scholarly journals Possibilities of Determination of Risk Elements in Alluvial Agriculture Soils in the Mže and Otava River Basins by X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-23
Author(s):  
Ladislav Menšík ◽  
Lukáš Hlisnikovský ◽  
Ladislav Holík ◽  
Pavel Nerušil ◽  
Eva Kunzová
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
River Basins ◽  
Risk Elements ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Organic Fertilisers ◽  
Multiple Correlation Coefficients ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe undesirable, hazardous, and risk elements are introduced into all environmental parts through human activities. They enter the soil and aquatic environment by atmospheric deposition, or by application of sewage sludge, pesticides, mineral and organic fertilisers, and by organic manures. Heavy metals (HMs) and risk elements can be determined in the soil by a wide range of analytical methods that differ in terms of time and financial costs, and the demands on service. One of the methods is the use of a portable XRF spectrometer under lab conditions, offering relatively fast determination of the concentration of chemical elements in the soil. In the presented study we evaluated the accuracy and the precision of the XRF device for analysis of the concentration of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, As, Mn, Cu, and Ni) in alluvial soils from the Mže and Otava river basins (Czech Republic), and validated and compared obtained results with the conventional lab method (ICP-OES). The soil samples (n = 502) were taken at 43 sampling sites at depths of 0 – 30, 30 – 60, and 60 – 90 cm, mainly in floodplains with Fluvisol soil type (N-year flow rates = Q100 m3/s). The multiple correlation coefficients R values ranged from 0.81 to 0.99. The R2 determination coefficients for individual HMs, measured by XRF, were determined as follows: Pb – 0.98, Zn – 0.97, Cu – 0.80, Mn – 0.79, As – 0.78, Ni – 0.66. According to our results, 66 – 98% points fit the designed models. The Pb and Zn have the best dependency (relationship tightness), and regression models are excellent. Cu, Mn, and As have a slightly worse dependency (tightness of the relationship), but the regression model is still very well suitable for agriculture practice, or for the purposes of environmental monitoring.

scholarly journals Temperature and Wetness-Duration Requirements for Grape Leaf and Cane Infection by Phomopsis viticola

Plant Disease ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 87 (7) ◽  
pp. 832-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Erincik ◽  
L. V. Madden ◽  
D. C. Ferree ◽  
M. A. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Phomopsis Viticola ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Rain Events ◽  
Grape Leaf ◽  
The Relationship

In 1998 and 1999, controlled-environment studies were conducted in growth chambers to determine the temperature and wetness-duration parameters required for leaf and cane infection of grape by Phomopsis viticola. Greenhouse-grown ‘Catawba’ (Vitis labrusca) and ‘Seyval’ (French hybrid) grapes were inoculated with P. viticola and incubated at constant temperatures of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35°C and at wetness durations of 5, 10, 15, and 20 h for each temperature. Data from each cultivar were analyzed by nonlinear regression analysis to determine the relationship between disease severity and temperature and wetness duration. A generalized form of the Analytis Beta model was found to provide the best fit to the data. Disease severity on leaves and canes increased with increasing wetness duration at most temperatures. Minimum and maximum temperatures for infection were around 5 and 35.5°C, respectively. Optimum temperatures for leaf and cane infection were between 16 and 20°C. In the 2000 and 2001 growing seasons, the generalized Beta model was validated in ‘Catawba’ and ‘Seyval’ vineyards by inoculating vines during natural rain events. Average temperature and hours of wetness for each event and inoculation were recorded and used in the model equation to predict disease severity on leaves and internodes. Correlation coefficients between observed disease severities following field inoculations and predicted disease severities for both cultivars were between 0.71 and 0.81 and always significant (P < 0.01). These results indicate that the model reliably predicted leaf and cane infection on both cultivars over a wide range of wetness durations and temperatures. The model may be useful in developing disease-forecasting systems for Phomopsis cane and leaf spot on grapes.

