scholarly journals The Phonological Process with Two Patterns of Simplified Chinese Characters

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zheng Jin ◽  
Junehee Lee ◽  
Yang Lee
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Strong Influence ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Matching Task ◽  
Chinese Characters ◽  
Phonological Process ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Semantic Radical ◽  
Subject Performance ◽  
Lexical Variable

Abstract This paper analyzed word recognition in two patterns of Chinese characters, cross referenced with word frequency. The patterns were defined as uni-part (semantic radical/component only) and bi-part (including the phonetic radical/component and the semantic radical/component) characters. The interactions of semantic and phonological access in both patterns were inspected. It was observed that in the naming task and the pronunciation-matching task, the subject performance involving the uni-part characters showed longer RT than the bi-part characters. However, with the lexical decision and meaning-matching tasks the uni-part characters showed shorter RT than the bi-part characters. It was also observed that the frequency, which is regarded as a lexical variable, displayed a strong influence. This suggests that Chinese characters require lexical access in all tasks. This study also suggested that the phonological process is primary in visual word recognition; as there is a significant phonological effect in processing the Chinese bi-part characters, resulting in either the facilitation or inhibition of phonology due to the differing demands of the two tasks

Multisensory Narrative Tracking by a Profoundly Deaf Subject Using an Electrocutaneous Vocoder and a Vibrotactile Aid

1989 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. Lynch ◽  
Rebecca E. Eilers ◽  
D. Kimbrough Oller ◽  
Richard C. Urbano ◽  
Patricia J. Pero
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Tracking Performance ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Connected Discourse ◽  
Deaf Subject ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Subject Performance

A congenitally, profoundly deaf adult who had received 41 hours of tactual word recognition training in a previous study was assessed in tracking of connected discourse. This assessment was conducted in three phases. In the first phase, the subject used the Tacticon 1600 electrocutaneous vocoder to track a narrative in three conditions: (a) lipreading and aided hearing (L+H), (b) lipreading and tactual vocoder (L+TV), and (c) lipreading, tactual vocoder, and aided hearing (L+TV+H), Subject performance was significantly better in the L+TV+H condition than in the L+H condition, suggesting that the subject benefitted from the additional information provided by the tactual vocoder. In the second phase, the Tactaid II vibrotactile aid was used in three conditions: (a) lipreading alone, (b) lipreading and tactual aid (L+TA), and (c) lipreading, tactual aid, and aided hearing (L+TA+H). The subject was able to combine cues from the Tactaid II with those from lipreading and aided hearing. In the third phase, both tactual devices were used in six conditions: (a) lipreading alone (L), (b) lipreading and aided hearing (L+H), (c) lipreading and Tactaid II (L+TA), (d) lipreading and Tacticon 1600 (L+TV), (e) lipreading, Tactaid II, and aided hearing (L+TA+H), and (f) lipreading, Tacticon 1600, and aided hearing (L+TV+H). In this phase, only the Tactaid II significantly improved tracking performance over lipreading and aided hearing. Overall, improvement in tracking performance occurred within and across phases of this study.

scholarly journals Revisitando o Serviço Social clássico

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (40) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilmaisa Macedo da Costa
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Work ◽  
Strong Influence ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject

Resumo − Este artigo tem por finalidade revisitar o tema das origens do Serviço Social em seu processo de institucionalização nos Estados Unidos. Expõe aspectos das bases históricas e teóricas da profissão, revelando conteúdos referentes ao Serviço Social clássico, hoje pouco analisado no interior da formação, limitando possivelmente a informação aos estudantes e profissionais sobre a produção do Serviço Social em seu contexto originário e talvez até mesmo a crítica a ele realizada. O texto trata do pensamento de Mary Ellen Richmond e sua proposição do Serviço Social de casos individuais, mostrando as bases teórico-metodológicas para uma ação sobre os indivíduos sociais em meio a um conjunto de interpretações divergentes sobre o tema. O pensamento de Richmond exerceu forte influência no Serviço Social europeu e no Brasil, oferecendo o suporte para que se fizesse uma crítica às tendências oriundas da base positivista e as insuficiências ali contidas como proposição conservadora. Palavras-Chave: Serviço Social clássico; institucionalização; bases teórico-metodológicas.   Abstract − This article aims to revisit the origins of social work in its process of institutionalization in the United States. It exposes aspects of the historical and theoretical bases of the profession, revealing contents referring to classic social work that are little analyzed today in undergraduate courses, possibly restricting information valuable to students and professionals about the inception of social work in its original context and perhaps even the criticism it received. The text deals with the thought of Mary Ellen Richmond and her proposal of the social work of individual cases, showing the theoretical-methodological bases for an action on social individuals in the middle of a set of divergent interpretations on the subject. Richmond's thought exerted a strong influence on both European and Brazilian social work, offering support to the criticism of tendencies originating from the Positivist base and the inadequacies contained therein as a conservative proposition. Keywords: classic social work; institutionalization; theoretical-methodological bases.  

