Secondary metabolites during ontogenetic phase of reproductive structures in Hypericum maculatum

Biologia ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavol Mártonfi ◽  
Miroslav Repčák ◽  
Lenka Mártonfiová
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Considerable Change ◽  
Average Content ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Reproductive Structures ◽  
Total Average

AbstractThe distribution patterns of flavonoids hyperoside, isoquercitrin, quercitrin, quercetin, I3,II8-biapigenin and naphtodianthrones hypericin and pseudohypericin were studied in reproductive structures during ontogenetic phase of flowering in Hypericum maculatum Crantz. Considerable differences in the content of these secondary metabolites, in the particular flower parts were found. The content of all the metabolites studied is stable during the whole period of flowering in green flower parts (sepals). In petals, stamens and pistils their content undergoes considerable change associated with the biological functions of particular metabolites. The most conspicuous changes during ontogenetic phase of flowering were the decrease of hyperoside and isoquercitrin content in petals (average content in buds 1.589 mg g−1 dry weight, average content in overblown flowers 0.891 mg g−1 dry weight), the decrease of the I3,II8-biapigenin content in stamens (in buds 1.189 mg g−1 dry weight, in overblown flowers 0.319 mg g−1 dry weight), and the increase of hypericin and pseudohypericin content in both petals (total average content of hypericins in the buds 0.547 mg g−1 dry weight; in overblown flowers 0.792 mg g−1 dry weight) and stamens (in buds 0.189 mg g−1 dry weight; in overblown flowers 0.431 mg g−1 dry weight). Hypericins are absent in the pistil. The flavonoids hyperoside and isoquercitrin, the content of which decreased during ontogenetic phase of flowering, reach the highest contents in the pistil.

Flavonoids in seeds and grains: physiological function, agronomic importance and the genetics of biosynthesis

1998 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 415-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda Winkel Shirley
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Physiological Function ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Flavonoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Plant Seeds ◽  
Reproductive Structures

AbstractFlavonoids are secondary metabolites that are present at high levels in most plant seeds and grains. These compounds appear to play vital roles in defence against pathogens and predators and contribute to physiological functions such as seed maturation and dormancy. At the same time, particular subclasses of flavonoids, such as the proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins), negatively impact the use of seeds and grains in animal feed and can add undesirable qualities to food products for human consumption. This article presents an overview of investigations into the physiological and agronomic aspects of seed and grain flavonoids as well as a review of molecular genetic studies, particularly in maize,Arabidopsisand soybean, where mutants deficient in flavonoid biosynthesis provide useful tools for stydying the metabolic machinery underlying the accumulation of these compounds in reproductive structures.

scholarly journals BIO- AND TOXIC ELEMENTS IN EDIBLE WILD MUSHROOMS (SUILLUS LUTEUS)

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penko Papazov
Keyword(s):  
Toxic Elements ◽  
Graphite Furnace ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Average Content ◽  
Wild Edible Mushrooms ◽  
Wild Mushrooms ◽  
Suillus Luteus ◽  
Graphite Furnace Aas ◽  
Edible Wild Mushrooms

The aim of this study was to perform analysis by flame and graphite furnace AAS the content of Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn and Fe in wild edible mushrooms Suillus luteus. The samples were collected from the Batak Mountain. All metals concentrations were determined on a dry weight basis. The average content of studied elements: Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn and Fe in Suillus luteus samples were: 0.66 mg kg-1, 0.52 mg kg-1, 0.55 mg kg-1, 0.51 mg kg-1, 11.33 mg kg-1, 0.98 mg kg-1, 19.28 mg kg-1, 51.67 mg kg-1, and 114.41 mg kg-1.

scholarly journals INDUCING SOME SECONDARY METABOLITES FROM CALLUS CULTURES DERIVED FROM Plantago psyllium AND Plantago major EXPOSED TO COBALT STRESS

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 938-943
Author(s):  
S. I. Neamah
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Callus Cultures ◽  
Cobalt Metal ◽  
Plantago Major ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Skoog Medium ◽  
Flavonoid Compounds ◽  
Metal Treatment ◽  
Plantago Psyllium

