Human capital as the main force of progress in science and technology

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 1281-1299
Author(s):  
S.A. Filin ◽  
A.Zh. Yakushev ◽  
A.B. Lanchakov
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Systems Analysis ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
System Development ◽  
Scientific Activity ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Cycle Model ◽  
Technological Breakthrough ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Logical Research

Subject. The article addresses the impact of human capital on scientific and technological progress. Objectives. The paper identifies and substantiates trends shaped by scientific and technological revolutions, which change technologies and energy sources prevailing in the cycle that interact with human capital; proposes recommendations on improving the Russian system of governance and creating conditions for a scientific and technological breakthrough. Methods. The study employs logical research methods based on the system-creative approach and the methodology for technological cycles. The key method is the systems analysis. Results. We analyze the human capital concept from a historical perspective and at the present stage. The paper proves that the increasing threats and complexity in the world are to a large extent associated with the development of artificial intelligence; innovation and scientific activity rest on creative work of individuals and their teams with synergistic effect. We offer and rationalize the concept of the synergistic cycle model and the formalization of efficient use of human capital for enterprises active in innovation. Conclusions. The proposed approach will improve the prediction of the management system development, which is needed to move to higher synergistic cycles.

scholarly journals Ekonomske posledice španske groznice (1918–1920): skica za ekonomsku istoriografiju jedne pandemije

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-170
Author(s):  
Boris Begović
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
Excess Mortality ◽  
Labour Supply ◽  
Aggregate Demand ◽  
Intergenerational Transfer ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Spanish Flu ◽  
The Impact

The aim of the paper is to explore the economic outcomeс of the Spanish flu pandemic and to systemise the insights in such a way that they can be used for shedding light on the economic outcomes of COVID-19 pandemic. It was demonstrated that in the short run the impact of the Spanish flu was a significant one-off drop of the output due to the significant decrease in labour supply augmented by the decrease in aggregate demand. In the long run the Spanish flu decreased the level of available human capital in two ways: directly due to the excess mortality, and indirectly due to the intergenerational transfer of lower human capital and the health of mothers during pregnancy. The decrease in human capital generated adverse consequences on economic growth and these consequences increase with technological progress, which demands a higher level of human capital.

scholarly journals Does the Impact of China’s Outward Foreign Direct Investment on Reverse Green Technology Process Differ across Countries?

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 3841 ◽  
Author(s):  
Songping Zhu ◽  
Azhong Ye
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Capital Stock ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
Green Technology ◽  
Outward Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact

The reverse technology spillover effect of Outward Foreign Direct Investment (OFDI) has been widely discussed. In the context of pursuing green growth, a few scholars began to study the impact of OFDI on home country green technological progress or green total factor productivity. However, few of these papers have made a thorough analysis of how OFDI affects the home country’s green technological progress, and have not considered the impact of different types of OFDI on green technological progress. This paper extends the basic analysis framework of technological progress to green technological progress, and discusses for the first time the ways for China to invest in developed and developing countries to achieve green technological progress. Specifically, this paper combines the global Malmquist productivity concept with the directional distance function to construct the global Malmquist Luenberger (GML) index to describe green technological progress of China’s provinces, and uses panel data model from 2003 to 2016 to study the impact of China’s investment in different types of countries. The results show that: (1) China’s investment in developed countries can bring reverse green technology spillovers and promote China’s green technology progress. But this is also affected by China’s domestic human capital stock, the increase in human capital stock is conducive to the absorption of green technology. (2) OFDI flows to transition or developing countries have failed to bring about green technological progress, but domestic R&D capital stock can produce a control response. (3) Environmental regulation, import trade and domestic R&D capital stock can bring positive effects on green technology progress, while foreign direct investment, fiscal decentralization and economic growth hinder green technology progress. (4) There is regional heterogeneity in the impact of OFDI with different directions on green technological progress. Because of environmental regulation and economic development, the eastern region of China is easier to obtain reverse green technology progress than the central and western regions in the process of OFDI.

The impact of adaptation and mobility of the human capital on development of innovative processes in the oil and gas companies

2021 ◽  
pp. 16-21
Author(s):  
I.Yu. Eremina ◽  
A.V. Chuprova ◽  
A.A. Sheshina
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Innovation Activity ◽  
Technological Breakthrough ◽  
Capital Development ◽  
Oil And Gas Companies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Innovation Processes

The article discusses the problem of the development of the intensity of innovation processes, namely the development of innovations and their implementation in all sectors of the economy in the context of increasing competition in the world arena. One of the key tools for ensuring economic growth and development of innovations is human capital, its intellectual capabilities based on knowledge and ideas. The main idea of the implementation of a technological breakthrough is revealed — the implementation of an effective state policy: financing and stimulating human capital; development of innovation, etc. Accordingly, the higher the volume of government spending in research and development, the higher the indicators of innovation activity and achievements in research and development

The Role of Research and Innovation in the Transformation of Agri-Food Systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-63
Author(s):  
Mariana Sandu ◽  
Stefan Mantea
Keyword(s):  
Technological Progress ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Food System ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Research And Innovation ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Determinant Factor ◽  
Rapid Transformation

Abstract Agri-food systems include branching ramifications, which connect in the upstream the input suppliers with farmers, and downstream farmers, processors, retailers and consumers. In the last decades, at the level of the regions, food systems have undergone rapid transformation as a result of technological progress. The paper analyzes the changes made to the structure, behavior and performance of the agri-food system and the impact on farmers and consumers. Also, the role of agricultural research as a determinant factor of transformation of agri-food system is analyzed. The research objective is to develop technologies that cover the entire food chain (from farm to fork) and meet the specific requirements of consumers (from fork to farm) through scientific solutions in line with the principles of sustainable agriculture and ensuring the safety and food safety of the population.

