
Omer Farooq ◽  
Mariam Farooq
Keyword(s):  
Personal Growth ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Physical Appearance ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Financial Success ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Extrinsic Goals ◽  
Intrinsic Goals

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate how and when intrinsic (personal growth, affiliation, community contribution, health) and extrinsic (financial success, fame, physical appearance) goals affect individuals’ entrepreneurial intentions (EIs). The study uses goal contents theory to propose that intrinsic and extrinsic goals positively influence individuals’ EIs. The authors further argue that the collectivism moderates the effect of intrinsic and extrinsic goals on individuals EIs.Design/methodology/approachA survey was designed to collect data from business graduates at a university in Pakistan. The measurement model and the hypothesized model were tested using the structural equation modeling technique in MPlus 7.0.FindingsThe results suggest that all four intrinsic goals and three extrinsic goals positively affect individuals’ EIs. However, financial success and fame appear to be the most prominent determinants of EIs. Similarly, personal growth and contribution to community are strong predictors of individuals’ EIs. Conversely, health, physical appearance and affiliation motives were found to have a weaker effect on individuals’ EIs. Moreover, the results show that collectivist orientation negatively moderates the effect of intrinsic goals on individuals’ EIs, but positively moderates the effect of extrinsic goals. These results suggest that the EIs of individuals with high collectivist orientation are mainly induced by extrinsic goals, whereas intrinsic factors play a greater role in stimulating the EIs of individuals with low collectivism.Originality/valueExtant research has paid little attention to intrinsic and extrinsic goals as determinants of individuals’ EIs. Thus, this study explores how and when intrinsic and extrinsic goals develop individuals’ EIs. This study is the first of its kind to highlight the importance of individuals’ cultural orientation (collectivism) to determine the alternative role of intrinsic and extrinsic goals in developing individuals’ EIs. In addition, this study was conducted in a different cultural setting (i.e. South Asia), which provides an opportunity to expand the boundary conditions of the phenomenon by offering an alternative perspective on this issue.

scholarly journals School Motivation Questionnaire for the Portuguese Population: Structure and Psychometric Studies

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 1441-1455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Miguel Gomes Cordeiro ◽  
Ana Paula Couceiro Figueira ◽  
José Tomás da Silva ◽  
Lennia Matos
Keyword(s):  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Autonomy Support ◽  
Goal Orientations ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Learning Climate ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Goal Structures ◽  
Extrinsic Goals ◽  
Intrinsic Goals ◽  
Psychometric Studies

It is presented the structure and psychometric studies of the “School Motivation Questionnaire”. The SMQ is a self-report questionnaire with 101 items, organized in sixteen scales that measure the students' goal orientations, the perceived classroom goal structures, the perceived teacher's autonomy support and the use of learning strategies. Twelve scales are adapted from the “Learning Climate Questionnaire”, “Perceptions of Instrumentality” and “Cuestionário a Estudiantes”. Four scales and five additional items are created new. The psychometric studies rely on a convenience sample consisting of 9thand 12thgrade students (N= 485) of Portuguese schools. The factorial and construct validity, verified through several exploratory factorial analyses to the data, presents a final solution of six factors, labelled Strategies (F1), Teacher Extrinsic Goals (F2), Student Extrinsic Goals, Externally Regulated (F3) Teacher Intrinsic Goals (F4), Student Extrinsic Goals, Internally Regulated (F5), and Student Intrinsic Goals (F6). The six-factor solution explains a significant variance of the scale results (53.95%). Good coefficients of internal consistency are obtained for all factors, never below (.858; F6). In sum there is strong evidence to support the multi-dimensionality of SMQ, upholding that the data obtained is exploratory and applies for future validation studies.

scholarly journals Undermining Intrinsic Motivation

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bianca Lavorata
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Goal Orientation ◽  
Conceptual Learning ◽  
Extrinsic Rewards ◽  
Evaluation Theory ◽  
Cognitive Evaluation Theory ◽  
Motivation For Learning ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Extrinsic Goal ◽  
Learning And Performance

