Non-Destructive Methods for Evaluation of the State of Preservation in Historical Stone Monuments: The Case Study of the Step Pyramid in Saqqara

A medição da velocidade de propagação de ondas ultrassônicas, método de análise não destrutivo, é uma técnica eficiente para avaliar o estado de conservação da rocha e a profundidade de penetração de consolidantes em monumentos. Este trabalho objetiva analisar monumentos pétreos da cidade de São Paulo com base nesta técnica. A superfície de acabamento é um ponto chave na obtenção dos dados, uma vez que superfícies polidas permitem o perfeito acoplamento dos transdutores, favorecendo a execução do ensaio de forma adequada. Os dados apontam rochas não alteradas ou ausência de fraturamento nos monumentos analisados. Abstract: Ultrasound pulse velocity, a non-destructive analytical method, is an efficient technique to evaluate the state of conservation of the rock and the depth of penetration of consolidants in monuments. This work aims to analyze stone monuments of the city of São Paulo based on this method. The finishing surface is a key point in obtaining the data, since polished surfaces allow the perfect coupling of the transducers, favoring the performance of the test in an appropriate manner. The data indicate unweathered rocks or absence of fractures in the analyzed monuments.

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Integrated Investigation of Built Heritage Monuments: The Case Study of Paphos Harbour Castle, Cyprus

Heritage ◽

10.3390/heritage1010001 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 1-14

Author(s):

Vasiliki Lysandrou ◽

Athos Agapiou ◽

Manolis Ioannides ◽

Nikolaos Kantiranis ◽

Eleftherios Charalambous ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Image Processing ◽

Construction Materials ◽

Masonry Walls ◽

Built Heritage ◽

Processing Techniques ◽

Small Parts ◽

Non Destructive ◽

Non Destructive Techniques ◽

Destructive Methods

The state of preservation of built heritage monuments is often evaluated by means of several destructive techniques, which are mainly focused on the analysis of small parts of the monuments’ construction materials. The necessary sampling for the accomplishment of these destructive analyses is usually restricted to confined parts of a monument, since monuments are usually under protective legislation, and therefore only indicative of larger areas. Current research attempts to enhance the results of provided by destructive methods, using non-destructive image processing techniques. Towards this end, the potential use of image processing based on rectified images is examined, along with material sampling and laboratory analyses as part of a multi-disciplinary methodology for the investigation of Paphos (Cyprus) Harbour Castle. This approach has been adopted in order to map the degradation patterns observed on the monument’s masonry walls, minimizing destructive methods and attempting to visualize the results of the monument as a whole. The combination of both analytical and non-destructive techniques resulted in the acquisition of large amounts of information, permitting the evaluation of applied non-destructive techniques for the study of the deterioration present on a monument’s external surfaces. This approach led to the assessment of the overall state of preservation of the masonry walls of the structure in an extended scale covering all external façades in a semi-automatic way.

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A Review of the State-of-Art, Limitations, and Perspectives of Machine Vision for Grape Ripening Estimation

Engineering Proceedings ◽

10.3390/engproc2021009002 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 2

Author(s):

Eleni Vrochidou ◽

Christos Bazinas ◽

George A. Papakostas ◽

Theodore Pachidis ◽

Vassilis G. Kaburlasos

Keyword(s):

Machine Vision ◽

State Of The Art ◽

The State ◽

Wine Industry ◽

Ripening Stage ◽

Robotic Automation ◽

Non Destructive ◽

State Of Art ◽

Destructive Methods ◽

Critical Aspects

This work highlights the most recent machine vision methodologies and algorithms proposed for estimating the ripening stage of grapes. Destructive and non-destructive methods are overviewed for in-field and in-lab applications. Integration principles of innovative technologies and algorithms to agricultural agrobots, namely, Agrobots, are investigated. Critical aspects and limitations, in terms of hardware and software, are also discussed. This work is meant to be a complete guide of the state-of-the-art machine vision algorithms for grape ripening estimation, pointing out the advantages and barriers for the adaptation of machine vision towards robotic automation of the grape and wine industry.

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In-Situ Moisture Assessment in External Walls of Historic Building using Non-Destructive Methods

Environmental and Climate Technologies ◽

10.2478/rtuect-2019-0009 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 122-134

Author(s):

Ritvars Freimanis ◽

Rasa Vaiskunaite ◽

Tereza Bezrucko ◽

Andra Blumberga

Keyword(s):

Relative Humidity ◽

Weather Data ◽

Mold Growth ◽

Historic Building ◽

Historic Masonry ◽

Non Destructive ◽

Destructive Methods ◽

Rising Damp

Abstract In-situ measurements of a case study building located in Riga old town near the river Daugava has been carried out in this work. Performed measurements are moisture level of historic masonry, and interstitial monitoring of temperature and relative humidity between the layers of internal insulation and external wall. Obtained results are compared with outdoor weather data. Results show that during the cold months of the year no rising damp problem. No interstitial condensation under the internal insulation, and no risk of mold growth occur. However, the façade of the building tends to be highly influenced by the outdoor weather, and the moisture of the masonry increases during the rain load events.

