scholarly journals Перспективы современной философии науки и метафилософия

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 119-129
Author(s):  
B.I. Pruzhinin
Keyword(s):  
Modern Philosophy ◽  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Analytic Philosophy ◽  
Complete Picture ◽  
Scientific Practices ◽  
Analytical Philosophy ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Future ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Selection Of

Статья посвящена обсуждению перспектив современной философии науки и является, по сути, проекцией на релевантную проблематику дискуссии об аналитической версии метафилософии, развернувшейся на страницах журнала «Эпистемология и философия науки» (2019, т. 56, № 2). Опубликованная в этом журнале подборка материалов дает в целом достаточно полное представление о концептуальных возможностях аналитического метафилософского тренда в ракурсе перспектив осмысления проблем современной философии. Однако, по мнению автора, и метафилософские изыскания аналитиков, и их обсуждение в данном случае в значительной мере погружены во «внутренние» проблемы самой аналитической философии, так что осмысление перспектив философии редуцируется к анализу методов, связанных с разворотом аналитической традиции к метафизической проблематике. В результате фактически игнорируется стержневой, по сути, вопрос «философии философии» – каковы те особенности и философско-методологические запросы меняющейся реальности, которые, собственно, заставляют сегодня искать новые пути ее философского осмысления? По мнению автора, в такого же рода обсуждении перспектив нуждается и философия науки, фактически утерявшая сегодня связь с реальностью современных научных практик. В статье предпринимается попытка наметить некоторые заслуживающие обсуждения метафилософские перспективы современной философии науки. Ключевые слова: метафилософия, философия философии, аналитическая философия, философия науки The future of modern philosophy of science and metaphilosophy. BORIS I. PRUZHININ (Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences) The article focuses on the future of the modern philosophy of science and is somewhat inspired by the discussion on the analytical version of metaphilosophy on the pages of «Epistemology and Philosophy of Science» (2019, vol. 56, no. 2). The selection of articles published in the issue generally gives a fairly complete picture of the conceptual abilities of the analytical metaphilosophical trend in thinking on the problems of modern philosophy. However, according to the author, both the metaphilosophical research and discussion of the representatives of analytic philosophy, in this case, are largely immersed in the «internal» problems of the analytic philosophy. That is, their reflection on the future of philosophy is reduced to the analysis of methods, associated with the turn of analytical tradition to metaphysical problems. As a result, the core question of «philosophy of philosophy» – what are the features of the changing reality that force us to look for new ways of its philosophical comprehension today – is actually ignored. According to the author, the philosophy of science is in need of the same kind of discussion because by now it has actually lost its connection with the reality of modern scientific practices. The article attempts to identify some metaphilosophical prospects of the modern philosophy of science that deserve consideration and reflection. Keywords: metaphilosophy, philosophy of philosophy, analytical philosophy, philosophy of science

Competitor Analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. 57-66
Author(s):  
Greg Fisher ◽  
John E. Wisneski ◽  
Rene M. Bakker
Keyword(s):  
Competitive Advantage ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Complete Picture ◽  
The Core ◽  
Underlying Theory ◽  
Competitor Analysis ◽  
The Future ◽  
Core Idea ◽  
Future Plans

The purpose of a competitor analysis is to provide managers with a complete picture of the competitive landscape confronting a firm. The core idea behind a competitor analysis is to use a systematic approach to (1) identify current and future rivals to a firm, (2) assess the strengths and weaknesses of current and future rivals, (3) determine a match between a competitor’s strategies and capabilities, (4) analyze the future plans and intentions of rivals, and (5) predict a competitor’s reaction to initiatives launched by a firm. The ability to anticipate the response by rivals provides a firm with a competitive advantage. This chapter discusses the underlying theory, core idea, depiction, process, insight or value created, and risks and limitations of competitor analysis. Finally, the chapter offers the illustration of Netflix and applies the steps of competitor analysis to this case.

scholarly journals THE ANALYSIS OF CUSTOMARY CONCEPTS AS THE CORE OF SCIENTIFIC METHODOLOGY IN THE LVOV-WARSAW SCHOOL AND POZNAN SCHOOL OF THE PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE. THE CONCEPT OF AN EVENT

