scholarly journals Apologia Tăcerii Și A Căutării În Poemul Autoportret

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 162-170
Author(s):  
Andreea-Corina Batori

AbstractLucian Blaga is popular among the Romanian writers for his beliefs in the power of the unknown and the unsaid-word, for his attention given to the notion of mystery and knowledge.The present paper focuses on two of the main elements that coordinate some of the poet’s lyrical writings: silence and the state of being in a continuous search for the initial harmonious relationship with the Universe by returning to the origins of the world, by regeneration and reconstruction. These ideas are emphasized in the poem titled Autoportret in which the soul of the individual find sit self in the these arch for beauty and nothingness, for the pure word which is able to reinforce the bond between the individual and the totality of the unharmed Universe.Using themes, motifs, symbols, myths, figures of speech and techniques of construction, Lucian Blaga succeeds in creating a representative poem for his last volume entitled Nebănuitele trepte, a poem characterized by expressiveness, depth and a strong wish to find by means of silence what the souls has been looking for since ever – purity, peace and harmony.

2021 ◽  

The COVID-19 pandemic forced physicians around the world to make tragic decisions: Whose life should be saved when it is apparent that available resources are insufficient to treat everyone? Under the heading of "triage" a broad societal debate ensued that also ignited the scientific community. This anthology unites voices from medicine, law, and philosophy for a conversation. It reveals controversies that are deeply rooted in ideas of law, morality, and the role of the individual in the state. Simultaneously, answers are being formulated to questions that have become sadly prominent in the COVID pandemic but could also valid beyond it.


2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (17) ◽  
pp. 197-220
Author(s):  
Oscar Hernán Cerquera Losada

Este documento muestra el Estado de arte de los determinantes del rendimiento académico en la educación media, teniendo en cuenta las principales investigaciones realizadas, tanto a nivel nacional como internacional, acerca de los factores que influyen en el logro escolar de los estudiantes. Con este trabajo, se busca establecer las principales variables, tanto en Colombia como en algunos lugares del mundo, que afectan el desempeño académico de los estudiantes. Este documento se organiza en dos sesiones, determinantes a nivel mundial y determinantes a nivel colombiano; cada sesión clasifica las investigaciones de acuerdo a los factores del estudiante, de la escuela y las características organizacionales y políticas. A pesar de existir muchas investigaciones sobre el tema, aún no se ha llegado a un consenso general sobre cómo determinar los factores del  rendimiento académico, pues en la realidad son muchas las características del individuo, la escuela o el sistema que se relacionan entre sí de diferente manera y pueden afectar el logro estudiantil.ABSTRACTThis document shows the state of the art of the determinants of academic achievement in secondary education, taking into account the main research conducted, both nationally and internationally, about the factors that influence school achievement of students. With this paper, we seek to establish the main variables which affect the academic achievement of students in Colombia as well as in some parts of the world. This document is organized in two sessions: world and Colombian determinants; each session classifies research according to the factors of the student, the school and organizational and political characteristics. Although there is much research on the topic so far it has not been possible to reach a consensus on how to determine the factors of academic achievement, because in reality many characteristics of the individual, of the school or of the system relate to each other differently and can affect student achievement.RESUMOEste documento mostra o Estado da arte dos determinantes do rendimento escolar no ensino medio, tendo em conta às principais pesquisas realizadas, tanto a nível nacional como internacionalmente, sobres os fatores que influenciam o desempenho escolar dos estudantes. Com este trabalho, se procura estabelecer as principais variáveis, tanto na Colômbia e em alguns lugares do mundo, afetando o desempenho acadêmico dos estudantes. Este documento está organizado em duas sessões, determinantes a nível mundial e determinantes a nível colombiano; cada sessão clasifica as pesquisas de acordó a os fatores do estudante, da escola e das características organizacionais e políticas. Embora haja muitas pesquisas sobre o tema, ainda não se chegou a um consenso geral sobre os fatores determinantes no desempenho acadêmico, porque na realidade são muitas as características do indivíduo, a escola ou o sistema que se relacionam uns com os outros de forma diferente e podem afetar o desempenho acadêmico.