This experiment was conducted to study the influence of cobalt concentrations on the production of seven flavonoid compounds in callus derived from Plantago psyllium L. and Plantago major L. Results showed that the best combination of 2,4-D and  kinetin concentrations add to Muroshige and Skoog medium to obtain the highest fresh weight of 541.0 mg was 3.0 and 1.0 mg.L-1 respectively. psyllium stimulated callus produced the highest fresh weight of 365.7 mg. The addition of 75 ppm of cobalt resulted in a significantly lower fresh weight of P. psyllium callus (139.8 mg). The interaction between Plantago species and cobalt concentrations was significant. The callus inducted from P. major had significant increases of the scutallarein, apigenin, nepetin and luteolin compounds with 26.40, 22.64, 14.93 and 26.20 µg.100mg-1 dry weight, respectively. The production of the hispidulin compound was increased in P. psyllium at 29.40 µg.100mg-1 dry weight. Also, the addition of cobalt metal stimulated the production of flavonoids at 50 ppm cobalt producing the highest amounts of hispidulin and luteolin at 40.30 and 41.60 µg.100mg-1 dry weight, respectively. Meanwhile, 75 ppm cobalt treatment produced the highest amount of scutallarein, apigenin, nepetin and aucubin at 25.61, 23.25, 15.90 and 13.70 µg.100mg-1 dry weight, respectively. The callus inducted from P. major treated with 50 ppm of cobalt showed the highest production of scutallarein, apigenin and luteolin at 30.33, 32.26 and 51.90 µg.100mg-1 dry weight respectively. Baicalein reached 16.46 µg.100mg-1 dry weight, at 75 ppm of cobalt metal treatment in callus inducted from P. psyllium.

scholarly journals Quantified vegetation change over 42 years at Cape Hallett, East Antarctica

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 561-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Brabyn ◽  
C. Beard ◽  
R.D. Seppelt ◽  
E.D. Rudolph ◽  
R. Türk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Change ◽  
Ross Sea ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Considerable Change ◽  
Gis Mapping ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Victoria Land ◽  
Mapping Techniques ◽  
A Site ◽  
Monitoring Change

This paper reports on the remapping of a carefully documented vegetation plot at Cape Hallett (72°19′S 170°16′E) to provide an assessment of the rates of vegetation change over decadal time scales. E.D. Rudolph, in 1962, mapped in detail the vegetation of a site approximately 28 m by 120 m at Cape Hallett, Victoria Land, Antarctica. This site was relocated and remapped in January 2004 and changes were assessed using GIS techniques. This appears to be the longest available time period for assessing vegetation change in Antarctica. The analysis indicated that considerable change had occurred in moss and algae distribution patterns and this seems to have been caused by increased water supply, particularly in wetter areas. There was also evidence of some change in lichen distribution. The extent of the change indicates that vegetation cover can be used for monitoring change in areas as extreme as the Ross Sea region. For this analysis to be successful it was important that the mapping techniques used were totally explicit and could easily be replicated. Fortunately, Rudolph had defined his cover classes and the site was also clearly marked. The application of GIS mapping techniques allows the mapping to be more explicitly defined and easily replicated.

scholarly journals The content of copper, zinc, and nickel in the selected species of edible mushrooms

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-10
Author(s):  
Beata Kuziemska ◽  
Andrzej Wysokiński ◽  
Dawid Jaremko ◽  
Krzysztof Pakuła ◽  
Maria Popek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Atomic Emission ◽  
Average Content ◽  
Suillus Luteus ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Copper And Zinc ◽  
Microwave System ◽  
Copper Zinc ◽  
Total Average

