scholarly journals Toxicity of a plant based mosquito repellent/killer

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 184-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhoopendra Singh ◽  
Prakash Raj Singh ◽  
Manoj Kumar Mohanty
Keyword(s):  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Herbal Product ◽  
Single Mode ◽  
Systemic Review ◽  
Mosquito Repellent ◽  
Medicinal Uses ◽  
Medline Search ◽  
Insect Repellents ◽  
Mosquito Behaviour

ABSTRACT The mission to make humans less attractive to mosquitoes has fuelled decades of scientific research on mosquito behaviour and control. The search for the perfect topical insect repellent/killer continues. This analysis was conducted to review and explore the scientific information on toxicity produced by the ingredients/contents of a herbal product. In this process of systemic review the following methodology was applied. By doing a MEDLINE search with key words of selected plants, plant based insect repellents/ killers pertinent articles published in journals and authentic books were reviewed. The World Wide Web and the Extension Toxicity Network database (IPCS-ITOX) were also searched for toxicology data and other pertinent information. Repellents do not all share a single mode of action and surprisingly little is known about how repellents act on their target insects. Moreover, different mosquito species may react differently to the same repellent. After analysis of available data and information on the ingredient, of the product in relation to medicinal uses, acute and chronic toxicity of the selected medicinal plants, it can be concluded that the ingredients included in the herbal product can be used as active agents against mosquitoes. If the product which contains the powder of the above said plants is applied with care and safety, it is suitable fo use as a mosquito repellent/killer.

scholarly journals In Silico Molecular Modeling & Docking of Phytochemical Compounds with Odorant Binding Proteins (OBP1) of Culex Quinquefasciatus.

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 2847-2851
Keyword(s):  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Binding Proteins ◽  
Binding Energies ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Mosquito Repellent ◽  
Odorant Binding Proteins ◽  
Insect Repellents ◽  
Phytochemical Compounds ◽  
Mosquito Repellents ◽  
Odorant Binding

Malaria, Dengue Fever, West Nile Encephalities, Sleeping Sickness, Leishmaniasis, Japanese encephalitis (JE) are the widest large range of diseases causing highest mortality to human beings at Global level and they belong to the group Vector borne diseases (VBD). It is estimated that more than one million deaths were happening every year mostly in tropical regions of South America, Africa & Asia due to these vectors i.e., mosquitoes and mites, which are main disease transporting vectors from one host to another. A remarkable effort has been made to develop various types of insecticides and insect repellents. To control VBD, a bio-defense strategy methods have been employed which were found to be more costly and labour intensive, recurring and time consuming. A new class of repellents were made based on structure based rational approaches of ligand molecules based binding efficiencies with Odorant binding proteins (OBPs) or other olfaction inhibitory compounds with attractive characteristics. But, with very limited knowledge available to screen photo-chemical compounds to design novel mosquito repellents employing a very high-throughput Insilco computational biology methods. Therefore, in this context, we attempted to screen out 3 phytochemicals from different plants exhibiting mosquito repellent activities reported from published literature and various public domains & molecular docking studies, aiming at the Odorant Binding Proteins of Culex quinquefasciatus. The N, N-Diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) was widely used mosquito repellent chemical chosen as standard reference to validate the binding affinities and specificities of selected compounds aligned with Odoront Binding Proteins. A total of such 50 compounds including DEET were docked against the active site of OBT models or Crystal Structures using AutoDock. Among 5 phytochemical compounds, sum of 3 compounds have resulted in high affinity binding energies & high no of hydrogen-bonds as compared to standard reference of DEET. Among the selected Citronellol, Saponin, and Azadirachtin, are showing the highest docking scores which secure to develop more effective and safer mosquito repellents in future prospect.

scholarly journals Insect Repellents Mediate Species-Specific Olfactory Behaviors in Mosquitoes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Afify ◽  
Christopher John Potter
Keyword(s):  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Anopheles Coluzzii ◽  
Olfactory Neurons ◽  
Insect Repellents ◽  
Olfactory Responses ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
Lemongrass Oil ◽  
Mosquito Repellents ◽  
Species Specific

