scholarly journals Transformation of the French external cultural policy concept at the turn of the century

2014 ◽  
pp. 235-241
Author(s):  
S. I. Kosenko
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Cultural Diversity ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Cultural Policy ◽  
Cultural Diplomacy ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Modern Concept ◽  
National Interests ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Middle Ages

The variety of conceptual aspects of the Frances's external cultural policy is considered in the article through adjustments introduced to it by different governments which staggered each other since 1980s. The modern concept of the French cultural diplomacy was a result of a long historic evolution in the framework of the traditional action of its governors aimed at protection of cultural identity and national interests of their country. From its genesis in the Middle Ages in the form of voluntary acts by its Monarchs and further by Republican Presidents this very concept was never translated into a basic programmatic document. It happened only in 1983 within specific historical circumstances in a form of a doctrinal paper entitled "External cultural project of France" elaborated and approved by the government of socialists. Since that time, conventionally speaking, the doctrine of the external cultural action of France could be divided in three stock ideas: cultural "shining", cultural exception and cultural diversity which alternated each other.

Historiography of the University. A New Field for an Old Topic in German Historical Scholarship = Historiografía sobre la Universidad. Un nuevo campo para un viejo tema en la Historia de la Universidad alemana

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Kintzinger
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Political Support ◽  
Modern Approach ◽  
University History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
History Of Universities ◽  
The Middle Ages

Abstract: There is no tradition nor genus of historiography within writing on university history in German historical research. In the Middle Ages there was no historiography of the institutionalized schools and the early universities. It began in the early modern period. From the beginning in the 17th century onwards, historiography of university mostly meant to tell about the own university and to underline its academic brilliance and, first of all, its political value for the government. In later 18th century the influence of enlightenment changed the argumentation and the politically enforced difference between academies and universities made the “identity” of universities more evident. Universities from then on did not understand themselves no longer primarily as instruments of government, but as places of scientific liberty and insofar partly of legal independence. There were conflicts and quarrels about in how far universities should just help to create educated officers for the government or open a field of independence for a “Freedom of science”. All conflict parties published their declarations, which can be used for the historiography of universities nowadays but did not intend to be understood as such. In the beginning of the 19th century the innovation of the modern university, founded by the ideas of Wilhelm of Humboldt in Prussia, and the promotion by the government, but as well the dependence from political support, set new conditions for the development of the universities and it made possible the beginning of an official historiography of university history. Until 1900 the discussion on the liberty of science and universities and their newly defined importance for the beginning nation-states as well as on the growing difference between historical and philosophical disciplines on the one hand, natural-scientific and even technical disciplines on the other hand became more and more important. Historiography of universities and their history was created,  but from the beginning on focused on controversies. Rectorate-speeches became a new genus of historiography of universities and it was of great influence. It developed a comparative, modern approach on the history of universities, but was in the same time exploited as political argument in national politics and international conflicts and wartimes. Finally, the end of free discussion and academic discourse on the historiography of universities came with the beginning of the Nazi period in Germany. Modern learned and academic historiography of the history of universities from the middle of the 20th century onwards has got the chance to reestablish discussions on the history of  universities from the Middle Ages to contemporary times and even in an international context, but did not yet find to a specific genus of historiography. Resumen: No hay tradición ni género de la historiografía dentro de la escritura de la historia de la universidad en la investigación histórica alemana. En la Edad Media no hay ninguna historiografía de los colegios institucionalizados ni de las primeras universidades. Esto comenzó en época moderna. Desde el principio en el siglo XVII en adelante, la historiografía de la universidad en su mayoría significaba relatar la historia de la propia universidad para subrayar su brillantez académica y, sobre todo, su valor político para el gobierno. A finales del siglo XVIII la influencia de la Ilustración cambia la argumentación y la diferencia impuesta políticamente entre academias y universidades hizo la “identidad” de las universidades más evidente. Universidades que, a partir de entonces, no se entienden a sí mismas ya primariamente como instrumentos de gobierno, sino como lugares de libertad científica y, en parte, de independencia legal. Hubo conflictos y disputas sobre si las universidades debían ayudar a crear los oficiales educados para el gobierno o abrir un campo independiente para la “libertad de la ciencia”. Todas las partes en conflicto publicaron sus declaraciones, que pueden ser utilizados por la historiografía de las universidades hoy en día, pero que no tienen la intención de entenderse como tal. En el comienzo del siglo XIX la innovación de la universidad moderna, fundada por las ideas de Guillermo de Humboldt en Prusia, y la promoción por parte del gobierno, pero a su vez, la dependencia del apoyo político, establecen nuevas condiciones para el desarrollo de las universidades que hicieron posible el inicio de una historiografía oficial de la historia de la universidad. Hasta 1900, el debate sobre la libertad de la ciencia y de las universidades y su importancia recientemente definida para el inicio de los Estados-nación, así como la creciente diferencia entre disciplinas históricas y filosóficas por un lado y científico-naturales e incluso técnicas por otro se volvió cada vez más importante. Una historia e historiografía de las universidades que desde el principio se ha centrado en las controversias. Los discursos de los rectores pasaron a ser un nuevo género muy influyente de la historiografía de las universidades. Se desarrolló un enfoque comparativo, versión moderna de la historia de las universidades, pero que fue al mismo tiempo explotado como argumento político en la política nacional y en los conflictos y tiempos de guerras internacionales. Por último, el final de la discusión libre y del discurso académico sobre la historiografía de las universidades vino con el inicio del período Nazi en Alemania. La historiografía sobre las universidades de mediados del siglo 20 en adelante ha tenido la oportunidad de restablecer los debates sobre la historia de las universidades de la Edad Media hasta la época contemporánea e incluso en el contexto internacional, pero aún no ha encontrado un género historiográfico específico.Keywords: scholarship and politics, confessionalization of universities, conflict of disciplines, utility of scholarship, primacy of disciplines.Palabras clave: universidad y políticas, confesionalidad de las universidades, conflicto de disciplinas, utilidad de la universidad, primacía de disciplinas.

