scholarly journals The Issue of Shading Photovoltaic Installation Caused by Dust Accumulation on the Glass Surface

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-182
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Rudnicka ◽  
Ewa Klugmann-Radziemska
Keyword(s):  
Surface Density ◽  
Glass Layer ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Electrical Parameters ◽  
Photovoltaic Modules ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Light Passing ◽  
Working Parameters ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Dust Surface

Abstract The issue of accumulation of dust and other pollutants on the surface of photovoltaic modules was thoroughly analysed over the years. One of the first surveys in this field of knowledge linked pollutant accumulation on the module surface with transmittance loss of its glass covering, which leads to lessened amount of solar radiation reaching solar cells. First stage of this accumulation process is linear transparency loss, and second stage - molecule agglomeration and settlement some grains on the already existing layer of dust. Additionally, the pace of working parameters reduction for photovoltaic installation is influenced by the type of dust itself. Molecules with smaller grains cover the surface much more densely, therefore limiting the amount of light passing though the top glass layer far more than molecules with bigger grains. The aim of the carried out study was to find the relationship between dust surface density and change in electrical parameters. Such approach makes it possible to compare electrical and physical parameters of different photovoltaic modules. Additionally, glass coverage itself was noted to have a significant impact on the overall decrease in working parameters of PV modules.

The Subject Matter of Intellectual Property

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justine Pila
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Final Stage ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Trade Mark ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Essential Properties ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
The Relationship

This book offers a study of the subject matter protected by each of the main intellectual property (IP) regimes. With a focus on European and UK law particularly, it considers the meaning of the terms used to denote the objects to which IP rights attach, such as ‘invention’, ‘authorial work’, ‘trade mark’, and ‘design’, with reference to the practice of legal officials and the nature of those objects specifically. To that end it proceeds in three stages. At the first stage, in Chapter 2, the nature, aims, and values of IP rights and systems are considered. As historically and currently conceived, IP rights are limited (and generally transferable) exclusionary rights that attach to certain intellectual creations, broadly conceived, and that serve a range of instrumentalist and deontological ends. At the second stage, in Chapter 3, a theoretical framework for thinking about IP subject matter is proposed with the assistance of certain devices from philosophy. That framework supports a paradigmatic conception of the objects protected by IP rights as artifact types distinguished by their properties and categorized accordingly. From this framework, four questions are derived concerning: the nature of the (categories of) subject matter denoted by the terms ‘invention’, ‘authorial work’, ‘trade mark’, ‘design’ etc, including their essential properties; the means by which each subject matter is individuated within the relevant IP regime; the relationship between each subject matter and its concrete instances; and the manner in which the existence of a subject matter and its concrete instances is known. That leaves the book’s final stage, in Chapters 3 to 7. Here legal officials’ use of the terms above, and understanding of the objects that they denote, are studied, and the results presented as answers to the four questions identified previously.

Simulation on Extrusion Comminution Model of Roller Press

2010 ◽  
Vol 156-157 ◽  
pp. 1702-1707
Author(s):  
Xiang Wen Cheng ◽  
Jinchao Liu ◽  
Qi Zhi Ding ◽  
Li Ming Song ◽  
Zhan Lin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Size Ratio ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Extrusion Force ◽  
Particle Size Ratio ◽  
Small Constant ◽  
Working Parameters ◽  
The Relationship

How to predict the relationship among particle size and among product size, to establish the relationship between the granularity and working parameters in the process of grinding and to determine the optimum operating parameters. With proposing BS squeeze crush model by L. Bass and the idea of roll surface division as the material uneven extrusion force are adopted. Based on field experiments the experimental data is analyzed, the select function and the breakage functions are fitted with MATLAB software, and obtaining their model. The comminution model is determined by the roller division. We obtain the model parameter through the experimental data. Through model analysis shows: the relationship between particle breakage and energy absorption, namely the smaller size of the same power, the lower broken; the breakage diminishes with the decrease of particle size ratio and it will be tending to a small constant when the smaller particle size ratio. The breakage functions rapidly decrease within ratio of between 0.2-0.7. This shows: the energy consumption will rapidly increase when the particle size of less than 0.2 in broken; the selection diminish with the decrease of particle size. Pressure (8-9MPa) should be the most appropriate value.