Abstract Background: The species-specific mode of action for DEET and many other mosquito repellents is often unclear. Confusion may arise for many reasons. First, the response of a single mosquito species is often used to represent all mosquito species. Second, behavioral studies usually test the effect of repellents on mosquito attraction towards human odorants, rather than their direct repulsive effect on mosquitoes. Third, the mosquito sensory neuron responses towards repellents are often not directly examined. Methods: Here, we used a close proximity response assay to test the direct repulsive effect of six mosquito repellents on Anopheles coluzzii , Aedes aegypti , and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. Additionally, we used this behavioral assay and calcium imaging recordings of antennae to test the response of An. coluzzii mosquitoes towards two human odorants (1-octen-3-ol and benzaldehyde) at different concentrations, and mixtures of the repellents lemongrass oil and p-menthane-3,8-diol (PMD) with DEET. Results: We found that An. coluzzii mosquitoes were repelled by lemongrass oil and PMD, while Ae. aegypti and Cx. Quinquefasciatus mosquitoes were repelled by lemongrass oil, PMD, eugenol, and DEET. In addition, we found that high concentrations of 1-octen-3-ol and benzaldehyde were repellent, and activated more olfactory receptor neurons on the An. coluzzii antenna than lower concentrations. Finally, we found that changes in olfactory responses to repellent mixtures reflected changes in repulsive behaviors. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that different species of mosquitoes have different behavioral responses to repellents. We further suggest that high-odor concentrations may recruit repellent-sensing neurons, or generally excite many olfactory neurons, yielding repellent behavioral responses. Finally, we show that DEET can decrease the neuronal and behavioral response of An. coluzzii mosquitoes towards PMD but not towards lemongrass oil. Overall, these studies can help inform mosquito repellent choice by species, guide decisions on effective repellent blends, and could ultimately identify the olfactory neurons and receptors in mosquitoes that mediate repellency.

scholarly journals The Effect of Insect Repellent Exposure on Leukocyte Profile and Histopathologic Findings in Lungs

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 7796-7803
Keyword(s):  
P Value ◽  
Insect Repellent ◽  
Mosquito Repellent ◽  
Pleural Thickening ◽  
Insect Repellents ◽  
Mosquito Mortality ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Blood Leukocyte ◽  
Leukocyte Profiles ◽  
Histopathologic Findings

Organophosphate compounds in insect repellent have a role in contributing to mosquito mortality but have toxic effects for humans when exposed for a long time. The research is aimed to analyze the effect of insect repellent exposure in blood leukocyte profile and histopathologic findings in lungs. The study used thirty males Rattus novergicus, which were divided into three groups, such as electric liquid insect repellent (P1) with contain 0.031% dimefluthrin, anti-mosquito coils (P2) with 0.014% dimefluthrin, and electric mat mosquito repellent with 0.566% dimefluthrin for 8 hours in 20 days respectively. Leukocyte profiles were determined by using the blood smear method, and the lung’s health was identified by histopathologic findings. Based on the results study showed mosquito coils exposure increase the lymphocytes count. Meanwhile, the electric liquid-repellent increased the basophil’s numbers. The electric mat exposure had more eosinophils, neutrophils stab, neutrophils segment, and monocytes in the blood. The leukocyte profile of each group showed there were no statistically significant differences (P-value > 0.05). Based on histopathology, lung findings showed that the electric mat exposure contributed to cells degeneration 7.5% and pleural thickening 30%. The higher dimefluthrin concentrations in insect repellents could affect leukocyte profile and lungs health.

Antimicrobial agent from Plants and Herbs: A systemic Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 179-181
Author(s):  
Sherekar P. P.
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Herbal Product ◽  
Systemic Review ◽  
Microbial Infection ◽  
Happy Life ◽  
Active Chemical ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Crude Drugs