scholarly journals Food security policy in the Middle Ages: historical-philosophical aspect

2021 ◽  
pp. 35-42
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Vadimovich Malov
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Philosophical Aspect ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Government ◽  
The City ◽  
Essential Food ◽  
The Middle Ages

This article examines the Western and Eastern parts of the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages for finding the evidence of implementation of food security policy therein. The object of this work is the cultural peculiarities and socioeconomic relations in the society, which determine and promote the process of implementation of food security policy. The subject of this work is the theoretical, practical and normative sources on ensuring food stability of the state, normative acts of the government institutions reinforced by the results of archaeological explorations. The author is one of the first within the Russian and foreign literature to demonstrate the facts that testify to the implementation of food security policy in the Middle Ages. Based on the historical example of France under the Capetian dynasty, it is demonstrated that the maintenance of food sustainability in the “mansion state” was implemented by the following means: restrictions on the goods for export, collection of special transit fees, establishment of the customs institutions. The success of the Byzantine food security policy was guaranteed by creating the large grain depots during the reign of Julian the Apostate; establishing the institutions that were accountable to the authorities and controlled the consistent procurement of essential food products; the order of Anastasios II on expulsion from the city of anyone who did not provide themselves with a yearly supply of food; consolidating trade regulations and distribution restriction in the in the “Book of the Prefect”.

Funem (sh)eynem vortsl aroys?!—Approaches to the Study of Parallel Eastern Yiddish and German Folk Songs

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-103
Author(s):  
Andreas Schmitges
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Cultural Diversity ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Performance Practice ◽  
Folk Songs ◽  
Historically Informed Performance ◽  
The Middle Ages

Yiddish and German are two languages and cultures that are considered autonomous and important within the European cultural diversity. Although they are linguistically very close and historically interwoven, not much research has been done concerning the comparison of their folk cultures. The present comparative study of Eastern Yiddish and German folk songs is a first step towards a deeper understanding of the processes of cultural migration and transfer since the Middle Ages. The paper concentrates on three aspects: 1. Discussion of previous undervalued research by scholars in the twentieth century. 2. Uncovering the roots and routes of parallel folk songs. 3. The significance of this research for the development of a historically informed performance practice (hip) for Yiddish folk songs.

scholarly journals The role of cultural diplomacy in relations between Kazakhstan and Italy