Abstract The aim of the research was to evaluate the accumulation level of copper, zinc and nickel in forest mushrooms – Bay Bolete (Xerocomus badius), Saffron Milk Cap (Lactarius deliciosus), Rough-Stemmed Bolete (Leccinum scabrum), Slippery Jack (Suillus luteus) and Parasol Mushroom (Macrolepiota procera). The analysed mushrooms were obtained from growth forests located in the Masovian Voivodeship in the following counties: Siedlce, Sokołów, Łosice and Łuków. Total content of metals was determined using the method of atomic emission spectroscopy with inductively coupled plasma, after the earlier mineralisation of materials ‘by dry combustion’ in a muffle furnace at the temperature of 450°C, and after melting of ash in a 10% solution of HCl. In the soil samples taken from the places where the tested mushrooms occur, pH in 1 mol KCl·dm-3 and total content of copper, zinc and nickel were determined by the ICP-AES method after earlier mineralization in mixture of concentration HCl and HNO3 (3:1) in a microwave system. Test results were statistically analysed with the use of software STATISTICA 12 PL (STATSOFT, TULSA, USA). The analysed mushrooms had diverse content of the determined metals. The highest total average content of copper and zinc was present in Bay Bolete: 34.83 mg ∙ kg-1d.m. for Cu and 155.50 mg ∙ kg-1d.m. for Zn, and the highest average content of nickel was contained in Rough-Stemmed Bolete – 2.98 mg ∙ kg-1d.m.. The lowest average content of copper and zinc was determined in Rough-Stemmed Bolete: 11.98 mg ∙ kg-1d.m. for Cu and 91.90 mg ∙ kg-1d.m. for Zn, and lowest total average content of nickel was present in Bay Bolete – 1.05 mg ∙ kg-1d.m. No excessive accumulation of examined heavy metals was stated in the analysed mushrooms species.

scholarly journals EFEK NAUNGAN DAN CEKAMAN AIR TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL KUNYIT DI KISMANTORO, WONOGIRI

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anindita Dwi Yogi Sapta Ratri ◽  
Bambang Pujiasmanto ◽  
Ahmad Yunus
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Capacity Analysis ◽  
Nested Design ◽  
Two Factors

<p><em>Turmeric is a medicinal plant that has largest secondary metabolites (curcumin). Improving secondary metabolites with abiotic stress that the provision of shade and water stress. This research aims to study the effects of shade and water stress on growth and yield of turmeric and content of secondary metabolites. The study uses a nested design with two factors, namely shade (without shade, 25%, 50%, 75%) and water stress (without stress, 25% field capacity, 50% field capacity, 25% field capacity). Analysis using the F test and DMRT 5% level. The results showed that shade did not effect to fresh and dry weight of plant. 75% shade decrease root lenght, fresh and dry weight of rhizome. Water stress did not effect to growth and yield of turmeric. The highest curcumin results in conditions without shade and without stress.</em></p>

scholarly journals Mercury in Marine Mussels from the St. Lawrence Estuary and Gulf (Canada): A Mussel Watch Survey Revisited after 40 Years

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (21) ◽  
pp. 7556
Author(s):  
Daniel Cossa ◽  
Anne-Marie Tabard
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Shell Length ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
Lawrence Estuary ◽  
Tissue Weight ◽  
Marine Mussels ◽  
Biotic Effects ◽  
St Lawrence Estuary

Various species of marine mussels have been used, in the last 50 years, as sentinel organisms for monitoring metal contamination along marine coasts. There are two main reasons for this: these mollusks concentrate metals in their soft tissue and they are geographically widespread. In practice, trace metal concentrations in mussel soft tissue reveal (after some correction for biotic effects) the contamination level of their surrounding environment. We present the results of a mercury (Hg) survey in Mytilus spp. collected in the summers of 2016, 2018, and 2019 at 51 stations distributed along the coasts of the Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence. Mercury concentrations ranged from 0.063 to 0.507 µg g−1 (dry weight, dw), with a grand mean of 0.173 ± 0.076 µg g−1 dw (±1 standard deviation), and a median of 0.156 µg g−1 dw for the 504 individuals analyzed. Mercury contents per individual mussel were significantly (p < 0.01) related to shell length and dry tissue weight, with the smaller individuals having the highest Hg concentrations. To take into account these biotic effects, we normalized Hg concentrations of the mussel soft tissue for constant shell length (L) and soft tissue weight (TW) based on the log-log relationships between Hg content and L or TW. The normalized Hg contents of mussels varied from 10.9 to 66.6 ng per virtual individual of 35 mm length and 0.17 g dry weight. A similar normalization procedure applied to 1977–1979 data, yielded a very similar range: 12 to 64 ng. This observation suggests that the Hg bioavailable to marine mussels in the study area did not change over a span of 40 years. Regional Hg distribution patterns indicate a gradual decrease of Hg content in mussels downstream from freshwater discharges to the St. Lawrence Estuary and the Baie des Chaleurs, suggesting that rivers constitute a significant Hg source in these estuarine systems. Atmospheric Hg deposition and concentration in marine waters of the Atlantic Ocean are known to have decreased in the last decades. However, in coastal environments, the response to these changes does not seem to be rapid, probably because of the long residence time of Hg in soils before being exported to coastal areas.