This paper will examine the possible effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation in Preschool to College students and argue that extrinsic rewards undermine intrinsic motivation. The Overjustification hypothesis by self-perception theory, as well as the cognitive evaluation theory (CET) will be discussed, including some of the benefits of self-motivation for learning. Various studies will be explored to show that extrinsic rewards reduce intrinsic motivation. Results suggest that students that are offered an extrinsic goal subsequently show less intrinsic interest and demonstrate poorer conceptual learning and performance in the long term. Alternately, students that are regulated by intrinsic motivations experience positive consequences at school. This paper will conclude on the note that intrinsic motivation plays a pivotal role in learning, and that teachers and other social agents can help promote intrinsic goals to motivate conceptual learning and performance, even when students hold a stronger extrinsic goal orientation. Finally, various factors that can enhance and develop intrinsic motivation will be discussed, and suggestions will be provided for further research on this topic.

Multiple Goals and Homework Involvement in Elementary School Students

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Valle ◽  
Irene Pan ◽  
José C. Núñez ◽  
Susana Rodríguez ◽  
Pedro Rosário ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Elementary School ◽  
Goal Orientation ◽  
Elementary School Students ◽  
Sixth Grade ◽  
Multiple Goals ◽  
Academic Goals ◽  
School Students ◽  
Learning Goal Orientation

AbstractThis work arises from the need to investigate the role of motivational variables in homework involvement and academic achievement of elementary school students. The aims of this study are twofold: identifying the different combinations of student academic goals and analyzing the differences in homework involvement and academic achievement. The sample was composed of 535 fourth-, fifth- and sixth-grade elementary school students, between the ages of 9 and 13 years old. Findings showed three groups with different motivational profiles: a group of students with high multiple goals, another group with a learning goal orientation and a third group defined by a low multiple goals profile. Focusing on the differences between groups, it was observed that the amount of time doing homework was not associated with any motivational profile. Nevertheless, the differences were statistically significant between the motivational groups in the amount of homework (F(2, 530) = 42.59; p < .001; ηp2 = .138), in the management of time spent on homework (F(2, 530) = 33.08; p < .001; ηp2 = .111), and in academic achievement (F(2, 530) = 33.99; p < .001; ηp2 = .114). The effect size was large for the amount of homework performed and was also relatively large in the case of management of time and academic achievement.

Fantasy as a Driving Force: Relations Between Fantasy and Motivation in Children

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 250-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva V. Hoff ◽  
Alexandra Ekman ◽  
Anna Kemdal Pho
Keyword(s):  
Goal Orientation ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Fifth Grade ◽  
Mastery Goals ◽  
Mastery Goal Orientation ◽  
Mastery Goal ◽  
Motivational Style ◽  
Avoidance Goals ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between children’s fantasy involvement and motivational style at school was investigated. Participants were 95 Swedish children in third to fifth grade (9–11 years). Fantasy involvement was measured with the Children’s Fantasy Inventory and motivation in the classroom was measured with the Goal Orientation Scales. Results revealed that being highly imaginative was related to higher mastery goal orientation. Among the two subscales with positive fantasy content, one—fanciful and happy fantasies—was connected to mastery goals. Among the two negative fantasy scales one—scary daydreams and attention lapses—was linked to avoidance goals. An implication of the results for teaching and learning situations is that fantasy involvement may function as a resource for motivating students.