A Comprehensive Review of Minerals, Trace Elements, and Heavy Metals in Saffron

2022 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sayyed Mohammad Ali Noori ◽  
Mohammad Hashemi ◽  
Sajjad Ghasemi
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Trace Elements ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Atomic Emission ◽  
Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World

Abstract: Saffron is one of the most expensive spices in the world, and its popularity as a tasty food additive is spreading rapidly through many cultures and cuisines. Minerals and heavy metals are minor components found in saffron, which play a key role in the identification of the geographical origin, quality control, and food traceability, while they also affect human health. The chemical elements in saffron are measured using various analytical methods, such as techniques based on spectrometry or spectroscopy, including atomic emission spectrometry, atomic absorption spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The present study aimed to review the published articles about heavy metals and minerals in saffron across the world. To date, 64 chemical elements have been found in different types of saffron, which could be divided into three groups of macro-elements, trace elements, and heavy metals (trace elements with a lower gravity/greater than five times that of water and other inorganic sources). Furthermore, the chemical elements in the saffron samples of different countries have a wide range of concentrations. These differences may be affected by geographical condition such as physicochemical properties of the soil, weather and other environmental conditions like saffron cultivation and its genotype.

scholarly journals Spectral Noise Levels and Roughness Severity Ratings for Normal and Simulated Rough Vowels Produced by Adult Males

1970 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank E. Sansone ◽  
Floyd W. Emanuel
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Noise Levels ◽  
Multiple Correlation ◽  
Acoustic Spectrum ◽  
Spectral Components ◽  
Multiple Correlation Coefficients ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Spectral Ranges ◽  
The Relationship

Twenty normal-speaking adult males sustained productions of each of the vowels /u/, /i/, /Λ/, /a/, and /æ/ first normally and then with simulated vocal roughness at one intensity. A tape recording of each production was rated for roughness on a five-point equal-appearing-intervals scale by 11 trained judges and was also analyzed to produce its 3-Hz bandwidth frequency-by-amplitude acoustic spectrum. The median roughness rating and the level of inharmonic spectral components, i.e., noise components, for each production were examined and related. Noise levels for the productions of each vowel averaged over selected spectral ranges between 100 Hz and 8000 Hz correlated highly with the median roughness ratings for those productions. Multiple correlation coefficients indicating the relationship between the median roughness rating and multiple measures of spectral noise in the range from 100 Hz to 2600 Hz for the individual productions of each test vowel were high (≥0.97) and significant for all five vowels.

scholarly journals Influence of technogenic loading of pyrogenic origin on the geochemical migration of heavy metals

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Buts ◽  
V. Asotskyi ◽  
O. Kraynyuk ◽  
R. Ponomarenko
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Soluble Form ◽  
Soil Reaction ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Migration Potential ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Migration Capacity ◽  
Heavy Metals In Soils

The study of geochemical aspects of the transformation of migration properties of heavy metals under the influence of anthropogenic loading of pyrogenic origin has been given insufficient attention. We studied the concentration of heavy metals in soils by atomic absorption analysis. The results indicate the transformation of their migration properties. The diversity and versatility of behaviour of chemical elements in environmental components after fire was noted. In different ecological conditions, it is possible to observe a wide range of quantitative values of geochemical migration or accumulation of any particular chemical element. The analytical results show that the contents of migrant elements, pH values, areas of disasters which are approximately in the same conditions, but passed by the grass or upper fire differ quite tangibly. Heavy metals that hit the environment can form difficult soluble hydroxides. In addition, in the soil solution, there is a probability of the formation of hydroxocomplexes with different amounts of hydroxide ions by metals. The range of precipitation of hydroxides and the region of predominance of soluble hydroxocomplexes have been studied by constructing concentration-logarithmicdiagrams. On the basis of the calculations it can be argued that the influence of technogenic loading of pyrogenic origin influences the geochemical migration of heavy metals . Compounds Fe3+ at the pH = 4.5-14, Cu2+ at pH = 7-14, Cr2+ at pH = 7-9, Zn2+ at pH= 8-11, Ni2+ at pH = 8-14 have the lowest migration potential. Compounds Pb2+ at pH = 9-12, Fe2+ - pH = 9.5-14 have the lowest migration potential also. In a more acidic environment, soluble substances are formed, but at a pH increase of only 0.5-1, they can decrease their mobility by an order of magnitude which contributes to their concentration in the soils after the fire. In a neutral soil reaction, most of the heavy metals (Al, Cr, Zn, Cu, Fe (II), Ni) are in a slightly soluble form (in the form of hydroxides), with insignificant, migration capacity which leads to the accumulation of these chemical elements in the soil. It is necessary to allocate heavy metals moving in a neutral environment (Fe (II), Cd, Co, Mg, Mn) into a separate group. Any increase in pH values contributes to their fixation. The obtained calculations can be used to predict the geochemical migration of heavy metals in soils which result from anthropogenic disasters of a pyrogenic origin.

