scholarly journals Polska sieć komunikacyjna i jej główne osie

Author(s):  
Stanisław Gajda

An inalienable property of the linguistic reality is the multi-language nature of the world and the multi-variation character of the ethnic-national communication space. As regards Polish pace, one can distinguish a series of axes around which the processes of long lasting concentrate. The author discusses the following five axes: (1) idiolectal (individual languages), (2) one determined by the dichotomy: spoken language – written language (contemporarily it assumes the form: spoken language – media language – written language), (3) one connected with the opposition: dialects – literary language (today in the form: dialects – mixed languages – general language), (4) functional variations (their ‘canonical’ series: colloquial language – scientific language – journalistic language – language of the administration – religious language – artistic language), and (5) one of three styles (high – medium – low).

1952 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 451-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Boyle

§ 1. There is in all languages a considerable difference between literary and colloquial usage. Sometimes this difference is so great that one can almost speak of two distinct languages. But even when the contrast is less striking it remains true that a large part of the vocabulary and a number of grammatical forms are to be encountered only in books and do not come spontaneously to the lips in natural speech; just as, on the other hand, there are words and expressions to be heard on every side in ordinary conversation that would be unthinkable in formal writing. All this is as true of Persian as of any other language; but whereas in the West the colloquial idiom has long since achieved literary recognition in the drama and in fiction, this is by no means the case in Persia, where recent experiments in the recording of the spoken language have met with strong opposition from the upholders of the classical tradition. The first shot hi this new ‘Battle of the Books’ was fired more than 30 years ago by Sayyed Mohammad ‘Ali amālzāde with the publication of his celebrated collection of short stories known as Yekī būd yekī na-būd, in which he introduced into Persian literature a host of words and phrases in common use by all classes throughout Persia but unrecorded in dictionaries and carefully avoided by men of letters. ǰamālzāde was content to enrich the vocabulary of the literary language: it was left to men like the late Sādeq Hedāyat and his disciple Sādeq Čūbak to take a second and much more controversial step and to make the creatures of their imagination employ, as nearly as possibly, the actual pronunciation and grammar of the spoken language.


Author(s):  
Agnes Kukulska-Hulme

• Why are electronic texts suspect? • Can you tear out a page on a screen? • How does chopping up sentences make them coherent? • When do actions speak louder than words? • How can we use questions to map out knowledge needs? . . . We begin this chapter by looking at what is to be gained from understanding the relationship between written and spoken language. The consequences of putting words on the screen are explored, in terms of changes in the meaning of terms, pronunciation, and the effect of spatial proximity on meanings. We then move on to consider aspects of verbal interaction, such as politeness and fluency, and conclude with an overview of users’ knowledge needs identified by analyzing their language. Written texts all have to be related somehow, directly or indirectly, to the world of sound, the natural habitat of language, to yield their meanings. The world of sound as “the natural habitat of language.” Historically, and in an individual’s development, speech comes before writing. For a small child, language is all speech. This is obviously not so for older children and adults, and for some, language is nearly all reading and writing. Still, for most people, language is strongly associated with sound, in a concrete way through hearing and producing language as well as through mental association. In a situation where computers are used, spoken and written language are both present in some way (not necessarily at the same time), not least of all because it is most unusual for someone to use an application without ever speaking about its use! In general, indirect reference from written language to sound through a reader’s prior experience of spoken language or through a special notation is acceptable in many different circumstances, such as in books and newspapers. The question is, What, if anything, do we lose when real sound is missing? Physical demands on the reader (user) are now focused on visual processing.


2014 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 108-125
Author(s):  
Vilija Sakalauskienė ◽  
Zofia Sawaniewska-Mochowa