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Diagnostics and Monitoring of the Church of San Barbaziano in Bologna

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.624.147 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 624 ◽

pp. 147-154 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Camilla Colla ◽

Giovanni Pascale

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Health Monitoring ◽

Crack Pattern ◽

The State ◽

Historic Center ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Non Destructive ◽

The Church ◽

Over Time ◽

Destructive Methods

This paper presents a diagnostic campaign carried out in an old church located in the historic center of Bologna. The campaign's objective is to evaluate the mechanical properties, the texture, the defects, and the state of preservation of the masonry. In addition, the campaign aims to assess the state of the crack pattern and monitor its changes over time. To achieve these aims several non-destructive methods and sensors have been used for structural health monitoring.

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Varied Responses to Human-Induced Seismicity in the City of Azle, Texas

Case Studies in the Environment ◽

10.1525/cse.2019.002196 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Sarmistha R. Majumdar

Keyword(s):

State Government ◽

Induced Seismicity ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

The United States ◽

The State ◽

Prior History ◽

Small Community ◽

Regulatory Policies ◽

The Status

Fracking has helped to usher in an era of energy abundance in the United States. This advanced drilling procedure has helped the nation to attain the status of the largest producer of crude oil and natural gas in the world, but some of its negative externalities, such as human-induced seismicity, can no longer be ignored. The occurrence of earthquakes in communities located at proximity to disposal wells with no prior history of seismicity has shocked residents and have caused damages to properties. It has evoked individuals’ resentment against the practice of injection of fracking’s wastewater under pressure into underground disposal wells. Though the oil and gas companies have denied the existence of a link between such a practice and earthquakes and the local and state governments have delayed their responses to the unforeseen seismic events, the issue has gained in prominence among researchers, affected community residents, and the media. This case study has offered a glimpse into the varied responses of stakeholders to human-induced seismicity in a small city in the state of Texas. It is evident from this case study that although individuals’ complaints and protests from a small community may not be successful in bringing about statewide changes in regulatory policies on disposal of fracking’s wastewater, they can add to the public pressure on the state government to do something to address the problem in a state that supports fracking.

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Islamic and Jewish Religious Feminists Tackle Islamic and Jewish Oral Law: Maintenance and Rebellion of Wives

Comparative Islamic Studies ◽

10.1558/cis.31497 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 35-63

Author(s):

Ruth Roded

Keyword(s):

State Policy ◽

Political System ◽

Daily Life ◽

The State ◽

The Political ◽

Jewish Law ◽

Modern Times ◽

Parallel Case ◽

First Time

Beginning in the early 1970s, Jewish and Muslim feminists, tackled “oral law”—Mishna and Talmud, in Judaism, and the parallel Hadith and Fiqh in Islam, and several analogous methodologies were devised. A parallel case study of maintenance and rebellion of wives —mezonoteha, moredet al ba?ala; nafaqa al-mar?a and nush?z—in classical Jewish and Islamic oral law demonstrates similarities in content and discourse. Differences between the two, however, were found in the application of oral law to daily life, as reflected in “responsa”—piskei halacha and fatwas. In modern times, as the state became more involved in regulating maintenance and disobedience, and Jewish law was backed for the first time in history by a state, state policy and implementation were influenced by the political system and socioeconomic circumstances of the country. Despite their similar origin in oral law, maintenance and rebellion have divergent relevance to modern Jews and Muslims.

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The application of E-commerce among small medium enterprises : a case study in Kelantan

Social and Management Research Journal ◽

10.24191/smrj.v4i2.5134 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 45

Author(s):

Norudin Mansor ◽

Che Ismail Long ◽

Ahmad Ismail Mohd. Annuar

Keyword(s):

Competitive Advantage ◽

General Assumption ◽

The State ◽

Business Community ◽

Research Project ◽

Business Decision ◽

Small Medium Enterprises ◽

Medium Enterprises

The research project was conducted to investigate the understanding of E-commerce Application among the SMEs in the state of Kelantan. Focusing on the population of registered members of Dewan Perniagaan Melayu Malaysia, Kelantan, a total of302 respondents were selected to participate in our study. Moving in line with the general assumption of world business community it is agreed that e-commerce application is highly relevant for the survival and meeting the challenges of borderless economy. At the same time, the process of acquiring knowledge and understanding the environment, coping with changes, and speeding up the business decision, able to further enhance the competitive advantage of the SMEs. Using the established model, our investigation focused on 5 identifiable variables to demonstrate its usefulness towards motivating SMEs to adopt e-commerce. Our analysis indicated that all the selected variables were significant towards enhancing the application of e-commerce and thus maintaining competitive advantage in the industry.

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