2020 ◽  
pp. 17-26
Author(s):  
W. Wrzosek ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Scientific Practices ◽  
Semiotic Analysis ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Social Sciences And Humanities ◽  
The Core ◽  
Source Data ◽  
The World

The pragmatic methodology of empirical sciences proposed by the representatives of the Lvov-Warsaw School of philosophy, Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz and, to an extent, Tadeusz Kotarbinski, postulates the analysis of scientific practices. It prioritizes meta-scientific logical and semiotic analysis over formal and natural sciences, yet its study of concepts remains relevant for empirical sciences. The propositions are justified not just by empirical data or observation statements. An analysis of the concepts of empirical sciences, including social sciences and humanities, defines philosophy of science – applied methodology, in Ajdukiewicz’s views. The language of logic and semiotics (the latter is understood as the logical analysis of language) qualifies scientific epistemological presuppositions. An example of such an attitude is Ajdukiewicz’s own analysis, and another example in the Poznan school of philosophy of science is the work of Jerzy Kmita (a classic example is his 1995 book “Jak słowa łączą się ze światem”). This is relevant as far as the conceptual context of a denominational “event” predefines our understanding of the reality it points to. A conceptual scheme not only defines one’s conceptual view of the world, but also delimits what can be considered as empirical evidence. As a result, it defines the scholarly accepted mode of justification of propositions. In the practice of historical research, the justificat Eion refers to the so called historical sources, that is information used as source data. The article discusses the conclusions of Tomasz Falkowski’s book “Myśl i zdarzenie. Pojęcie zdarzenia historycznego w historiografii francuskiej XX wieku”

scholarly journals John Dewey's theory of inquiry. Quantum physics, ecology and the myth of the scientific method

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-154
Author(s):  
Joaquín Fernández Mateo
Keyword(s):  
Modern Philosophy ◽  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Scientific Method ◽  
Quantum Physics ◽  
Scientific Practice ◽  
Scientific Practices ◽  
Methodological Pluralism ◽  
Research Problems ◽  
Theory Of Inquiry

The modern philosophy of science has not succeeded in defining conclusively what the scientific method consists in. On the contrary, scientific practice seems to consist in a methodological pluralism, a definition that connects with essential fragments of John Dewey's Logic, the Theory of Inquiry. For Dewey, even the forms of logic emerge from the problems defined in indeterminate situations. A historical example was the introduction of the notion of complementarity in physics, which allowed the interpretation of two confusingly paradoxical experiments in a coherent way. Dewey's thought demonstrates its relevance by helping us to define the pattern of inquiry. Methodological pluralism and the dependence of logic on research problems is not something that will happen, it is something that has happened and does happen in scientific practices.

scholarly journals Incommensurability, Incomparability, and God’s Choice of a World

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaas J. Kraay
Keyword(s):  
Possible Worlds ◽  
Philosophy Of Religion ◽  
Analytic Philosophy ◽  
The Core ◽  
Selection Of

Anselmian theism holds that there necessarily exists a being, God, who is essentially unsurpassable in power, knowledge, goodness, and wisdom. This being is also understood to be the creator and sustainer of all that is. In contemporary analytic philosophy of religion, this role is generally understood as follows: God surveys the array of possible worlds, and in his wisdom selects exactly one for actualization, based on its axiological properties. In this paper, I discuss an under-appreciated challenge for this account of the Anselmian God’s selection of a world. In particular, I urge that there are failures of comparability between various possible worlds, and I argue that, given certain assumptions, these failures threaten the rationality of God’s choice of a world. To the extent that rationality is deemed necessary for unsurpassability, this result also challenges the core Anselmian notion that God is an unsurpassable being.