Philology and identity. The Polish-Lithuanian dialogue on father Antoni Juszkiewicz (Antanas Juška), as author of translational dictionariesThe nineteenth-century lexicographical legacy of Fr. Antoni Juszkiewicz (Antanas Juška) is a common linguistic and cultural heritage of Poles and Lithuanians. The translational dictionaries, made by the bilingual author, document the spoken Lithuanian language (in dialectal and colloquial versions) and, as well, Polish regional language in the contemporary territory of Lithuania in the period of partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The dictionaries are treated as important sources that provide ethnolinguistic information on two phenomena:conceptualization of the world by the two nations at the time of crystallization of the Lithuanian identity,personal vision of the world presented by the lexicographer, the priest, remaining in the situation of a cultural Polish-Lithuanian bivalence.In the mid-19th century the Antanas Juška’s idea of documenting the folk colloquial vocabulary was a new and significant phenomenon in Lithuanian lexicography. The dictionary of Lithuanian-Polish language was a matter of importance for the society. Lithuanians needed the dictionary even more than Poles did. At first the author of this dictionary dedicated his attention to the intellectuals. The brightest minds of that time were going to Polish schools, so the Polish and Lithuanian languages were always used side by side.As a lexicographer, Antanas Juška understood that not only folk colloquial language but also ethnography was an important aspect of national cultural development. For a few decades he dedicated his inexhaustible energy to recording Lithuanian words, phrases, songs and customs of the country. He was attentive to the psychological, historical and traditional aspects of the culture as well as tried to describe the way people expressed their thoughts.Anatans Juška recorded more than 30,000 words of the spoken language. The ‘Lithuanian-Polish Dictionary’ in its different editions reflects the state of Lithuanian language in the second half of the 19th century. The words in this dictionary include loanwords, vulgarities and sentences that reflect the difficult human conditions of that time.‘The Lithuanian-Polish Dictionary’ by Antanas Juška is an important source of lexicography. The remaining manuscript and editorial processes reflect many difficulties leading to the final results. It is an important and valuable source for researching the development of Lithuanian literary writing. Filologia a tożsamość. Dwugłos polsko‑litewski o ks. Antonim Juszkiewiczu, twórcy słowników przekładowychXIX-wieczna spuścizna leksykograficzna ks. Antoniego Juszkiewicza (lit. Antanas Juška) stanowi wspólne dziedzictwo językowo-kulturowe Polaków i Litwinów. Układane przez dwujęzycznego autora słowniki przekładowe dokumentują litewski język mówiony (gwarowy i potoczny) i polski regionalny na Litwie w dobie rozbiorów. Traktujemy je jako ważne źródła, które dostarczają dwojakich informacji etnolingwistycznych:mówią o konceptualizacji świata przez dwa narody w momencie krystalizowania się tożsamości litewskiej,informują o indywidualnej wizji świata samego leksykografa, kapłana, pozostającego w biwalencji kulturowej polsko-litewskiej.Idea Antoniego Juszkiewicza, by gromadzić słownictwo ludowe i potoczne, była nowym, znaczącym fenomenem w litewskiej leksykografii połowy XIX w. Słownik litewsko-polski to swoiste novum dla ówczesnego społeczeństwa. Litwini potrzebowali takiego słownika bardziej niż Polacy. W pierwszym rzędzie, autor adresował ten słownik do inteligencji. Najświatlejsze umysły tego czasu uczęszczały do polskich szkół, więc języki polski i litewski egzystowały zawsze blisko siebie.Jako leksykograf, Antoni Juszkiewicz rozumiał, że nie tylko słownik języka ludowego, mówionego, ale również etnografia przyczynia się do rozwoju kultury narodowej. Przez kilka dziesięcioleci swą niewyczerpaną energię poświęcał zapisywaniu litewskich słów, wyrażeń, pieśni i zwyczajów ludowych. Podczas zbierania materiału zwracał baczną uwagę na aspekty psychologiczne, historyczne, tradycje kulturowe, a także na sposób, w jaki ludzie wyrażają swoje myśli, jak kategoryzują świat.Antoni Juszkiewicz zgromadził ponad 30 tys. słów z języka mówionego. Słownik odzwierciedla stan języka litewskiego w drugiej połowie XIX w. W zasobie leksykalnym litewskim znalazły się zapożyczenia, wyrazy pospolite i sentencje odzwierciedlające trudne warunki życia w tym okresie, gdy Litwa pozostawała pod władzą carów. Słownik Antoniego Juszkiewicza jest ważnym źródłem leksykograficznym, choć ciągle pod względem naukowym i poznawczym niedocenionym.  Proces przygotowywania rękopisów do druku przez wielu redaktorów był bardzo żmudny i nie doprowadził do wydania całości zbioru. Jest to jednak wciąż ważne i wartościowe źródło do badania rozwoju języka litewskiego.


2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1-2 (17)) ◽  
pp. 103-110
Author(s):  
Mariam Khazhakyan

In this paper, an attempt has been made to show the indispensable role of prosody in the language of drama. Prosody as a reliable means of identifying the meaning in belles-lettres style (drama) is important not only in terms of articulation but also perception and cognition as speech is a bilateral process. As compared with other substyles of the belles-lettres style, the dialogue in drama occupies a leading place. The author’s remarks contribute to the correct choice of prosody enabling us to reveal the author’s intent. Though represented in the form of dialogues, the language of drama is in no way the exact reproduction of the norms of colloquial language. The playwright will reproduce actual conversation only as far as the norms of the written language will allow. Thus, the language of drama is marked by stylization of colloquial speech preserving the modus of literary language.