The development of person agreement and the cliticization of personal pronouns in Batsbi

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-296
Author(s):  
Yasuhiro Kojima
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Strong Influence ◽  
Personal Pronoun ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Gender Agreement ◽  
Finite Form ◽  
Indirect Object ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Noun Class ◽  
Person Agreement

Abstract Most Nakh-Daghestanian languages have gender (or noun class) agreement in the verb, but do not have person agreement. This is the case with Chechen and Ingush, which are genetically the closest to Batsbi. Batsbi, by contrast, has developed person agreement with the subject in the verb along with gender agreement. This is assumed to be due to the strong influence of Georgian, which has long been the second language of Batsbi speakers. In Georgian, the verb shows person agreement with the subject as well as with the direct or indirect object. Present-day Batsbi, presumably inspired by the polypersonal agreement of Georgian, further develops the cliticization of non-subject personal pronouns. To put it simply, it seems as though Batsbi attempts to express what a Georgian verb may encode in a single, finite form by means of a verb and a personal pronoun that is cliticized to it.

scholarly journals Alendronate Release from UHMWPE-Based Biomaterials in Relation to Particle Size of the GUR Powder for Manufacturing

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1832
Author(s):  
Michael Seidenstuecker ◽  
Julia Weber ◽  
Sergio H. Latorre ◽  
Brigitte Straub ◽  
Ulrich Matthes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Strong Influence ◽  
Molar Mass ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Release Behavior ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Continuous Release ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Ultra High Molecular Weight

Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is widely used in endoprosthetics and has been the subject of countless studies. This project investigates the dependence of alendronate (AL) release on the molecular weight of the UHMWPE used (GUR1020 and GUR1050). A 0.5 wt% AL was added to the UHMWPE during the production of the moldings. In addition to the 14-day release tests, biocompatibility tests such as live dead assay, cell proliferation assay (WST) and Lactate dehydrogenase test (LDH) with MG-63 cells as well as a tensile test according to DIN EN ISO 527 were carried out. The released AL concentration was determined by HPLC. A continuous release of the AL was observed over the entire period of 2 weeks. In addition, a correlation between molar mass and AL release was demonstrated. The GUR1020 showed a release four times higher than the GUR1050. Both materials have no negative influence on the proliferation of MG-63 cells. This was also confirmed in the live/dead assay by the increase in cell count. No cytotoxicity was detected in the LDH test. The addition of 0.5 wt% AL increased the elongation at break for GUR1020 by 23% and for GUR1050 by 49%. It was demonstrated that the choice of UHMWPE has an influence on the release of AL. The particle size in particular has a strong influence on the release behavior.

The Effects of Case Mixing on Word Recognition: Evidence from a PET Study

2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 844-853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Mayall ◽  
Glyn W. Humphreys ◽  
Andrea Mechelli ◽  
Andrew Olson ◽  
Cathy J. Price
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Feature Detection ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Attentional Processing ◽  
Mixed Case ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
The Right ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Language Areas

