Sediment content and chemical properties of water runoff on biocrusts in drylands

Biologia ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 69 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Lázaro ◽  
Juan Mora
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Water Runoff ◽  
Protective Capacity ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIn drylands, water erosion can be a process with important economic and ecological implications, and is very dependent on the soil surface cover. There is broad agreement that biocrusts protect the soil from erosion in a wide range of circumstances. However, there is little information available on the effect of rain and biocrust types on this protective capacity and there is particularly very little knowledge on the erosive effects of runoff on biocrusts, which are expected to be larger in larger drainage areas, on the resistance of biocrusts to the combined effect of raindrops plus runoff flow and on the solute mobilisation by runoff in biocrusts. To answer these questions, we performed 96 rainfall-simulation in situ factorial experiments, including two biocrust types (cyanobacteria and lichens), three rain types (42, 63 and 77 mm h−1, always 20 min rain), four plot lengths (1, 2, 3 and 4 m long) and four replicates. In each experiment, runoff volume was measured and a runoff sample was taken to determine (i) the amount of dry matter in runoff, (ii) the amount of organic matter among the dry matter, (iii) the electrical conductivity, pH and alkalinity in runoff water. The main findings were: biocrusts strongly protected soil against water erosion, even under the most erosive conditions, and the protection increased with the successional development. Biocrusts were very resistant to the impact of raindrops and also to runoff flow, although an emergent hypothesis arose: under the most erosive conditions, a threshold of erodibility could be reached at the cyanobacterial biocrust. The lichen crust also protected the soil against the removal of soil soluble substances. The development of a biocrust could change the chemical composition of the solutes in runoff.

scholarly journals Environmental impact of the Midia Port - Black Sea (Romania), on the coastal sediment quality

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 174-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Catianis ◽  
Constantin Ungureanu ◽  
Luca Magagnini ◽  
Elisa Ulazzi ◽  
Tiziana Campisi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Environmental Concern ◽  
Sediment Quality ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Water Runoff ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of potential pollution sources, mainly from the upstream anthropogenic sources and port-related activities. The in-vestigated area covered a wide range of anthropogenic im-pacts (e.g., industrial wastes, storm water runoff, acciden-tal oil spills, intentional discharges and shipping activities). The quality of water and Sediments was assessed us-ing Standard methods, as physical-chemical parameters, chemistry and biology (microbiology, ecotoxicology) aim-ing to figure the level of pollution and the effect of port-related activities. Seawater quality results agreed generally with environmental Standards. Though, in some samples the concentrations of sulphates (mg/1) and heavy metals (μg/1), as B, As and Se exceeded the recommended lim-its, without posing a serious environmental concern. Most of the surface sediment samples contain critical levels of hydrocarbons (C>12), (mg/kg), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (ng/g) and polychlorobiphenyls (ng/g). For some heavy metals (mg/kg), exchangeable concentrations were found to be very close or above the regulations. The signifi-cance of this study is incontestable taking into account the lack of previous relevant historical data of this area. In this sense, it was possible to indicate, in general, good environmental conditions, despite the industrial and concentrated local port-related activities in the investigated area.

scholarly journals Effects of Paint Industry Effluent on Soil Productivity

1970 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-53
Author(s):  
YN Jolly ◽  
A Islam ◽  
SB Quraishi ◽  
AI Mustafa
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soil Productivity ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Effluent Concentration ◽  
Paint Industry ◽  
Industry Effluent ◽  
The Impact

The impact of various dilutions (2.5, 5, 10, 25 and 50%) of paint industry effluent on physico-chemical properties of soil and the germination, growth and dry matter productions of corn (Zea mays L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) have been studied. The effluent was acidic and had low BOD and COD values because of its low content of suspended solid. It contained high concentration of calcium, medium concentrations of nitrogen, sodium, potassium, sulphate, chloride and low concentrations of phosphorus, magnesium and bicarbonate. The trace element like Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb were measured in the μg L-1 level. On irrigation of soil with the effluent an increase in the water soluble salts, pH, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, nitrogen, phosphorus potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium and iron contents of the soil for effluent concentrations of 2.5, 5 and 10% were observed but all these parameters were found to decrease on treatment of the soil with the effluent concentration of 25% and above. The effluent of the lower concentrations (2.5, 5 and 10%) enhanced the growth of both crops. However, negative effects on seed germination, dry matter production and the yield of both crops were found for the effluent concentration of 25% and above. doi: 10.3329/jbas.v32i1.2441 Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 32, No. 1, 41-53, 2008

scholarly journals Losses of soil, water, organic carbon and nutrients caused by water erosion in different crops and natural savannah in the northern Amazon