Author(s):  
Gehan Gunatilleke

Abstract The freedom of expression is vital to our ability to convey opinions, convictions, and beliefs, and to meaningfully participate in democracy. The state may, however, ‘limit’ the freedom of expression on certain grounds, such as national security, public order, public health, and public morals. Examples from around the world show that the freedom of individuals to express their opinions, convictions, and beliefs is often imperilled when states are not required to meet a substantial justificatory burden when limiting such freedom. This article critiques one of the common justificatory approaches employed in a number of jurisdictions to frame the state’s burden to justify limitations on the freedom of expression—the proportionality test. It presents a case for an alternative approach that builds on the merits and addresses some of the weaknesses of a typical proportionality test. This alternative may be called a ‘duty-based’ justificatory approach because it requires the state to demonstrate—through the presentation of publicly justifiable reasons—that the individual concerned owes others a duty of justice to refrain from the expressive conduct in question. The article explains how this approach is more normatively compelling than a typical proportionality test. It also illustrates how such an approach can better constrain the state’s ability to advance majoritarian interests or offload its positive obligations by limiting the freedom of expression of minorities and dissenting voices.


Author(s):  
Евгения Викторовна Алёхина

В статье рассмотрены возникновение и развитие противоборствующих в философской мысли креационного и эволюционного объяснений происхождения Вселенной, жизни и разума. Обращаясь к анализу двух парадигм, автор показала, что они имеют длительную историю противостояния. В наше время, как и в прошлом, эта проблема сводится к альтернативе - либо эволюция как продукт слепой случайности, либо целенаправленное творчество Высшего Разума. В последнем случае есть два варианта: ортодоксальный и модернистский - «телеологический эволюционизм». Обосновывается, что современная постнеклассическая наука все больше определяется социальными, культурными и мировоззренческими основаниями. Одной из точек пересечения трех уровней научного знания является проблема происхождения мира. Противоположные варианты её решения имеют различное соотношение собственно научного (экспериментального) и мировоззренческого аспектов. Эволюционная гипотеза с позиции диалектического материализма не смогла преодолеть редукционизм и наивный реализм механистического подхода. Наличие в указанных парадигмах аксиологического компонента в той или иной степени утверждает или отрицает смысл жизни и достоинство личности. The article examines the emergence and development of the opposing creation and evolutionary explanations of the origin of the universe, life and mind in philosophical thought. Turning to the analysis of the two paradigms, the author showed that they have a long history of opposition. In our time, as in the past, this problem boils down to an alternative - either evolution as a product of blind chance, or purposeful creativity of the Higher Reason. In the latter case, there are two options: orthodox and modernist - «teleological evolutionism». It is substantiated that modern post-non-classical science is increasingly determined by social, cultural and ideological foundations. One of the intersection points of the three levels of scientific knowledge is the problem of the Origin of the World. Opposite solutions to its solution have a different ratio of the scientific (experimental) and worldview aspects. The evolutionary hypothesis could not overcome the reductionism and naive realism of the mechanistic approach from the standpoint of dialectical materialism. The presence of an axiological component in these paradigms, to one degree or another, affirms or denies the meaning of life and the dignity of the individual.