Transformation of education as a metatrend of the digital economy

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 1960-1979
Author(s):  
N.A. Egina ◽  
E.S. Zemskova
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Social Transformation ◽  
Network Effects ◽  
Digital Economy ◽  
Network Education ◽  
Economic Progress ◽  
Positive Externalities ◽  
Communication Processes ◽  
Education Network ◽  
The Impact

Subject. The study focuses on the impact of the digital economy determinants of the education transformation. Objectives. The article provides our own approach treating the education capital as a specific asset of the digital economy, which has an acceleration effect and sets up new trends in education through integrative networks. Methods. The study is based on principles of the systems integration, cross-disciplinary and multidisciplinary approaches. Results. The socio-economic progress was found to be determined with properties of human capital, which are solely specific to the digital economy. In new circumstances, it gets more important for actors of global, national, corporate and social networks to more actively cooperate within distributed networks in order to train high professionals, who would have skills in information networks. Thus, they would raise a new form of human capital – the capital of network education (network-based education capital). We describe positive externalities that arise when the educational sector joins communication processes. We illustrate how educational forms evolves, which are typical of a certain phase of the socio-economic development. The education capital was discovered to grow into a specific asset generating the quasi-rent and working as a social ladder only provided more actors are involved into the network. Conclusions and Relevance. Studying the evolution of educational forms through the cross-disciplinary method, we discovered the need for a system approach, which would help substantiate its transformation in the time of the digital economy, and the emergence of network-based education. These are technologies and tools of the digital economy that become unique factors generating the acceleration effect of the educational capital and ensuring the use of diverse network effects for the formation of intellectual capital and their social transformation.

Exogenous Neonatal Erythropoietin Mitigates Brain Damage After a Combination of Prenatal Hypoxic-Ischemia and Lipopolysaccharide Inflammation in Rats

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. A353
Author(s):  
Shenandoah Robinson ◽  
Qing Li
Keyword(s):  
Brain Damage ◽  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
System Development ◽  
Intrauterine Infection ◽  
Artery Occlusion ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Hypoxic Ischemia ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
The Impact

Introduction Many infants born very preterm who suffer brain damage most likely experienced a combined insult from intrauterine infection and placental insufficiency. Damage is thought to be synergistic rather than additive but the mechanisms of combined injury remain elusive. A combination of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and hypoxia-ischemia has been used in rats to model the dual insult that occurs in human infants prenatally. Erythropoietin, a pleiotrophic cytokine that is essential for central nervous system development, ameliorates brain injury after isolated hypoxic-ischemic or inflammatory insults through different intracellular signaling pathways. We hypothesized that exogenous neonatal EPO administration would lessen the damage of a combined prenatal insult in rats. Methods On embryonic Day 18 fetal rats experienced 60 minutes of transient uterine artery occlusion with or without intracervical LPS administration with sham controls receiving surgery but no occlusion and saline for LPS. Survival was recorded and histological biochemical and functional assays were performed. Means were compared with ANOVA with Tukey HSD post hoc analysis. Results After a combined insult of HI and 0.15-mg/kg LPS on E18 the survival of pups by postnatal Day 1 (P1) decreased from 77% with HI alone to 22% for LPS plus HI. When exogenous systemic EPO was administered P1–P3 survival to P9 improved markedly from 40% (2 of 5) for saline-treated insult pups to 100% (6 of 6) for EPO-treated. Initial histological analyses show EPO decreases the number of brain activated caspase 3 and activated microglia by P9. Additional analyses will be presented. Conclusion As at least 60% of placentas from infants born pre-term show evidence of chorioamnionitis, assessment of the impact of exogenous EPO on a model of a combination injury is essential prior to proceeding with a clinical trial. Initial results indicate neonatal exogenous EPO mitigates damage from the combined insult.

FORMATION OF HUMAN CAPITAL IN THE DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION PARADIGM

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 115-119
Author(s):  
M. V. SAVINA ◽  
◽  
A. A. STEPANOV ◽  
I.A. STEPANOV ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Digital Age ◽  
Digital Transformation ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Knowledge And Skills ◽  
Main Components ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Modern Era

The article highlights the problems of the impact of "digitalization" of society on the formation and transformation of human capital, and above all, the development of new competencies, knowledge and skills. The main components of human capital in the modern era, the features of the formal and informal educational process are clarified and disclosed. The necessity of minimizing the precariat class is proved. The main directions of qualitative improvement of human capital adequate to the challenges of the digital age and globalization are defined.

scholarly journals Neurotrophins as Key Regulators of Cell Metabolism: Implications for Cholesterol Homeostasis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 5692
Author(s):  
Mayra Colardo ◽  
Noemi Martella ◽  
Daniele Pensabene ◽  
Silvia Siteni ◽  
Sabrina Di Bartolomeo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Cholesterol Metabolism ◽  
System Development ◽  
Cell Metabolism ◽  
Redox Balance ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Cholesterol Homeostasis ◽  
Signaling Cascades ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
The Impact

Neurotrophins constitute a family of growth factors initially characterized as predominant mediators of nervous system development, neuronal survival, regeneration and plasticity. Their biological activity is promoted by the binding of two different types of receptors, leading to the generation of multiple and variegated signaling cascades in the target cells. Increasing evidence indicates that neurotrophins are also emerging as crucial regulators of metabolic processes in both neuronal and non-neuronal cells. In this context, it has been reported that neurotrophins affect redox balance, autophagy, glucose homeostasis and energy expenditure. Additionally, the trophic support provided by these secreted factors may involve the regulation of cholesterol metabolism. In this review, we examine the neurotrophins’ signaling pathways and their effects on metabolism by critically discussing the most up-to-date information. In particular, we gather experimental evidence demonstrating the impact of these growth factors on cholesterol metabolism.

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