scholarly journals Innovative methods of non-destructive evaluation of log quality

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-13
Author(s):  
Vojtěch Ondrejka ◽  
Tomáš Gergeľ ◽  
Tomáš Bucha ◽  
Michal Pástor
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Renewable Resource ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Production Flow ◽  
Visual Evaluation ◽  
Wood Processing ◽  
Pulp Paper ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Destructive Methods

Abstract For the sustainability of an important renewable resource, such as wood, it is important to significantly increase the efficiency of its processing. A large part of this raw material ends up in the wood processing industry, where it is used for the production of pulp, paper, construction and furniture timber, floors and others. Therefore, it is very important to gain the knowledge needed for optimal valuation of raw wood material, through quality detection and classification into quality classes. There are many defectoscopic methods working on different physical principles. The most familiar of these methods are semi-destructive and non-destructive, as they do not cause damage to the tree or wood during assessment. The aim of this article is to describe, assess and compare known semi-destructive and non-destructive methods for the assessment of wood properties. This article describes basic visual inspection, basic semi-destructive methods (Pilodyn, Resistograph) and advanced semi-destructive methods (SilviScan®, DiscBot®) as well. Non-destructive methods use mostly acoustic wave motion (acoustic, ultrasonic), high-frequency waves (using georadar, microwave) and methods based on visual evaluation (image, laser). At last, there are X–ray methods with the latest technology using three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT). The implementation of modern non-destructive methods is of great importance for the application of principles of Industry 4.0, where these methods provide collecting of data on the material properties, in its entire production flow of log processing.

Potentials of the evaluation of the wood quality in living trees by using semi-and non-destructive methods in order to reduce wood-processing costs

2019 ◽  
pp. 115-126
Author(s):  
Ivana Živanović ◽  
Zoran Poduška ◽  
Ljubinko Rakonjac ◽  
Filip Jovanović
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Renewable Resource ◽  
Relative Mass ◽  
Heterogeneous Structure ◽  
Wood Processing ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Destructive Methods

Being a natural, ecological and renewable resource, wood is increasingly replacing artificial and toxic materials in the manufacture of various types of packaging and other products; thus, its proper and economically justified use has become necessary. The best utilization of wood raw materials has been sought both in practice and theory, which led to the development of a number of non-destructive and semi-destructive methods for the wood quality assessments in various stages of wood exploitation. In this paper, two instruments for the inspection of the internal condition of standing trees were analyzed. The resistograph was designed for the detection of internal defects. In addition to assessing the condition of living trees of different species, the instrument is used to assess the wood density in various materials. The observed resistance during drilling is proportional to the change in the wood density or the relative mass of the element analyzed. The results of drilling in different spots or directions, through the cross-section and along the element, can be used to map the properties of the element. The fractometer is a device designed to measure the strength and other mechanical properties of on a core sample extracted by using an increment borer from a certain part of the tree or branch examined. The fractometer can determine the maximum fracture force and bending and pressure strength of wood. It is also possible to identify the stage of decay. Due to its heterogeneous structure and anisotropy, the wood compressive and bending strengths differ between different anatomical directions even within a single species. The results of previous research in the literature indicate that there is a significant positive correlation between the radial bending strength and the longitudinal compressive strength of wood. This actualizes the need for the use of different tree species in construction, depending on the load that the wood element will be exposed to. These devices provide high precision and quality in measurement and can achieve a good correlation between the measured values and the mechanical properties of wood. This way, science and practice could be provided by significant data on the properties and quality of wood, while its consumption is minimized.

Interpreting research results for the physical and mechanical properties of wood: An approach not dependent on a juvenile/mature wood boundary

BioResources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 6921-6932
Author(s):  
Tomislav Sinković ◽  
Branimir Jambreković ◽  
Tomislav Sedlar
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Radial Direction ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Technological Properties ◽  
Wood Processing ◽  
The Difference

The interpretation and presentation of research on the physical and mechanical properties of wood in the radial direction is important for the estimation of technological properties in primary wood processing. It is common practice to define the boundary between the juvenile and mature wood zone of tree growth because of the differences in wood properties in these two zones. The juvenile and mature wood zones can be determined statistically based on the significance of the difference in the properties in a particular zone. This paper presents the insufficiency in the statistical determination of the boundary between juvenile and adult wood. Such limitations detract from the potential value and technological exploitation of wood as raw material. Statistical tests yielded zones that were too wide for the transition of juvenile wood to mature wood. Representations of the distribution of properties in the radial direction also complement the knowledge for assessing the technological properties based on the researched use of the presentation of polynomials of the second degree and the display of the Tukey HSD test in the form of comparison tables. The graphical representations by groups of the tested annual rings of fir wood also help to assess the technological properties.

Observation of Three Dimensional Magnetic Fields of Tool Steel (JIS-SKS93) around Vicker's Indentations

2013 ◽  
Vol 372 ◽  
pp. 265-269
Author(s):  
Katsuyuki Kida ◽  
Takashi Honda
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Crack Growth ◽  
Tool Steel ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Hall Probe ◽  
Probe Microscope ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
The Magnetic Field ◽  
Destructive Methods

Crack growth under cyclic loading causes failure of machine components. Non-destructive methods that can be related to plastic deformation around crack tip are necessary to study the crack growth. In the present work, a scanning Hall probe microscope (SHPM) equipped with GaAs film sensors was used to observe the magnetic fields around the plastic deformation induced by Vicker's indentations in tool steel specimens (SKS93, JIS B 4404: 2006, equivalent to AISI W4 tool steel). The magnetic field around a 2.94N-indentation was compared to that of a 294N-indentation. It was found that the decrease in the magnetic fields depends on the plastic deformation size.