Author(s):  
Haki Demolli

There are numerous examples where political and religious contradictions have caused deep social crisis and disintegration of the state. It is true that the world is marked by new waves of violent extremism, radicalism and terrorism in the background of which are hidden religious, ethnic and ideological reasons. In reality, the reasons and activities of these groups are opposite to democratic and liberal values of tolerance and multiculturalism. Radicalisation leading to terrorism is a dynamic process in which a person is brought into a situation to accept terrorist violence as possible and justified actions of individuals and groups. The main goal of such violent actions is the achievement of political or religious objectives of such groups or individuals. The aim of this paper is to summarise the reasons that lead the individual to take the road of radicalisation, terrorism and extremism. Another aim of the paper is description and treatment of the ways of reacting of international community and individual states in prevention and fighting of extremism and terrorist activities. Ir daudz piemēru, kur politiskās un reliģiskās pretrunas izraisījušas dziļu sociālo krīzi un valsts sabrukumu. Ir tiesa, ka pasauli iezīmē jauni vardarbīga ekstrēmisma, radikālisma un terorisma viļņi, kuru fonā ir slēpti reliģiski, etniski un ideoloģiski iemesli. Vardarbīgas rīcības galvenais mērķis ir atsevišķu grupu vai indivīdu politisko vai reliģisko mērķu sasniegšana. Realitātē vardarbīgo grupu iemesli un darbība ir pretēja demokrātiskām un liberālām tolerances un multikulturālisma vērtībām. Radikalizācija, kas noved pie terorisma, ir dinamisks process, kurā rodas situācija, kad teroristu vardarbība tiek pieņemta kā iespējama un pamatota indivīdu un grupu rīcība. Viens no šā raksta mērķiem ir apkopot iemeslus, kuru dēļ indivīds dodas radikalizācijas, terorisma un ekstrēmisma virzienā, otrs raksta mērķis – aprakstīt un noskaidrot veidus, kā reaģēt uz starptautiskās sabiedrības un atsevišķu valstu centieniem novērst un apkarot ekstrēmismu un teroristiskas darbības.


Author(s):  
Михаил Андреевич Скворцов

В статье основное внимание уделяется одной из ключевых проблем, находящейся на грани библейской и светских наук, - познание состояния мира до и после грехопадения. При описании последствий грехопадения были выработаны три подхода, имеющие своих характерных представителей: еп. Василия (Родзянко), считавшего, что между первозданным и падшим миром нет никаких корреляций; прот. Леонида Цыпина - катастрофа грехопадения не изменила кардинальным образом законы мироздания; диак. Николая Серебрякова - глобальная катастрофа грехопадения категорически сказалась на состоянии мира, однако полностью не уничтожила его преемственности с первозданным миром. Также уделяется внимание гносеологическому вопросу: может ли привести рациональное познание к Богу? The article focuses on one of the key problems on the verge of biblical and secular sciences - knowledge of the state of the World before and after the Fall. In describing the consequences of the Fall, three approaches have been developed that have their own characteristic representatives: bishop Basil (Rodzianko), who believed that there are no correlations between the primordial and the fallen World; archpriest Leonid Tsypin - the catastrophe of the Fall did not radically change the laws of the universe; deacon Nicholay Serebryakov - the global catastrophe of the Fall had a categorical effect on the state of the World, but did not completely destroy its continuity with the primordial World. Attention is also paid to the gnosiological question: could it be possible to bring rational knowledge to God?


2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-106
Author(s):  
Nadezhda Kasavina

The article considers the work of Leo N. Tolstoy The Death of Ivan Ilyich in the context of the concept of boundary situations by K. Jaspers; the phenomena of “intercession in death”; one’s own and non-own Being-toward-death by M. Heidegger; the stages of personal acceptance of death which were identified by E. Kubler-Ross on the basis of psychotherapeutic work with incurable patients. The situation of Ivan Ilyich shows the position of a person in the face of existential anxiety and threats of loneliness, a sense of meaninglessness, despair, actualized by the boundary situation of death. The dynamics of the state of the novel’s protagonist is interpreted as the formation of “one’s own Being-towards-death”, which has the character of being in relation to “one’s own ability of being” (M. Heidegger). Presence is completely surrendered to itself, essentially open to itself. Loneliness acts as a way to open existence. In the openness of presence for the individual the world opens itself, the other and others in their unique way of being. Ivan Ilyich experiences this before his death as an epiphanic phenomenon, which unfolds the destiny of the personality, leading it beyond the limits of only his or her life and suffering. The interaction of the protagonist with others is considered from the perspective of the problems identified by E. Kuebler-Ross in the relationship of doctors, relatives and patients in the terminal stage of their illness and the transition to the acception of their own finiteness, which acquires the character of historicity.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1-1) ◽  
pp. 210-232
Author(s):  
Sergey Myakinnikov ◽  