2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 1003-1013
Author(s):  
Alessandra C. Lavagnino

Abstract The wealth of topics and the vast range of themes dealt during the Zurich Workshop have stimulated me to propose some preliminary remarks coming from a Chinese point of view. The difficulty of dealing with different set of words and different way of classifying things makes it necessary to provide some basic information, sources and insights into how such fundamental issues as the power of writing, the categorisation of knowledge, and the preeminence of the role of the traditional Classic texts in intellectual, political and administrative life were developed in ancient China. The written language was an empowering language. The privilege of mastering the Classical texts and the ability to write elegantly made success in the imperial exams possible, allowing the scholar to become a member of the powerful élite. This explains the close link established in China between the exercice of power and the literary language. The need to provide the necessary tools to acquire this ability became the main incentive for the production of a set of texts such as dictionaries, glossaries, thesaurus, and encyclopaedias or “books according to categories”. In these texts the world of knowledge was ordered according to categories which were functional and useful for the preservation of imperial power in the hands of loyal bureaucrats, carefully selected through the perfect machinery of the examinations, to perpetuate the “mandate of heaven” throughout the centuries.


2015 ◽  
Vol 213 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Enas Sadiq Hamudi

The Spanish language is the fourth most spoken language in the world (after Arabic and English and Chinese).  Many words of Arabic were entered in it, where 10% of the Spanish words return to Arabic origin, as well as a large number of English, French and German   . Research divider of three chapters: Chapter I: Introduction, which is the objective of the research and the choice of subject for the purpose of study, criticism and analysis. Chapter II: It is a part of which is known as Ray Anglicism number of writers. Chapter III: Featuring practical part in the research, which we extracted the words of the original English, which are alien to the Spanish language and we analyze them according to Ray Spanish scientists and offer what the right word to be used instead of the term in addition analysis use the right or wrong of this term by Ray complex scientific language Spanish RAE. And references that have


2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 436-443
Author(s):  
Nada Alabdalla

The Arabic world’s language situation is characterized by bilingualism (diglossia), as alongside the written language (Fusha), there exist many spoken languages. This situation rai­ses important theoretical and methodological issues before the theatre in general and theatrical pedagogics in parti­cular. The article deals with the problem of orthoepic norms’ lacking in spoken Arabic, which affects both the teaching methods in theat­rical high schools and the speech culture in ge­neral. In this context, the author gives a short review of language development in Arabic theatre and considers some points of view of Arabic theatrical directors and playwrights of different periods. The article represents a table of phonetics’ compa­rison of Arabic literary and spoken languages. Furthermore, the article raises the problem of spoken language codification and also considers the issue of theatre language. Emphasizing the importance of both the written and spoken langua­ges, the artic­le concludes on the ambivalent approach to forming the theatrical speech teaching methods in the Syrian theatrical school, provided that local dialects are standardized and actors-students master the capital dialect along with the literary language. In practice, teachers have to combine the written language acquisition basing on the rules, and that of the spoken language using audio samples.


2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-104
Author(s):  
Yeremia Yori Rudito ◽  
Anita

Burger King is the one of the most successful fast food restaurant in the world. According to Wikipedia, there are 17,796 locations of Burger King all over the world in 2018. Burger King also has its Instagram account. Now this account has been followed by 1,6 million people and has posted 938 posts. That statistic shows that Burger King is active in social media especially in Instagram platform. The writer see the indication of the using of Persuasive Strategies because in promoting their product. In this research the writer wants to know the persuasive strategies that applied in Burger King’s Instagram post caption and the most used strategy. This research applied Qualitative Method as research method. This research has two findings, first, there are 13 strategies that appear in Burger King’s Instagram post caption they are, Anecdote, Assonance, Cliché, Connotation, Evidence, Everyday/Colloquial Language, Hyperbole, Imagery, Inclusive Language, Pun, Repetition, Rhetorical Question, and Simile. Second, the most used strategy is Everyday/Colloquial Language.


1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Schwartz ◽  
L. Nguyen ◽  
F. Kubala ◽  
G. CHou ◽  
G. Zavaliagkos ◽  
...  

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