The early stages of visual word recognition were investigated by scanning participants using PET as they took part in implicit and explicit reading tasks with visually disrupted stimuli. CaSe MiXiNg has been shown in behavioral studies to increase reaction times (RTs) in naming and other word recognition tasks. In this study, we found that during both an implicit (feature detection) task and an explicit word-naming task, mixed-case words compared to same-case words produced increased activation in an area of the right parietal cortex previously associated with visual attention. No effect of case was found in this area for pseudowords or consonant strings. Further, lowering the contrast of the stimuli slowed RTs as much as case mixing, but did not lead to the same increase in right parietal activation. No significant effect of case mixing was observed in left-hemisphere language areas. The results suggest that reading mixed-case words requires increased attentional processing. However, later word recognition processes may be relatively unaffected by the disruption in presentation.

scholarly journals The Effect of a Second Runner on Pacing Strategy and RPE During a Running Time Trial

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deryn Bath ◽  
Louise A. Turner ◽  
Andrew N. Bosch ◽  
Ross Tucker ◽  
Estelle V. Lambert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Subjective Assessment ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Pacing Strategy ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Performance Times ◽  
Subject Performance

Purpose:The aim of this study was to examine performance, pacing strategy and perception of effort during a 5 km time trial while running with or without the presence of another athlete.Methods:Eleven nonelite male athletes participated in five 5 km time trials: two self-paced, maximal effort trials performed at the start and end of the study, and three trials performed in the presence of a second runner. In the three trials, the second runner ran either in front of the subject, behind the subject, or next to the subject. Performance times, heart rate, RPE, and a subjective assessment of the effect of the second runner on the athlete’s performance were recorded during each of the trials.Results:There was no significant difference in performance times, heart rate or RPE between any of the five trials. Running speed declined from the 1st to the 4th kilometer and then increased for the last kilometer in all five trials. Following the completion of all trials, 9 of the 11 subjects perceived it to be easier to complete the 5 km time trial with another runner in comparison with running alone.Conclusions:While the athletes perceived their performance to be improved by the presence of another runner, their pacing strategy, running speed, heart rate and RPE were not significantly altered. These findings indicate that an athlete’s subconscious pacing strategy is robust and is not altered by the presence of another runner.

Reduction of Postural Sway by Use of a Vibrotactile Balance Prosthesis Prototype in Subjects with Vestibular Deficits

2003 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. 404-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erna Kentala ◽  
Jason Vivas ◽  
Conrad Wall
Keyword(s):  
Postural Sway ◽  
Body Tilt ◽  
Vibrotactile Feedback ◽  
Dynamic Posturography ◽  
Sensory Organization ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Linear Accelerometer ◽  
Subject Performance ◽  
Vestibular Deficit ◽  
Anterior Posterior

To evaluate the effectiveness of a prototype vibrotactile balance prosthesis in maintaining balance during dynamic posturography, we studied 6 subjects with unilateral or bilateral vestibular deficit by means of Equitest computerized dynamic posturography (CDP). Their anterior-posterior (AP) sway at the small of the back was measured with a micromechanical rate gyroscope and a linear accelerometer. The resulting tilt estimate was displayed by a vibrotactile array attached to the torso. The vibration served as tilt feedback to the subject. Subject performance was evaluated with the tilt performance index (TPI), which is the inverse of the root-mean-square of tilt. We found that the balance prosthesis reduced the subjects' AP sway. The subjects' results without the balance prosthesis on CDP sensory organization tests (SOTs) 5 and 6 were compared to results with the prosthesis. The average TPI increased significantly (p < .05) when vibrotactile feedback was used as compared to the unaided condition. This finding was true for both SOTs 5 and 6. We conclude that vibrotactile feedback of estimated AP body tilt improved the subjects' ability to perform selected CDP tests. Some of the subjects were able to stand throughout the test with the device turned on, whereas they otherwise constantly fell.

scholarly journals Effects of Phonological Consistency and Semantic Radical Combinability on N170 and P200 in the Reading of Chinese Phonograms

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-Hsien Hsu ◽  
Ya-Ning Wu ◽  
Chia-Ying Lee
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
The Other ◽  
Significant Activity ◽  
Semantic Radical ◽  
Character Reading ◽  
High Consistency ◽  
The Right ◽  
Phonological Consistency