The article considers the most general prerequisites for creating a new model of the ecological picture of the world, which is characterized by the comprehensiveness and completeness of coverage of various aspects of the study of the relationships between man and nature. For its formation, it is proposed to use an ecological version of the worldview-methodological platform, called ‘postholism’ by the author, which is able to coordinate the one, whole, many and singular, unique in (among others) the environmental relations of man, society and nature. This allows us to eliminate the methodological shortcomings of the reduction to the individual (merism), to the whole (holism), to the one (onecentrism) of human worldview orientations in the nature of naturcentrism, anthropo(socio)centrism, technocentrism, theocentrism. Such categories of philosophy as ‘reality’, ‘being’, ‘otherness’, ‘non-existence’, ‘being’, ‘nature’, ‘matter’, ‘physical’, ‘metaphysical’, and ‘spiritual’ were important tools for constructing a picture of the world of ecocentrism. They were refined and correlated with the latest achievements in quantum physics, astrophysics, cosmology, as well as reflexed based on extra-scientific representations of ancient cultures and religions. Physical, as well as metaphysical features of nature and man are briefly discussed. Nature is represented at various levels of physical organization (micro-world, macro-world and mega-world) and outside of physical dimensions. These dimensions presumably contain the ‘metaphysical’ content of nature. In them, the objective ‘spiritual’ of the universe, deified by man, is allowed. This does not exclude the pantheistic presence of metaphysical transcendence, estimated as ‘nonexistence’, ‘nothing’ for the reality of man within nature. Man himself is positioned as one whole of physical and spiritual existence, serving as a semblance of a Single Whole of nature. In conclusion, a list of the main environmental invariants of the world picture is given in comparison with the proposed picture of the world of ecologized postholism − ecocentrism, the advantages of which are emphasized. The Universe and quantum-field reality, along with the Earth, become components of the All-unified Whole authentic home of the ‘ecos’ of man. Further conditions and prospects for the direct development of this model are discussed.


Author(s):  
Anastasios Ladikos

This paper deals with Plato’s theology based mainly on Book X of the Laws. According to Plato, there are three false beliefs which are fatal to moral character, namely atheism, denial of the moral government of the world, and the belief that divine judgment can be bought off by prayers and offerings. Furthermore, legislation is an embodiment of the divine laws that govern the universe, and therefore it is the task of the legislator to see that every aspect of the state is directed to the inculcation of virtue. Human beings are seen as small parts of the universe and that the gods’ care for human affairs is seen as part of their care for the whole. Plato reinforces the argument that since the universe is under rational direction, one can be certain that what happens to humans after death will be appropriate to the character they have acquired in this life. The message is thus conveyed that people will in some way be rewarded or punished after death, without relying on the kind of mythical detail which the young atheist would obviously reject.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-Martin Schönherr-Mann

The state and the law are based on inescapable power, which means that justice can only be regarded as being independent of the law and thus of the principles of generality and equality. Justice aims to satisfy both ‘the event’ and ‘the individual’, which can only be achieved by examining the problems connected to it without bias. Therefore, every conceptual approach related to this state of affairs has to be analysed down to its last inconsistency. That is the point of deconstruction, which has always been concerned with doing justice to the event in question. Democracy cannot be completed, only further developed, which contradicts the idea of a strong state. Democracy demands responsible citizens, that is, those who are willing and able to deconstruct, who have perennially come to the fore whenever people have distrusted the diverse interpretations of the world that have been proposed. Derrida’s understanding of the state assumes there is an unbridgeable gap between the law and justice that exposes democracy as being notoriously insufficient, which both the state and its citizens therefore have to uphold in order to strive for their emancipation as individuals.


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