scholarly journals Digital surface area assessment of broiler chickens

2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 468-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadayuki Yanagi Júnior ◽  
Éberson Silva ◽  
Roberto A. Braga Júnior ◽  
Marcos A. Lopes ◽  
Flávio A. Damasceno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Good Alternative ◽  
Growth Phases ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Dimensional Shape ◽  
Three Dimensional Shape ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Destructive Methods

Surface area (SA) of poultry is an important parameter for heat and mass transfer calculations. Optical approaches, such as the moiré technique (MT), are non-destructive, result in accuracy and speed gains, and preserve the object integrity. The objective of this research was to develop and validate a new protocol for estimating the surface area (SA) of broiler chickens based on the MT. Sixty-six Ross breed broiler chickens (twenty-seven male, thirty-nine female, ages spanning all growth phases) were used in this study. The dimensions (length, width and height) and body mass of randomly selected broiler chickens were evaluated in the laboratory. Chickens were illuminated by a light source, and grids were projected onto the chickens to allow their shape to be determined and recorded. Next, the skin and feathers of the chickens were removed to allow SA to be determined by conventional means. These measurements were then used for calibration and validation. The MT for image analysis was a reliable means of evaluating the three-dimensional shape and SA of broiler chickens. This technique, which is neither invasive nor destructive, is a good alternative to the conventional destructive methods.

Effect of Off-Center Magnetization Location on Changes in Magnetic Fields under Single Spherical Hertzian Contact

2012 ◽  
Vol 566 ◽  
pp. 103-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsuyuki Kida ◽  
Megumi Uryu ◽  
Takashi Honda ◽  
Edson Costa Santos ◽  
Kenichi Saruwatari
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Hertzian Contact ◽  
Hall Probe ◽  
Film Sensor ◽  
Contact Conditions ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Probe Microscope ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Destructive Methods

Tribological failure of machine components, such as wear and flaking failure is caused by contact stress concentration. However, observation of stress under contact load is a difficult task. Non-destructive methods that can be related to contact conditions are necessary to study and understand the phenomena caused by the contact stresses. In the present work, a scanning Hall probe microscope (SHPM) equipped with a GaAs film sensor was used to observe the three-dimensional magnetic fields in a long square bar specimen (JIS-SUJ2) before and after contact tests at 196N. It was found that the changes in the three-dimensional magnetic fields caused by spherical Hertzian contact are not affected by the location of the magnetization point on the specimen's surface.

Verification of the Use of a Kučera Drill for Testing of Wood Properties

2021 ◽  
Vol 898 ◽  
pp. 107-112
Author(s):  
Pavel Černý ◽  
Romana Halamová ◽  
Věra Heřmánková
Keyword(s):  
Wood Quality ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Masonry Structures ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Depth Of Penetration ◽  
Initial Experiment ◽  
Mortar Strength ◽  
Wooden Structures ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Destructive Methods

In common practice, we encounter cases where it is not possible to test the wood quality by destructive methods and it is, therefore, necessary to use non-destructive or semi-destructive methods, especially when the wood is already used in construction. The article deals with the methodology of non-destructive and semi-destructive testing of wooden structures using the methodology commonly used for the diagnosis of masonry structures, where mortar strength is tested using a so-called Kučera drill, and with verification of the applicability of this method in the testing of wood properties. Kučera drill was specially modified for the purpose of the experiment and its functionality was tested. The depth of penetration of the drill into the test specimen was tested. The article describes the principle of measurement and the design of the initial experiment, but also the pitfalls, which had to be faced.

scholarly journals Gostota lesa - metode določanja in pomen pri razvoju gozdno lesnega biogospodarstva

2021 ◽  
Vol 124 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Domen Arnič ◽  
Miha Humar ◽  
Davor Kržišnik ◽  
Luka Krajnc ◽  
Peter Prislan
Keyword(s):  
Wood Density ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Density Measurement ◽  
Physical Property ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Wood Processing

Wood density is an important physical property that can be easily measured and is closely related to many other wood properties. Furthermore, wood density is a good indicator of the usability and applicability of wood in the wood processing, construction and energy industries. Because it is strongly dependent on moisture content and porosity, there are various definitions of wood density in the literature, among which the density measured on the basis of dry matter and volume is the most commonly used. The aim of this paper is to present different methods for wood density determination and the importance of collecting such data for the development of the forest-based bioeconomy. In practice, there are several direct and indirect methods of density measurement; in addition to the most basic volumetric approach, the density of wood can be measured by penetrometer, resistograph, high frequency densitometry, X-rays, near infrared spectroscopy and microwaves. Wood will continue to grow in importance, as it is one of the key raw materials for the transition to a sustainable bioeconomy. The accurate and timely determination of wood density allows for the appropriate distribution and direction of flows of this raw material between individual conventional and new sectors (areas of use) and thus its more efficient and sustainable use.

Acoustic and Photoacoustic Inspection of Through-Silicon Vias in the GHz-Frequency Band

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Brand ◽  
Michael Kögel ◽  
Frank Altmann ◽  
Ingrid DeWolf ◽  
Ahmad Khaled ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assessment ◽  
Frequency Band ◽  
Process Development ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Non Destructive Testing ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Vertical Interconnection ◽  
Testing Techniques ◽  
Silicon Vias ◽  
Non Destructive

Abstract Through Silicon Via (TSV) is the most promising technology for vertical interconnection in novel three-dimensional chip architectures. Reliability and quality assessment necessary for process development and manufacturing require appropriate non-destructive testing techniques to detect cracks and delamination defects with sufficient penetration and imaging capabilities. The current paper presents the application of two acoustically based methods operating in the GHz-frequency band for the assessment of the integrity of TSV structures.

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