The whole worldwide, now a days use many herbal product for healthy and happy life. In ancient system there are Ayurveda Siddha, Unani and Homoeopathy systems of medicines includes various different herbs, crude drugs, medicinal plants. Many ayurvedic herbs are known for its important medicinal property. Medicinal plants are mostly used for wide range of constituent present in it. In Ayurveda system of medicine, antimicrobial herbs find to be used in many ayurvedic preparations. Various antimicrobial herbs have been used against different microbial infection like bacteria, virus, fungi protozoa, helminths etc. and many more different infectious agent of different diseases. The active chemical constituents present in herbs or crude drug or medicinal plants inhibits the growth of microorganisms. The present attempt has been made to review studied various antimicrobial herbs.

scholarly journals SPILANTHES ACMELLA AND ITS MEDICINAL USES – A REVIEW

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasodha Purushothaman ◽  
Silambarasan Gunaseelan ◽  
Sudarshana Deepa Vijayakumar
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Information ◽  
Bioactive Constituents ◽  
Active Metabolites ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Medicinal Uses ◽  
Saliva Secretion ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Spilanthes Acmella ◽  
Human Immune ◽  
Common Plant

ABSTRACT In common plant life has been recognized to alleviate various diseases. Spilanthes acmella- a vital native medicinal plant, is also found in sub continent of America. A range of abstracts and active metabolites from different parts of this plant is found to contain valuable pharmacological activities. Traditionally recognized as tooth ache plant, it is known to suppress the ailment allied with tooth aches and is found to stimulate saliva secretion. On Survey of literatures it has been projected that, it has numerous drug related actions, which comprises of antimicrobial, antipyretic, local anaesthetic, bioinsecticide against insects of agricultural importance, antioxidant, analgesic, antimicrobial, vasorelaxant, anti-human immune deficit virus, tooth ache relief and anti-inflammatory effects. Based on the traditional claims against a range of diseases, researchers have classified and estimated plants for their bioactive compounds. However researchers found it to be a difficult task for the extraction of bioactive constituents from these plants. Therefore the scientific information about Spilanthes acmella could be obtained from this current review.  

scholarly journals Binding of a fluorescence reporter and a ligand to an odorant-binding protein of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti

F1000Research ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel M. Leal ◽  
Walter S. Leal
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Binding Proteins ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Fluorescence Emission ◽  
Blue Shift ◽  
Yellow Fever Mosquito ◽  
Orthologous Protein ◽  
Insect Repellents ◽  
Hydrophobic Moiety ◽  
Odorant Binding

Odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), also named pheromone-binding proteins when the odorant is a pheromone, are essential for insect olfaction. They solubilize odorants that reach the port of entry of the olfactory system, the pore tubules in antennae and other olfactory appendages. Then, OBPs transport these hydrophobic compounds through an aqueous sensillar lymph to receptors embedded on dendritic membranes of olfactory receptor neurons. Structures of OBPs from mosquito species have shed new light on the mechanism of transport, although there is considerable debate on how they deliver odorant to receptors. An OBP from the southern house mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus, binds the hydrophobic moiety of a mosquito oviposition pheromone (MOP) on the edge of its binding cavity. Likewise, it has been demonstrated that the orthologous protein from the malaria mosquito binds the insect repellent DEET on a similar edge of its binding pocket. A high school research project was aimed at testing whether the orthologous protein from the yellow fever mosquito, AaegOBP1, binds DEET and other insect repellents, and MOP was used as a positive control. Binding assays using the fluorescence reporter N-phenyl-1-naphtylamine (NPN) were inconclusive. However, titration of NPN fluorescence emission in AaegOBP1 solution with MOP led to unexpected and intriguing results. Quenching was observed in the initial phase of titration, but addition of higher doses of MOP led to a stepwise increase in fluorescence emission coupled with a blue shift, which can be explained at least in part by formation of MOP micelles to house stray NPN molecules.

scholarly journals Clinical Efficacy of Acupuncture on Rheumatoid Arthritis and Associated Mechanisms: A Systemic Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pei-Chi Chou ◽  
Heng-Yi Chu
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Clinical Efficacy ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Systemic Review ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
China National Knowledge Infrastructure ◽  
Knowledge Infrastructure ◽  
Tcm Theory ◽  
Double Blinded ◽  
Clinical Conditions