“Coveting Thy Neighbour’s Legs”: A Qualitative Study of Exercisers’ Experiences of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Goal Pursuit

2013 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 308-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon J. Sebire ◽  
Martyn Standage ◽  
Fiona B. Gillison ◽  
Maarten Vansteenkiste
Keyword(s):  
Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis ◽  
Time Perspective ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Psychological Needs ◽  
Need Satisfaction ◽  
Exercise Motivation ◽  
Extrinsic Goals ◽  
Semistructured Interviews ◽  
Content Theory ◽  
Extrinsic Goal

Goals are central to exercise motivation, although not all goals (e.g., health vs. appearance goals) are equally psychologically or behaviorally adaptive. Within goal content theory (Vansteenkiste, Niemiec, & Soenens, 2010), goals are adaptive to the extent to which they satisfy psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. However, little is known about what exercisers pursuing different goals are feeling, doing, thinking, and paying attention to that may help to explain the association between goal contents and need satisfaction. Using semistructured interviews and interpretative phenomenological analysis, we explored experiences of exercise among 11 adult exercisers who reported pursuing either predominantly intrinsic or extrinsic goals. Four themes emerged: (a) observation of others and resulting emotions, (b) goal expectations and time perspective, (c) markers of progress and (d) reactions to (lack of) goal achievement. Intrinsic and extrinsic goal pursuers reported divergent experiences within these four domains. The findings illuminate potential mechanisms by which different goals may influence psychological and behavioral outcomes in the exercise context.

scholarly journals What do you really want? Change in goals and life satisfaction during Emerging Adulthood in Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susana Núñez Rodriguez ◽  
◽  
Luciana Dutra-Thomé ◽  
Silvia Helena Koller ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Satisfaction With Life ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Satisfaction With Life Scale ◽  
Extrinsic Goals ◽  
Intrinsic Goals ◽  
Demographic Questionnaire ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Life Scale

Aim and Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate how different types of goals may affect the satisfaction in life of Brazilian emerging adults in different developmental stages and, what characteristics they associate with adulthood. Method: Participants were 970 Brazilian youth aged from 18 to 30 years old (M = 22.8; SD = 3.4). The instruments we used were a socio-demographic questionnaire, the Aspiration Index and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. We performed a descriptive statistical analysis to elicit the characteristics related with becoming an adult, as well as ANOVAs to test if there was a difference between the endorsement of intrinsic or extrinsic goals based on sociodemographic characteristics; and if there was a difference, did it affect their satisfaction with life. Results: Results showed that the most important characteristic to be considered an adult was to be financially independent and to be responsible for oneself, while the least important were to be married and to have children. There was a significant difference in the importance participants gave to intrinsic goals based on sex and age. Consistently with previous research, we found that giving greater importance to intrinsic goals had a positive and significant effect on life satisfaction. However, different sets of goals were deemed important according to the developmental stage youth were in, and these changes had in turn a significant effect on life satisfaction. Conclusions: Finally, we found that prioritizing intrinsic goals contributes to greater life satisfaction in general. This study acknowledges that there are individual and contextual factors that may propel youth to choose their goals in order to attend these demands, regardless of their impact on life satisfaction.

scholarly journals Building an e-portfolio learning model: Goal orientation and metacognitive strategies

2012 ◽  
pp. 16-36
Keyword(s):  
Goal Orientation ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Goal Orientations ◽  
Metacognitive Strategies ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Mastery Goals ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Approach Goals ◽  
Positive Effect

Recent wide acceptance of e-Portfolios has occurred because researchers believe it helps promote students’ learning in higher education. This study uses goal orientation theory to investigate the relationship between goal orientations, metacognitive strategies, and enjoyment when students use e-Portfolio. This paper contributes to research by goal orientation, metacognitive strategies and enjoyment to explain student learning behavior when using e-Portfolio to providing further evidence. A sample of 219 university students took part in this research to verify the proposed model. The study employs structural equation modeling with the LISREL to explain the model. The results show that students’ mastery goals for using e-Portfolio have a positive effect on their metacognitive strategies and enjoyment. Performance-approach goals have a negative effect on metacognitive strategies and a positive effect on enjoyment. Performance-avoidance goals have a positive effect on metacognitive strategies. Students’ enjoyment has a positive effect on their metacognitive strategies, and mastery goals can predict metacognitive strategies through enjoyment. This paper also discusses study findings and implications for future research.

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