Effects of different factors on friable callus induction and establishment of cell suspension culture of Hovenia dulcis (Rhamnaceae)

Rodriguésia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Gonçalves Ribeiro ◽  
Tatiana Carvalho de Castro ◽  
Marsen Garcia Pinto Coelho ◽  
Norma Albarello
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Suspension Culture ◽  
Silver Nitrate ◽  
Cell Suspension ◽  
Cell Suspension Culture ◽  
Cell Suspension Cultures ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Friable Callus ◽  
Weight Analysis ◽  
Hovenia Dulcis

Abstract Medicinal plants are an important therapeutic option for a large share of the world’s population. To establish an in vitro culture system for the production of secondary metabolites from Hovenia dulcis, we studied the effect of auxins, cytokinins, absence of light, and silver nitrate on the development of friable callus. Callus cultures were established for the first time and used to obtain cell suspension cultures. Supplementation with KIN (Kinetin) produced calli with both compact and friable areas, while the addition of TDZ (Thidiazuron) only produced compact callus. The maintenance of cultures in the dark induced a slight enhancement on friability when the auxin PIC (Picloram) was present in the culture medium. The addition of silver nitrate promoted the formation of friable calli. Dry weight analysis showed no significant differences in biomass growth, and, therefore, 2.0 mg.L-1 was considered the most suitable treatment. The presence of silver nitrate was not required for the establishment of cell suspension cultures. Dry weight analysis of cell suspensions showed higher biomass production in the absence of silver nitrate. PIC promoted 100% of cell suspension culture formation in the absence of silver nitrate, and higher biomass production was observed with the lowest concentration (0.625 mg.L-1). No morphological differences were observed among the different concentrations of PIC. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, flavonols and catechins in the extracts obtained from H. dulcis calli. These results show that the cell cultures herein established are potential sources for the production of H. dulcis secondary metabolites of medicinal interest.

Terpenoid Secondary Metabolites in Bryophytes: Chemical Diversity, Biosynthesis and Biological Functions

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 210-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Chen ◽  
Agnieszka Ludwiczuk ◽  
Guo Wei ◽  
Xinlu Chen ◽  
Barbara Crandall-Stotler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Chemical Diversity ◽  
Biological Functions

scholarly journals Rice Secondary Metabolites: Structures, Roles, Biosynthesis, and Metabolic Regulation

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 3098 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weixuan Wang ◽  
Yuying Li ◽  
Pengqin Dang ◽  
Siji Zhao ◽  
Daowan Lai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Metabolic Regulation ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
World Population ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Important Food ◽  
The Past ◽  
Regulatory Effects ◽  
Insect Activity

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important food crop providing energy and nutrients for more than half of the world population. It produces vast amounts of secondary metabolites. At least 276 secondary metabolites from rice have been identified in the past 50 years. They mainly include phenolic acids, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, alkaloids, and their derivatives. These metabolites exhibit many physiological functions, such as regulatory effects on rice growth and development, disease-resistance promotion, anti-insect activity, and allelopathic effects, as well as various kinds of biological activities such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory properties. This review focuses on our knowledge of the structures, biological functions and activities, biosynthesis, and metabolic regulation of rice secondary metabolites. Some considerations about cheminformatics, metabolomics, genetic transformation, production, and applications related to the secondary metabolites from rice are also discussed.

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