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Fernando Gomes de Souza ◽  
Valdinar Ferreira Melo ◽  
Wellington Farias Araújo ◽  
Thiago Henrique de Castro Araújo
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Brachiaria Brizantha ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Agricultural Areas ◽  
The Impact

Currently in Brazil, the main form of erosion is caused by the impact of raindrops on the soil surface, triggering the process of water erosion and causing serious damage to agricultural areas. This study evaluated losses of soil, water, organic carbon and nutrients in different cultures, bare soil and savanna under natural rain. The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments (bare soil - BS, cowpea bean - CB, Brachiaria brizantha - BB, corn - CO and natural savanna – SN) with three replications; The treatment of bare soil (BS), followed by the treatment cultivated with cowpea bean  (CB) showed higher losses of soil, water, organic carbon and nutrients; The highest losses of soil, water, organic carbon and nutrients in the treatment of bare soil (BS) occurred during the period of greatest erosivity; but for treatments CB, BB and CO, the highest losses occurred during the establishment of the crop, in view of the lower soil cover. Soils cultivated with Brachiaria brizantha - BB, corn - CO and in the Natural Savana - SN area were more efficient in reducing soil and water losses during all months evaluated. Plant cover produced by the (SN) treatment and by the (BB) and (CO) treatments acted to reduce the harmful effects of erosion, minimizing losses of nutrients and organic carbon. The soil should be well protected during periods when rainfall presents the highest values of erosivity index.

ARSENIC-INDUCED DOWNSHIFT OF RAMAN BAND POSITIONS FOR PYRITE

2020 ◽  
Vol 115 (7) ◽  
pp. 1589-1600
Author(s):  
Qiaoqiao Zhu ◽  
Nigel J. Cook ◽  
Guiqing Xie ◽  
Benjamin P. Wade ◽  
Cristiana L. Ciobanu
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Environmental Science ◽  
Raman Band ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Minor Element ◽  
Minor Elements ◽  
Band Position ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Pyrite commonly incorporates a wide range of trace and minor elements, which in turn may modify some of the mineral’s physical and chemical properties. Published band position data for the Raman spectra of pyrite show a wide variation, and the relationship between band position and the trace/minor element incorporation in pyrite is poorly constrained until now. This prompted a case study on pyrite with varying As content from the Shizilishan Sr-(Pb-Zn) deposit, eastern China, combining electron probe microanalysis with Raman spectroscopy. Results show a significant correlation, with a major downshift (~10 cm–1) of the positions of all three Raman bands with increase of As content from below 0.05 to 4.89 wt % in pyrite. This phenomenon is attributed to increased bond lengths and local distortions within an expanded pyrite crystal structure. Results highlight the potential that Raman spectroscopy offers to estimate the contents of trace/minor elements—especially As—in pyrite. Given that substitution of As into pyrite often facilitates co-incorporation of both economically useful (Au) and environmentally significant elements (Hg and Tl), Raman methodology could provide valuable, rapid assessment of pyrite chemistry in both gold deposit exploration and environmental science, although the impact of laser heating and mechanical polishing needs to be avoided or effectively reduced. Raman spectroscopy may also find a valuable future role within semiautomated multispectral analytical platforms that can generate close- to-real-time geologic information on freshly drilled core directly at the drill site or in outcrop.