scholarly journals Porosity of Knitted Fabrics in the Aspect of Air Permeability - Discussion of Selected Assumptions

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (0) ◽  
pp. 86-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Havlová ◽  
Jana Špánková
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Calculations ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Air Permeability ◽  
Knitted Fabrics ◽  
Textile Materials ◽  
Yarn Hairiness ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Very High ◽  
Single Jersey

The main focus of this paper is to look into the relationship between the structure and air permeability of single jersey knitted fabric – especially verifying some basic assumptions. First, if it is possible to neglect the permeability of yarns themselves when we evaluate that of knits, and second, if yarn hairiness plays a significant role when we evaluate the relationship between air permeability and the porosity of knits. Theoretical calculations and experiments which were performed using an analysis of microscopic images of the structure of textile materials are used for the determination of inter-yarn and intra-yarn porosity. The paper aims to show t hat the characteristic dimension of inter-yarn pores is significantly higher than that of intra-yarn pores, and also that the values of inter-yarn porosity measured using image analysis methods with hairiness and after the removal of hairiness are statistically significantly different. The correlation coefficients for the porosity values measured and calculated are very high.

scholarly journals Determination of the Level of Snow Cover Pollution with Heavy Metals within the City of Kovrov Boundaries

2014 ◽  
pp. 69-76
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Snow Cover ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Iron Accumulation ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Vladimir Oblast ◽  
The City

The paper presents the outcomes of the investigation of heavy metals and iron accumulation in the Kovrov (Vladimir Oblast) snow cover. On the basis of snowmelt waters’ analysis a calculation of the chemical elements input into snow cover over the winter period has been carried out.

Use of χ As a Function of Volume Fraction of Rubber to Determine Crosslink Density by Swelling

2003 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 832-845 ◽  
Author(s):  
William L. Hergenrother ◽  
Ashley S. Hilton
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Metal Oxides ◽  
13C Nmr ◽  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Good Measure ◽  
Noticeable Effect ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract A technique is described allowing a relatively simple determination of χ as a function of vr from swelling in heptane. A good measure of the true νe of the cured elastomer at all values of vr was demonstrated by substituting this relationship for χ in the Flory-Rehner (F-R) equation. The relationship was established over a wide range of vr values by using samples that had the νe of the cured elastomer determined by tensile retraction (TR). Applying this function to samples treated using the thiol probe method of Campbell gave an improved measure of the types of crosslinks present in sulfur-cured stocks. An identical equation describing χ as a function of vr in heptane was obtained with NR, EPDM and SBR containing up to a 0.31 volume fraction of carbon black (CB) and other fillers. The presence of up to 10 % of clay, talc, silica, resins or metal oxides in the CB had no noticeable effect on the relationship measured. However, when the filler contained about 50% silica a distinctly different slope in the relationship was found. The percent S1, S2 and Sx distribution measured was contrasted between measurements made by 13C NMR, swelling with χ = constant or χ as a function of vr.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SALINITY AND WENNER RESISTIVITY FOR SOME DRYLAND SOILS

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. L. READ ◽  
D. R. CAMERON
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Linear Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Reasonable Approach ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Wenner Array