Comments and Critique

1989 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 477-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Heelan
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Natural Science ◽  
Analytic Philosophy ◽  
Positive Contribution ◽  
Scientific Practices ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Hermeneutical Phenomenology ◽  
Data Production ◽  
Scientific Phenomena ◽  
Literary Canons

The ArgumentIn this rejoinder to Gyorgy Markus (Science in Context 1:5–51), I argue that although there are nonphilosophical hermeneutical studies of communication among scientists (a “weak” hermeneutics) from which much can be learned about scientific practices, there is also the philosophical genre of a hermeneutics of natural science (a “strong” hermeneutics), with which this paper is concerned. The former is the nonphilosophical use of hermeneutics in the study of texts and historical sources; the latter is a philosophy pursued within a working canon of philosophical works defined principally by the writings of Heidegger and Husserl. There is also a hermeneutically sensitive analytic philosophy of science, such as in the work of Kuhn, Toulmin, and Elkana. These genres are distinguished by their literary canons and their basic phenomenologies or critical experiential givens; each genre comprises an exemplary phenomenology as understood with the help of a characteristic fundamental literary canon.I argue that analytic philosophy is pursued within a canon that makes it difficult to raise hermeneutical questions about natural science, and that it assumes a generally positivistic phenomenology. I argue that hermeneutical phenomenology currently defines itself in dialectical opposition to “science” as understood (positivistically) by analytic philosophy, and has failed to exploit the opportunity of making its own positive contribution to the philosophy of science by examining for itself the phenomenology of laboratory work, especially data production, and the transformation of the language of theory into a descriptive language of scientific phenomena. A “strong” hermeneutical philosophy of natural science, then, challenges both analytic philosophy and the existing tradition of hermeneutical phenomenology.

scholarly journals Religious Dimensions in Transhumanist and Posthumanist Philosophies of Science

Conatus ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
Evaldas Juozelis
Keyword(s):  
Modern Philosophy ◽  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Cutting Edge ◽  
Scientific Practices ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Religious Dimensions ◽  
Societal Relations ◽  
Entire Apparatus

The article discusses transhumanism and posthumanism as marginal trajectories of the modern philosophy of science, which, however, distinctly influence the mainstream narrative of science and societal relations. Among the decisive determinants of this impact is trans/posthumanism’s para-religious content that replenishes a conceptualised process of cutting-edge scientific practices and ideals. In particular, transhumanism and posthumanism evolve as ideological exploiters of seemingly obsolete forms of religiosity, for they simultaneously exploit and reinvent the entire apparatus of the scientific, political, and moral activity in Western societies. Avant-garde secular worldviews tend to be religious in the sense that their ultimate quest is the transformation of humans into certain historical entities, which are capable of rearranging their own systems of order.

scholarly journals Incommensurability, Incomparability, and God’s Choice of a World

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaas J. Kraay
Keyword(s):  
Possible Worlds ◽  
Philosophy Of Religion ◽  
Analytic Philosophy ◽  
The Core ◽  
Selection Of

Anselmian theism holds that there necessarily exists a being, God, who is essentially unsurpassable in power, knowledge, goodness, and wisdom. This being is also understood to be the creator and sustainer of all that is. In contemporary analytic philosophy of religion, this role is generally understood as follows: God surveys the array of possible worlds, and in his wisdom selects exactly one for actualization, based on its axiological properties. In this paper, I discuss an under-appreciated challenge for this account of the Anselmian God’s selection of a world. In particular, I urge that there are failures of comparability between various possible worlds, and I argue that, given certain assumptions, these failures threaten the rationality of God’s choice of a world. To the extent that rationality is deemed necessary for unsurpassability, this result also challenges the core Anselmian notion that God is an unsurpassable being.

STAGES OF HIGHER MATHEMATICS TEACHING FOR FUTURE CIVIL PROTECTION SPECIALISTS

2018 ◽  
pp. 168-172
Author(s):  
M. Kusiy
Keyword(s):  
Information Search ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Civil Defense ◽  
Educational Material ◽  
Material System ◽  
Civil Protection ◽  
Intellectual Activity ◽  
Innovative Teaching ◽  
The Future ◽  
Selection Of