Adding Ash Methane Oxidation in Landfill Cover Soil Research

2014 ◽  
Vol 926-930 ◽  
pp. 4205-4208
Author(s):  
Yan Li Wu ◽  
Qing Feng Zhang ◽  
Ran Zhuo Zhang ◽  
Xiao Ming Mao ◽  
Xin Hua Sun
Keyword(s):  
Methane Oxidation ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Behavior ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Landfill Cover Soil ◽  
Landfill Cover ◽  
Cover Soil ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
The Impact

In the past ten years, methane has a greenhouse gas, and its concentration increases by 1% per year, while an estimated worldwide annual landfill cover soil surface from escaping methane is about 20 to 70 Mtpa. Microbial methane oxidation can be carried out about 80% of global consumption of methane, the soil microbial methane oxidation can reduce methane escaping from the soil to the atmosphere. Both in domestic and foreign ash recycling in landfill cover soil behavior has performed for many years, but there is a review of domestic and foreign literature ash, mostly looks at the aspects of physical and chemical properties and heavy metals, there is no assessment of the casing methane oxidation impact. This paper mainly urban incinerator ash as a research object, and after a landfill cover soil mined to study experimentally analyze the impact of ash added methane oxidation right.

scholarly journals Dry Matter Production, Nutrient Cycled and Removed, and Soil Fertility Changes in Yam-Based Cropping Systems with Herbaceous Legumes in the Guinea-Sudan Zone of Benin

Scientifica ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Raphiou Maliki ◽  
Brice Sinsin ◽  
Anne Floquet ◽  
Denis Cornet ◽  
Eric Malezieux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Mucuna Pruriens ◽  
Total N ◽  
Herbaceous Legumes ◽  
Andropogon Gayanus ◽  
The Impact

Traditional yam-based cropping systems (shifting cultivation, slash-and-burn, and short fallow) often result in deforestation and soil nutrient depletion. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of yam-based systems with herbaceous legumes on dry matter (DM) production (tubers, shoots), nutrients removed and recycled, and the soil fertility changes. We compared smallholders’ traditional systems (1-year fallow ofAndropogon gayanus-yam rotation, maize-yam rotation) with yam-based systems integrated herbaceous legumes (Aeschynomene histrix/maize intercropping-yam rotation,Mucuna pruriens/maize intercropping-yam rotation). The experiment was conducted during the 2002 and 2004 cropping seasons with 32 farmers, eight in each site. For each of them, a randomized complete block design with four treatments and four replicates was carried out using a partial nested model with five factors: Year, Replicate, Farmer, Site, and Treatment. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the general linear model (GLM) procedure was applied to the dry matter (DM) production (tubers, shoots), nutrient contribution to the systems, and soil properties at depths 0–10 and 10–20 cm. DM removed and recycled, total N, P, and K recycled or removed, and soil chemical properties (SOM, N, P, K, and pH water) were significantly improved on yam-based systems with legumes in comparison with traditional systems.

Soil erosion controlled by biota along a climate gradient in Chile

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolás Riveras ◽  
Kristina Witzgall ◽  
Victoria Rodríguez ◽  
Peter Kühn ◽  
Carsten W. Mueller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Biological Soil Crust ◽  
Environmental Filtering ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Soil Erodibility ◽  
Rainfall Gradient ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Semi Arid

<p>Soil erosion is one of the main problems in soil degradation nowadays and is widely distributed in many landscapes worldwide. Particularly water erosion is widespread and determined by rain erosivity, soil erodibility, topographic factors and the management carried out to mitigate this phenomenon. Although this process is mostly known as a consequence of human management such as agriculture or forestry, it is a process that also occurs naturally, being one of the factors that regulate the shape of the landscape.</p><p>One of the main agents that stabilize the soil surface is biota and its activity, either in the form of plants, microorganisms or as an assemblage in the form of a biological soil crust (biocrusts). However, there are limited studies about how and what extent biota drives soil-stabilizing processes. With particular view on the impact of biocrusts on soil erosion, most studies have been carried out in arid and semi-arid regions, so its influence under other climates is largely unknown.</p><p>This study focuses on the influence of biota on soil erosion in a temperature and rainfall gradient, covering four climate zones (arid, semi-arid, mediterranean and humid) with very limited human intervention. Other variables such as the origin of the geological formation, geographical longitude and glacial influence were kept constant for all study sites. The effect of vegetation (biocrusts) and its abundance, microbiology and terrain parameters are investigated using rainfall simulation experiments under controlled conditions and by a physico-chemical evaluation of the soil, surface runoff, percolation and sediment discharge, in order to determine the different environmental filtering effects that the soil develops under different climatic conditions.</p><p>It is expected that as vegetation vigor and cover increase, soil erodibility will decrease. The biocrust is the protagonist of this stabilization in conditions of low pedological development and will become secondary as edaphoclimatic conditions favor the colonization of plants.</p><p>The results of this study will help to achieve a better understanding of the role of biota in soil erosion control and will clarify its influence on soil losses under different climate and slope conditions. Analyses are currently ongoing and first results of our work will be presented at the EGU 2020.</p>

scholarly journals Dynamics of Clomazone Formulations Under Different Applications Conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. TROPALDI ◽  
I.P.F.S. BRITO ◽  
R.C. DIAS ◽  
M.L.B. TRINDADE ◽  
C.A. CARBONARI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Sugarcane Straw ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Urochloa Decumbens ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Production Areas