Objective. The objective of this review is to investigate the detailed existing scientific information about the clinical efficacy of acupuncture on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) conditions and to reveal the proposed mechanisms. Methods. We searched the PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, AMED (Allied and Complementary Medicine), NCCAM (The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine), and CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) databases to identify relevant monographs and related references from 1974 to 2018. Chinese journals and theses/dissertations were hand searched. Results. 43 studies were recruited. Each research was analyzed for study design, subject characteristics, intervention, selected acupoints, assessment parameters, proposed mechanisms, and results/conclusions. Conclusions. In our review, we concluded that acupuncture alone or combined with other treatment modalities is beneficial to the clinical conditions of RA without adverse effects reported and can improve function and quality of life and is worth trying. Several important possible mechanisms were summarized including anti-inflammatory effect, antioxidative effect, and regulation of immune system function. However, there is still inconsistency regarding the clinical efficacy and lack of well-designed human/animal double-blinded RCTs. Future discussion for further agreement on taking traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory into consideration as much as possible is a top priority.

A review on bioactive constituents of essential oils as mosquito repellent

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajat Subhra Dutta ◽  
Supriya Sahu ◽  
Bhaskar Mazumder
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Mosquito Repellent ◽  
Bioactive Constituents ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
Mosquito Repellents ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
The Stability

Abstract: Currently, the research focus has been on finding new alternatives to synthetic mosquito repellents due to their toxicity. Natural products act as a suitable alternative since plant-based mosquito repellents have been used traditionally due to their low toxicity. Essential oils as mosquito repellent have gained importance due to various functional bioactive constituents. Different formulations of essential oils have been studied from time to time to enhance the stability and protection time. However, the underlying mechanism of repellent activity of the bioactive constituents against specific mosquito species remains unexplored. This review focuses on the various sources of essential oil with their bioactive components and their receptor-based mechanism of action for inducing mosquito repellency against different mosquito species. Furthermore, a comparison of the various formulations of essential oil-based mosquito repellents with synthetic repellents has been discussed.

scholarly journals The Potential Pharmacological and Medicinal Properties of Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) in the Drug Development of Phytomedicine

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Tembe-Fokunang ◽  
Fokunang Charles ◽  
Nubia Kaba ◽  
Gatsing Donatien ◽  
Agbor Michael ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Azadirachta Indica ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Herbal Product ◽  
Medicinal Uses ◽  
Active Chemical ◽  
Medicinal Properties ◽  
Insight Into

An understanding of the chemistry of the secondary metabolites of neem plant (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) is essential and important due to its medicinal properties. Several studies have been done on the biological and pharmacological activities with a considerable progress made with respect to its biological activity and medicinal uses. The neem safety is known from its long communal ethno-pharmacological uses as a category one herbal product. It is readily available with great access to the local population at low cost and environmentally friendly. This paper attempts to give an insight into the biological activities of some of the compounds isolated, pharmacological actions of the extract, clinical studies and medicinal applications along with their safety evaluations. Issues on the active chemical constituents of various formulations, commercially available neem products, are also mentioned along with their respective application.

scholarly journals A popular Indian clove-based mosquito repellent is a false economy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaiming Tan ◽  
Gabriel B. Faierstein ◽  
Pingxi Xu ◽  
Rosângela M.R. Barbosa ◽  
Garrison K. Buss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Odorant Receptor ◽  
Mosquito Repellent ◽  
First Line ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Insect Repellents ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Repellency Activity

Insect repellents are important prophylactic tools for travelers to and populations living in endemic areas of malaria, dengue, encephalitis, and other vector-borne diseases, and the first line of defense against emerging arboviruses. However, the cost of daily applications of even the most affordable and the gold standard of insect repellents, DEET, is still high for low-income populations where repellents are needed the most. An Indian clove-based homemade recipe has been presented as a panacea. We analyzed this homemade repellent and confirmed by behavioral measurements and odorant receptor responses that eugenol is the active ingredient in this formulation. Prepared as advertised, this homemade repellent is ineffective, whereas 5X more concentrated extracts from the brand most enriched in eugenol showed moderate repellency activity against Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti. DEET showed higher performance when compared to the 5X concentrated formulation and is available in the same market at a lower price than the cost of the ingredients to prepare the homemade formulation.

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