Introduction.  During the training of emergency specialists, the development of a clear, structured thinking is important.  And the mathematical disciplines themselves are aimed at activating the intellectual activity of cadets and students, the ability to think logically, consistently, and reasonably.  However, cadets and students consider mathematics to be a complex, inaccessible and not very necessary science.  Therefore, there is a need for continuous, continuous development of methods, technologies of forms of training that would increase interest, accessibility to mathematical disciplines and at the same time, were aimed at improving the quality of training of future rescuers. Purpose.  Identify the main stages of teaching higher mathematics for future civil defense specialists and substantiate their peculiarities. Methods.  The article used methods of scientific knowledge (general), methods used in the empirical and theoretical levels of research (transition from abstract to specific).  Results.  The basic stages of teaching higher mathematics for future specialists of civil defense are determined: motivation, research, assimilation, application.  The proposed stages are analyzed in detail.  The regularities that contribute to the increase of motivation (selection of educational material, system approach, creative approach, a variety of forms and methods of teaching, taking into account the specifics of the future profession, the use of innovative teaching technologies) are highlighted.  There are three phases of knowledge (curiosity, curiosity, theoretical knowledge).  It is determined that for the acquisition of knowledge it is possible to use the information - search type of classes with its microstructure.  Planning the microstructure of occupations in the first place should put the level of cognitive activity, awareness and independence in the performance of educational tasks.  It is noted that the process of assimilation is the process of internalization of knowledge, putting it into the inner plan of man, and the application is to extraorise knowledge, make it to the outline of human activity.  It was investigated that the stage of application of knowledge is divided into two parts (the first is the application of knowledge, skills in standard terms, the second - the transfer of knowledge, skills, skills in new, changed conditions).  Examples of applied tasks that can be solved in higher mathematics classes are given.  It is substantiated that only in combination of all stages is formed the need for knowledge acquisition and their application. Conclusion.  Stages of teaching higher mathematics - a cyclical process that requires constant improvement, hard work of the teacher.  Stages of motivation and application combine the same laws (selection of educational material, creative approach, taking into account the specifics of the future profession, the use of innovative teaching technologies).  And only in a logical, thought-out combination of these stages can one form the future need for civil protection specialists to expand the knowledge and apply it to practical application.

Sensitivity Analysis and Selection of Check Index of Signal Intersection Simulation Model Based on VISSIM

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengda Zhang ◽  
Chenjing Zhou ◽  
Tian-tian Zhang ◽  
Yan Han
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Simulation Model ◽  
Optimal Process ◽  
Parameter Calibration ◽  
Index Set ◽  
The Core ◽  
Core Module ◽  
Simulation Parameter ◽  
Simulation Parameters ◽  
Selection Of

Selecting check index quantitatively is the core of the calibration of micro traffic simulation parameters at signal intersection. Five indexes in the node (intersection) module of VISSIM were selected as the check index set. Twelve simulation parameters in the core module were selected as the simulation parameters set. Optimal process of parameter calibration was proposed and model of the intersection of Huangcun west street and Xinghua street in Beijing was built in VISSIM to verify it. The sensitivity analysis between each check index and simulation parameter in their own set was conducted respectively. Sensitive parameter sets of different check indices were obtained and compared. The results show that different indexes have different size of set, and average vehicle delay's is maximum, so it's necessary to select index quantitatively. The results can provide references for scientific selection of the check indexes and improve the study efficiency of parameter calibration.

Adaptations of Time Travel Narratives in Japanese Multimedia: Nurturing Eudaimonia across Time and Space

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sung-Ae Lee
Keyword(s):  
Travel Narratives ◽  
Time Travel ◽  
Cultural Knowledge ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Past ◽  
Life Styles ◽  
Concern For Others ◽  
The Future ◽  
Live Action

To displace a character in time is to depict a character who becomes acutely conscious of his or her status as other, as she or he strives to comprehend and interact with a culture whose mentality is both familiar and different in obvious and subtle ways. Two main types of time travel pose a philosophical distinction between visiting the past with knowledge of the future and trying to inhabit the future with past cultural knowledge, but in either case the unpredictable impact a time traveller may have on another society is always a prominent theme. At the core of Japanese time travel narratives is a contrast between self-interested and eudaimonic life styles as these are reflected by the time traveller's activities. Eudaimonia is a ‘flourishing life’, a life focused on what is valuable for human beings and the grounding of that value in altruistic concern for others. In a study of multimodal narratives belonging to two sets – adaptations of Tsutsui Yasutaka's young adult novella The Girl Who Leapt Through Time and Yamazaki Mari's manga series Thermae Romae – this article examines how time travel narratives in anime and live action film affirm that eudaimonic living is always a core value to be nurtured.

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