ABSTRACT: Maintenance of straw on the soil surface in sugarcane production areas can influence weed occurrence and herbicide dynamics. After application, considerable losses of clomazone can occur as a result of its physicochemical characteristics. For this reason, novel formulations have been developed. In addition to the conventional formulation, microencapsulated formulations are currently available. Thus, the aim of this study was to observe and compare the effect of clomazone formulations under different application conditions. For this purpose, the experiment was carried with 12 treatments in a completely randomized design, with four replications, using clomazone formulations (1,200 g a.i. ha-1), on soils with different moisture levels, in the presence and absence of sugarcane straw, followed or not by rainfall simulation. The treatments were compared by observation of number of emerged plants and phytotoxicity at 7 and 14 DAA, as well shoot dry matter at 14 DAA for Ipomoea nil, Urochloa decumbens and Panicum maximum. In general, the microencapsulated formulation presented a better performance under the less suitable application conditions when compared to the conventional one. However, for the other conditions, both formulations had a similar performance.

scholarly journals Wieloletnie użytkowanie ślazowca pensylwańskiego – wartościowego źródła biomasy

2021 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-116
Author(s):  
Roman Molas ◽  
Halina Borkowska ◽  
Barbara Sawicka
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Propagation ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Critical Question ◽  
Biomass Feedstocks ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Propagation Methods ◽  
The Impact

Next-generation biomass feedstocks are needed to optimize sustainability in a wide range of soils and climates. Species that has been recently noticed in Europe is Virginia fanpetals (Sida hermaphrodita L. Rusby). A critical question with research of this species is its field propagation. A long-term (2003–2012), field experiment was conducted to determine the impact of propagation method on yields and productivity this species. The hypothesis was higher yields of S. hermaphrodita biomass from vegetative propagations than from generative propagations, also over the long term. On average, from first 10 years of lifespan of Virginia fanpetals (2003–2012), biomass dry matter (DM) yields were significantly higher by vegetative propagation (16.8 Mg ha–1) as for generative (10.9 Mg ha–1). The average gross energy yield obtained by the vegetative propagation reached 304 GJ ha–1 while by the generative propagation was 196 GJ ha–1. The determined heat of combustion reached 18.1 GJ Mg–1 DM, the ash content was 28 g kg–1, and the nitrogen (N), sulphur (S), and chlorine (Cl) contents were 1.9 g kg–1, 0.52 g kg–1 and 0.23 g kg–1, respectively, regardless of propagation methods.

Impact droplets and the protection of soils by plant covers

Soil Research ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJ Moss
Keyword(s):  
Edge Effects ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Drop Diameter ◽  
Double Edge ◽  
Conversion Rates ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Drop Water ◽  
Overall Effectiveness

Impact droplets, the fine drops splashed from the impact sites of larger drops on plant elements, were investigated experimentally to assess their role in water erosion. It was found that impact droplets rarely strike the soil surface before decelerating markedly from their sometimes high initial velocities. This, and their small sizes, render them almost non-erosive. Their production therefore represents a major soil-conserving mechanism in that large, potentially erosive drops are converted to almost harmless drizzle. Conversion rates of incident-drop water to impact droplets were found to be about 10-25% by weight for large, effectively semi-infinite targets, but rose rapidly to about 90% as impact points approached within half a drop diameter of target edges. Most impacts on plant elements are edge-affected and elements of about the same diameter as a raindrop (e.g. those of fine grasses) produce double-edge effects, almost entirely converting incident drops into impact droplets. These results, combined with previous findings, allow consideration of the abilities of different arrays of plant elements (i.e. 'covers') to combat water erosion generally. Closely spaced, near-ground, plant elements, about 1-3 mm in diameter, display a peculiar overall effectiveness in this respect.

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