Studies have suggested that visually presented words are obligatorily decomposed into constituents that could be mapped to language representations. The present study aims to elucidate how orthographic processing of one constituent affects the other and vice versa during a word recognition task. Chinese orthographic system has characters representing syllables and meanings instead of suffixation roles, and the majority of Chinese characters are phonograms that can be further decomposed into phonetic radical and semantic radical. We propose that semantic radical combinability indexed by semantic radicals and the effect of phonological consistency indexed by phonetic radicals would interact with each other during the reading of Chinese phonograms. Twenty-six right-handed native Chinese speakers were recruited to the study. Participants were presented with phonograms divided into four conditions following their semantic radical combinability (large vs. small) and phonological consistency (high vs. low). EEG signals were recorded throughout the covert naming task. Our results show that there is an interaction effect between phonological consistency and semantic radical combinability on the right hemisphere N170 activity while reading phonograms. Semantic radical combinability influenced the right hemisphere N170 during the process of low-consistency character reading but not high-consistency character reading. On the other hand, the left hemisphere N170 revealed a more significant activity during reading high-consistency characters and was not affected by radical combinability. In addition, while low-consistency characters revealed a larger P200 than high-consistency characters, the semantic radical combinability effect on P200 was only significant when participants were reading high-consistency characters but not low-consistency characters. These results provide new information about how ERPs are involved in word recognition within the context of interaction among orthographic and phonological dimensions.

scholarly journals The Effect of Length on Word Recognition (in Reading): The Case of Arabic // تأثير طول الكلمة على دقة القراءة: العربية كدراسة حالة

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deia Ganayim ◽  
Shireen Ganayim
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Word Length ◽  
Reading Time ◽  
Word Reading ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Global Features ◽  
Analytical Process ◽  
Lexical Route ◽  
Word Length Effect ◽  
Holistic Process

In this study, two experiments were conducted to assess the role of word length in visual word recognition. In Experiment 1 two lists of Arabic three and five letter words were used in a print word-reading task which measured accuracy and reading time. In Experiment 2, three, four and five letter words were displayed in the center of fixation on a screen in a naming task measuring accuracy and naming time. In reading, two contrasting processes have been suggested: the holistic process and the analytical process. According to the holistic process, the recognition of a word is determined by its global features and configuration. Consequently, reading consists of the simultaneous processing of all the letters of a word in parallel. In contrast, according to the analytical process, reading is a sequential screening of all the letters within a particular word. Length effect—that is, short words are recognized more rapidly and accurately than long words—is the signature of analytical processing of the non-lexical route due to its seriality which is caused by assembled phonology. The results of both experiments revealed that the average reading time of Arabic words from paper and screen was affected by word length, reflecting certain analytical processes and the activation of a non-lexical route, in which letters are processed sequentially.

scholarly journals Comparison of motivation of the Russian and Chinese terms (based on the material of linguistic terminology)

Litera ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 207-213
Author(s):  
Yalun' Tsi
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Chinese Language ◽  
Chinese Characters ◽  
Semantic Transparency ◽  
Continuous Sampling ◽  
Research Material ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Russian Linguistic

One of the paramount peculiarities of the Chinese terms is their sinicization. Sinicization of the term is often viewed a translation and adaptation of foreign language terms to the specifics of Chinese language. This implies that the new word is being rooted in the Chinese &ldquo;soil&rdquo; and subsequently recognized as Chinese native. The subject of this research is the peculiarities of Chinese and Russian linguistic terminology. The goal is to compare the motivation of Chinese and Russian linguistic terminology and determine the influencing factors. The research material was collected from the Dacihai Dictionary and the Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary, and consists of more than 6,000 terminological units. The article employs the methods of description, comparison, and continuous sampling. The scientific novelty lies in determination of the factors that influence the motivation of Chinese linguistic terminology, as well as in its comparison with Russian linguistic terminology. The conclusion is made that Chinese terms have stronger motivation than Russian terms. On the one hand, Chinese characters are the ideograms that convey the thought in a motivational form, and offer more opportunities for increasing semantic transparency. On the other hand, the syllabic characteristics of Chinese language limit the possibility of transliteration of foreign words. With the exception of proper names, the Chinese terminology features a very few transliterated or partially transliterated terms.

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