The relationship between physical parameters and wear of dental composites

Wear ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 263 (7-12) ◽  
pp. 1138-1146 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.D. Heintze ◽  
G. Zellweger ◽  
G. Zappini
Keyword(s):  
Dental Composites ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
The Relationship

An Experimental Study of Self-Loosening of Bolted Joints

2004 ◽  
Vol 126 (5) ◽  
pp. 925-931 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanyao Jiang ◽  
Ming Zhang ◽  
Tae-Won Park ◽  
Chu-Hwa Lee
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Limit ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Fatigue Curve ◽  
Relative Displacement ◽  
Shear Loading ◽  
Bolted Joints ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Controlling Parameter ◽  
Cyclic Plastic Deformation ◽  
The Relationship

The self-loosening process of a bolted joint consists of two distinct stages. The early stage of self-loosening is due to the cyclic plastic deformation of the materials. The second stage of self-loosening is characterized by the backing off of the nut. The current work is concentrated on an experimental investigation of the second stage self-loosening. Over one hundred bolted joints with M12×1.75 bolts and nuts were experimentally tested using a specially designed testing apparatus. The experiments mimicked two plates jointed by a bolt and a nut and were subjected to cyclic transverse shear loading. During an experiment, the relative displacement between the two clamped plates, denoted by δ, was a controlling parameter. For a given preload, the relationship between, Δδ/2, the amplitude of the relative displacement between the two clamped plates, and, NL, the number of loading cycles to loosening followed a pattern similar to a fatigue curve. There existed an endurance limit below which self-loosening would not persist. A larger preload resulted in a larger endurance limit. However, a large preload increased the possibility for the bolt to fail in fatigue. The results suggest that the use of a regular nut is superior to the use of a flange nut in terms of self-loosening resistance.

scholarly journals Hubungan Faktor Maternal terhadap Posisi pada Waktu Persalinan Kala II dengan Kejadian Ruptur Perineum

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
Wa Ode Hajrah ◽  
Niken Purbowati ◽  
Novia Nuraini
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Age ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Second Stage Labor ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

erineal rupture needs attention because it can cause dysfunction of the female reproductive organs, as a source of bleeding, a source, or a way in and out of infection, then it can cause death due to bleeding or sepsis. About 85% of Women who delivery vaginally experience perineal rupture, in the age group 25-30 years 24%, while in maternal age 32-39 years by 62%. In Asia, perineal rupture is also a problem in society, 50 % of the world's occurrence is in Asia. The study aims to determine the relationship of maternal factors to the position of the second stage labor and perineal rupture occurrence. This research applied a descriptive-analytic method using a cross-sectional research design. The research sample was 102 respondents, accidental random sampling, which was all labor with perineal rupture in July to November 2018. Statistical tests used chi-square. The results of perineal rupture with maternal age was p-value 0.042 (p <0.05), perineal rupture with maternal parity was p-value 0.01 (p <0.05). Suggestions for various maternal positions in maternity and ANC classes to prevent perineal rupture.

Manipulating Solid-Surface Properties with Polymeric Agents

1991 ◽  
Vol 249 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Watanabe ◽  
S.S. Patel ◽  
J.F. Argillier ◽  
E.E. Parsonage ◽  
J. Mays ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Density ◽  
Stable State ◽  
Adsorbed Layer ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Interaction Forces ◽  
Interaction Range ◽  
Interparticle Potential ◽  
Copolymer Structure ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Characteristic Measure

ABSTRACTColloidal processing offers a way to minimize undesired heterogeneities in the fabrication of advanced ceramics. Stable dispersions can be created by manipulation of interparticle potential. Adsorption of diblock copolymer amphiphiles provides a way to obtain long range repulsive interactions between particles, at comparatively low polymer coverage, thereby enabling suspension stabilization. In this study we investigate the relationship between copolymer structure and adsorbed layer characteristics, and specifically, the nature and range of interactions. We find that the surface density and interaction range are governed by a characteristic measure of the copolymer asymmetry. In the case of copolymers where one of the blocks is ionic, and therefore water soluble, we find a hysteresis in the interaction forces, indicating a meta-stable state of the polymer layer.