2020 ◽  
pp. 57-66
Author(s):  
Gulsum KENZHALINA ◽  
Aliya KUSSAINOVA ◽  
Duman AITMAGAMBETOV ◽  
Moldir BOLYSBEKOVA
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Cultural Policy ◽  
Cultural Diplomacy ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Cultural Methods ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Current State ◽  
Policy Goals ◽  
Favorable Conditions

At the present stage, cultural diplomacy plays an important role in relations between countries. The implementation of cultural diplomacy contributes not only to the promotion of the country's interests abroad in the field of cultural policy, but also can create favorable conditions for the effective achievement of the country's foreign policy goals in other areas (for example, economic). The article deals with the bilateral cultural diplomacy of Kazakhstan and Italy. Cultural contacts between the two countries, starting from the early Middle Ages, are consistently examined and analyzed, on the basis of which a conclusion is drawn about the effectiveness of certain aspects of foreign cultural policy in creating bilateral relations. An attempt was also made to answer the question of how cultural methods can contribute to the harmonization of relations between Kazakhstan and Italy at the present stage, and whether they can significantly affect the current state of their political and economic cooperation.

scholarly journals Dantes kristne universalisme og islam: Dante og den europæiske identitet

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (108) ◽  
pp. 40-57
Author(s):  
Leonardo Cecchini
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Cultural Tradition ◽  
Edward Said ◽  
Islamic Culture ◽  
Christian Community ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
The Third ◽  
European Culture ◽  
The Middle Ages

Dante’s Christian Universalism and Islam:During the years 2001-2004, when the establishment of a Constitution for Europe was on the EU’s agenda, the suggestion to include a reference to the ‘Christian roots’ of Europe in the Constitution’s Preamble lead to an animated debate. Some Italian Catholic intellectuals (Anna Maria Chiavacci, Giuseppe Reale) took part in the debate and used Dante to illustrate the essential significance of Christianity in the European culture, thereby involving themselves in this debate. Referring to T.S. Eliot’s famous quote (»the culture of Dante was not of one European country but of Europe«), they claimed that Dante’s work was one of the greatest expressions of a Christian European cultural identity which took form in the Middle Ages and drew impulse from a synthesis of the two great Mediterranean cultural traditions: the Greek-Roman and the Jewish-Christian; a cultural identity they identified tout court with our present ‘European’ or ‘Western’ culture. It is worth observing that Chiavacci and Reale did not mention in their narrative the third great Mediterranean cultural tradition (especially in the Middle Ages) of Islam and its own likely contribution to the ‘European’ civilization. In my paper, I wish to contribute to the understanding of how Dante represents ‘Europe’ and ‘Islam’ in his work. My suggestion is that in Dante’s work we can neither find an idea of a Europe (or ‘West’) as separated or superior to other continents nor an orientalized image of the Orient as claimed by Edward Said. On the contrary, Dante considers ‘Europe’ as a metaphor for an ideal universal Christian community (with strong eschatological features), that is a community that potentially includes the whole of humanity.As few other intellectuals in the Middle Ages, Dante’s attitude to Islamic culture is primarily assimilative; he does not include but assimilates Arabian culture and philosophy to the extent that they have contributed to Christian thinking. As a good medieval Christian, Dante is hostile to Islam just because he looks at it as a heretical or schismatic version of Christianity (and therefore assimilated to his own faith), not as ‘another’ religion.

Ecological Modernity in Shakespeare: an overview

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randall Martin
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Environmental Crisis ◽  
New Materials ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Environmental Controversy ◽  
South East England ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Middle Ages