Soil paste electrical conductivity (EC) (mmhos/cm) measurements were correlated with Wenner array conductivities at eight sites. Linear correlation coefficients varied from 0.61 to 0.98. The addition of the independent variables, sand, clay, and water content, improved the relationship on four sites. The largest standard deviation from the regression relationships did not exceed ± 2.9 mmhos/cm (average soil EC near 7.0 mmhos/cm). For most sites soil salinity could be estimated within ± 2.0 mmhos/cm and at certain sites within ± 1.0 mmhos/cm. Although the correlations were not as high as those obtained by others, it was felt the Wenner array technique was still a reasonable approach for assessing and mapping salinity under a wide range of field conditions.

scholarly journals CHEMICAL ELEMENTS IN EGG SHELL OF A COMMERCIAL STRAIN OF DOMESTIC FOWL MANAGED IN A TROPICAL ENVIRONMENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-191
Author(s):  
M. A. Oguike
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Fowl ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Commercial Strain ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Egg Shell ◽  
Sodium Zinc

A study was conducted to determine the chemical elements of the egg shell of exotic commercial pullets (Lohmann) in their first laying year. A total of 160 eggs from eight pullet were randomly selected at three-monthly intervals during the production year for the determination of chemical elements of the eggshell. The average concentrations of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium, sodium, zinc and iron were 90.36%, 0.87%, 0.90%, 3.85%, 0.51%, 0.10%, 0.002%, and 0.005% respectively. Most of the paired variates of the mineral elements showed significant (P < 0.01) inter-relationship as depicted by measures of correlation coefficients. There were no significant relationships between Ca and most mineral elements and on the other hand mg was significantly correlated with phosphorus N, K, and Zn. Correlation coefficients between P and Fe, N and Na, Zn or Fe and between Na and Zn were not significant.

scholarly journals Pyrogenic Influence n Geochemistry Migration Ability of Heavy Metal

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Soluble Form ◽  
Soil Reaction ◽  
Migration Ability ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Migration Potential ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Migration Capacity

Purpose. Investigation of dynamics of geochemical migration ability of heavy metals as a result of the effect of man-made loading of pyrogenic origin. Methods. Analytical: atomic absorption analysis, pH-metric; the range of precipitation of hydroxides and the region of predominance of soluble hydroxocomplexes have been studied by constructing concentration-logarithmic diagrams (CRLs). Results. The results indicate the transformation of their migration properties. The diversity and versatility of behavior of chemical elements in environmental components after the fire was noted. In different ecological conditions, it is possible to observe a wide range of quantitative values of geochemical migration or accumulation of any particular chemical element. Analytical results show that the contents of migrant elements, pH values, areas of incidents, which are approximately in the same conditions, but passed by the grass or upper fire differ quite tangibly. Heavy metals that hit the environment can form difficult soluble hydroxides. In addition, in the soil solution, there is a probability of the formation of hydroxocomplexes with different amounts of hydroxide ions by metals. The range of precipitation of hydroxides and the region of predominance of soluble hydroxocomplexes have been studied by constructing concentration-logarithmic diagrams. On the basis of the calculations it can be argued that the influence of the technogenic loading of pyrogenic origin on the geochemical migration of heavy metals takes place. Compounds Fe3+ at the pH = 4.5-14, Cu2+ at pH = 7-14, Cr2+ at pH = 7-9, Zn2+ at pH= 8-11, Ni2+ at pH = 8-14 have the lowest migration potential. Compounds Pb2+ at pH = 9-12, Fe2+ - pH = 9.5-14 have the lowest migration potential also. In a more acidic _____________________________________________________ © Буц Ю. В., Крайнюк О. В., Барбашин В. В., Кобзін В. Г. , 2018 environment, soluble substances are formed, but at a pH increase of only 0,5-1, they can decrease their mobility by an order of magnitude, which contributes to their concentration in the soils after the fire. In a neutral soil reaction, most of the heavy metals (Al, Cr, Zn, Cu, Fe (II), Ni) are in a slightly soluble form (in the form of hydroxides), with their migration capacity insignificant, which leads to the accumulation of these chemical elements in the soil . In a separate group it is necessary to allocate heavy metals moving in a neutral environment (Fe (II), Cd, Co, Mg, Mn). Any increase in pH values contributes to their fixation. Conclusions. The obtained calculations can be used to predict the geochemical migration of heavy metals in soils after the man-made consequences of emergencies of pyrogenic origin.

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