Study on the Relationship between Canal System Conveyance Efficiency and Basic Physical Parameters of Gravity Irrigation Districts

2014 ◽  
Vol 955-959 ◽  
pp. 3422-3426
Author(s):  
Hong Wei Jia ◽  
Ke Ke Hu ◽  
Fei Su
Keyword(s):  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Irrigation Canal ◽  
Canal System ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Engineering Construction ◽  
Irrigation Districts ◽  
Basic Parameters ◽  
Irrigation Engineering ◽  
Operation Status ◽  
The Relationship

Canal system conveyance efficiency (CSCE ) is a basic parameter of engineering construction and water management of the irrigation districts, either the response of operation status of an irrigation canal system. It plays great significance in searching quantity relationship between ICSCE and other basic parameters reflecting the condition of irrigation engineering. This paper, gravity irrigation districts in Zhejiang province as an example, sets up the relationship between basic parameters such as irrigation canal lining rate, canal flow and the CSCE, based on determining the CSCE in 61 typical gravity irrigation districts. And it also reflects the influence of basic parameters on CSCE, having a certain accuracy. This result plays a positive role on the further research and actual work on CSCE.

Pengantar Geofisika

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Syukri ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Geophysical Methods ◽  
Magnetic Method ◽  
Scientific Concept ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Study Program ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Engineering Study ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Study Programs ◽  
The Relationship

This introductory book on Geophysics was created to support teaching materials for basic subjects in the Geophysical Engineering Study Program, Physics Study Program, and related Study Programs in addition to other major books. This book introduces the basics of the earth and the structure of the earth, as well as the layers of the earth globally. Furthermore, it is also shown how the relationship between geophysics and other related branches of science within the sphere of geoscience. So that each scientific concept is clearly distinguished, although sometimes there is a very close relationship. In another section, various geophysical methods are described, starting from the basic theory, working principles, approaches and applications. All physical parameters that are applied from each discussion such as seismic method, geoelectric method and IP, gravity method, georadar method, and magnetic method. The hope is that this book can provide benefits for readers and enthusiasts of geoscience.

From Bulbous Bow to Free-Surface Shock Wave—Trends of 20 Years’ Research on Ship Waves at the Tokyo University Tank

1981 ◽  
Vol 25 (03) ◽  
pp. 147-180
Author(s):  
Takao Inui
Keyword(s):  
Shock Wave ◽  
Free Surface ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Wave Pattern ◽  
Ship Waves ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Man And Nature ◽  
Bulbous Bow ◽  
The Relationship

Trends of 20 years' research on ship waves at the Tokyo University Tank since 1960 are briefly sketched. Stress is focused on the importance of dialogues between man and nature. The process of these dialogues is exemplified by some typical cases, including the development of bulbous bows and the finding of free-surface shock waves. Wave-pattern pictures are shown to be indispensable for the initial stage of the di alogues, while wave contours and velocity-field measurements serve well in the second stage. The current wave analysis and wake survey may be the third. The relationship between "wavebreaking" and the "free-surface shock wave" is also discussed.

Foreign Ownership and Bank Efficiency

2014 ◽  
pp. 75-100
Author(s):  
Özlem Olgu ◽  
Emrah Yılmaz
Keyword(s):  
Banking Sector ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Bank Efficiency ◽  
Financial Ratio ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Financial Ratio Analysis ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shed Light

This chapter examines the association between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and efficiency of commercial banks in Turkey during the 2003-2010 period. First, the authors examine the technical efficiency of banks by applying the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and financial ratio analysis following the relevant literature. Then, they attempt to shed light on the relationship between FDI and bank efficiency applying a second stage regression analysis. The results indicate that banks that have received FDI are more efficient than others whilst there is no significant correlation among the FDI dummy and bank efficiency in Turkey. Moreover, the analysis of balance sheet ratios suggests that foreign investors target more profitable and larger banks in the sector to form partnerships. Thus, consistent with Berger et al. (2003), the authors propose that efficiency is a pre-condition rather than a result of FDI in the Turkish banking sector.

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