The story of how The Globe (1599) was rebuilt from the reused oak timbers of The Theatre (1576) is well known. Less familiar is the environmental crisis that prompted this thrifty recycling. Shakespeare’s company, the Chamberlain’s Men, were in danger of losing The Theatre because the lease had expired. The landlord, Giles Allen, was threatening to pull down the playhouse and put its wood and timber to other uses. The leaseholders, Richard and Cuthbert Burbage, got there before him because a clause in the original agreement made them owners of the building on Allen’s land. In the lead-up to their stealthy dismantling of The Theatre on the icy morning of 28 December 1598, when Allen was away celebrating Christmas in the country, each side had been eyeing the valuable timber and wood. Its reuse was the lynchpin of a deal between the Burbages and five actor-sharers of the Chamberlain’s Men, including Shakespeare, for building The Globe: the brothers offered to supply the main materials if the sharers contributed to the lesser expenses of construction and maintenance. The Burbages had spent their savings on building an indoor theatre at Blackfriars two years before. Although it had begun to pay them rent, they could not afford to buy new materials because the price of wood and timber had risen 96 per cent over the quarter century since The Theatre had been built. This inflation was the result of southern English woodlands being deforested. Ancient English woodland and forests had been shrinking throughout the middle ages. By Henry VIII’s time the pace began to accelerate. Worried about timber supplies for shipbuilding, the government took the first steps—largely ineffective—to manage depletions. Climactic and demographic pressures aggravated overexploitation, and by the 1590s caused a fuel crisis in south-east England and the country’s first major environmental controversy. Similar to the threat of warming global temperatures today, the stresses on southern English woodland—at that time the country’s most essential but finite natural resource—reached an ecological turning point. A solution was in the offing, but it was a highly ambivalent one.

scholarly journals Museum Diplomacy: Developing cultural partnerships between New Zealand and China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Lillian Bayly-McCredie
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Cultural Policy ◽  
Cultural Diplomacy ◽  
Original Data ◽  
National Museum ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Policy Studies ◽  
International Activity ◽  
The Government ◽  
Cultural Sector

<p>Museums play an increasingly important role in cultural diplomacy. New Zealand cultural organisations support international objectives by assisting cultural exchange, increasing mutual understanding and connecting key players. However, the intersection between museum and government activity is often regarded with scepticism, stemming from a general antipathy towards instrumentalism in museum and cultural policy studies literature. This research draws on recent work by Nisbett (2013), which revealed how British cultural organisations inverted instrumentalism—the use of cultural ventures by governments to help achieve goals in other areas—to achieve their own goals. The literature suggests that British museums strategically promoted their cultural diplomacy activity to formulate cultural policy and expand the scale of their international activity. This provides a useful model for the New Zealand cultural sector to build on, in its unique environment.  This dissertation addresses this gap in the literature by investigating the intersection of museum and government activity between New Zealand and China. Through a case study of the partnership between Te Papa and the National Museum of China the research explored the state of cultural organisation partnerships, and assessed to what extent museums benefit by acting instrumentally. Interviews were conducted with ten cultural sector professionals and grounded theory was used to analyse the data.  This research found that New Zealand’s national museum positioned itself as willing and able to engage in cultural diplomacy activity, in order to develop its international activity, and offer benefits in return to its principal funder, the government. Results suggested that while the museum has not utilised instrumentalism to impact cultural policy in New Zealand, there is scope to develop this. Consequently, the research identifies an emerging area in museum practice, ‘museum diplomacy’, which I define as the developing practice of intersecting activity between international museum work and state-sponsored cultural diplomacy. The research contributes to museum and cultural policy studies literature by producing modest, yet original data about museum partnerships and cultural diplomacy in New Zealand, and provides insights for government and the cultural sector in international cultural partnerships. It echoes the critical view of the disjuncture between museum theory, policy and practice, and concludes by discussing some recommendations and calling for further research to be conducted on museum diplomacy.</p>

New Algerian family law reveals resurgent Islamists

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Cultural Policy ◽  
Political System ◽  
Political Debate ◽  
Content Type ◽  
National Assembly ◽  
Social Instability ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Government

Subject The women's rights' debate. Significance The National Assembly on March 5 voted a new law setting out harsher sentencing for perpetrators of violence against women. The law does not introduce any major legal innovations, but appears to be a concession to the long-neglected progressives. The bill provoked virulent opposition among Islamist deputies, who declared it contrary to Muslim law and a threat to family stability. The debate around the bill has revealed a resurgence in public acceptance of Islamist political language. In an authoritarian political system that is neither autocratic nor democratic, social and cultural policy provides the main outlet for political debate. Impacts The new law is unlikely significantly to improve the protection of women from violence. Other laws touching on cultural identity will follow, eg new legislation on the status of the Amazigh (Berbers). Such debates are likely to increase as the government seeks to distract from concerns over low oil prices and constitutional reform. A mismanaged cultural identity debate, coupled with limits on the regime's ability to buy social peace, could lead to social instability.

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