scholarly journals Paleostress Analysis of Chia Gara Structure in Dohuk Area, Northern Iraq

2020 ◽  
pp. 1383-1391
Author(s):  
Atheer E. K. AL- Hachem
Keyword(s):  
Principal Stress ◽  
Great Circle ◽  
Tectonic Activity ◽  
Northern Iraq ◽  
The North ◽  
Tectonic Events ◽  
Active Tectonic ◽  
Vertical Thickness ◽  
Paleostress Analysis ◽  
Tertiary Period

The use of Right dihedral method, Lisle graph, and Mohr diagram allows the analysis of the paleostress. Fault slip data were measured for eighteen data of two stations located within Chia Gara structure in Dohuk area in the High Folded Zone, Northern Iraq. Depending on Mohr diagram, Bott equation, and vertical thickness, the magnitudes of the paleostress at the time of the tectonic activity were determined. Firstly, Georient Software was used to estimate the orientation of the paleostresses (σ1, σ2 and σ3). Secondly, using the rupture –friction law, taking into account the depth of the overburden, the vertical stress (σv) was calculated to determine the magnitude of the paleostresses in the study area. The values in station one (hinge area, eight data) were σ1=7100, σ2=4121.5, and σ3=1143 bars, whereas the values in station two (the north limb of structure, ten data)  were σ1=3740, σ2=1585, and σ3=570 bars. The high magnitudes of the principal stress axes may refer to the active tectonic events which led to the deformation of the area during the Mesozoic Era and the Tertiary period. The study area shows the existence of two types of the faults, the first type is the reactivated faults, the poles of which lie between the sliding line and Mohr envelope. The second type is the inactive faults, with poles lying on the great circle of Mohr diagram

scholarly journals Determination of Magnitudes and Orientation of the Paleostress of Bekhme Structure in Shaqlawa area, Northerneastern Iraq

2021 ◽  
pp. 1204-1212
Author(s):  
Atheer E. K. AL- Hachem ◽  
Shatha Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Principal Stress ◽  
Arabian Plate ◽  
Tectonic Activity ◽  
High Importance ◽  
Friction Law ◽  
Tectonic Events ◽  
Active Tectonic ◽  
Vertical Thickness ◽  
Paleostress Analysis

This study presents the determination of the paleostress magnitudes and orientation of Bekhme Structure in Shaqlawa area, northeastern Iraq. Paleostress analysis of slip-fault measurements is performed using Right dihedral, Lisle diagram, and Mohr Circles methods. Depending on Mohr Circles, Bott law, and vertical thickness, the magnitudes of the paleostress at the time of the tectonic activity were determined. Firstly, Georient Software was used to estimate the orientation of the paleostresses (σ1, σ2, and σ3). Secondly, using the rupture –friction law, taking into account the depth of the overburden and the vertical stress (σv),the magnitudes of the paleostresses were calculated (σ1=4500 bars, σ2=1900 bars and σ3=700 bars).  The high magnitudes of the principal stress axes may be attributed to the active tectonic events which led to the deformation of the area during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods. The study area shows that the poles of the measured faults lie in the reactivated area of Mohr circles. This indicates the instability of the study area.  The study area is estimated to have high importance, due to the possibility of the existence of deposited hydrocarbons. Fold- Thrust belt marks the deformation fronts of the major orogeny that forms from the collision of the Arabian Plate with the Turkish and Iranian Plates.                                           

scholarly journals A revised age, structural model and origin for the North Pennine Orefield in the Alston Block, northern England: intrusion (Whin Sill)-related base metal (Cu–Pb–Zn–F) mineralization

2021 ◽  
pp. jgs2020-226
Author(s):  
E. D. Dempsey ◽  
R. E. Holdsworth ◽  
D. Selby ◽  
A. Bird ◽  
B. Young ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Base Metal ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Metal Sulfide ◽  
Tectonic Activity ◽  
Mississippi Valley ◽  
Base Metal Sulfide ◽  
Basin Inversion ◽  
The North ◽  
Tectonic Events ◽  
East West

Mineralization and associated fluid migration events in the c. 1500 km2 North Pennine Orefield (NPO) are known to be associated with tectonic activity, but the age of these tectonic events and origins of the base metal sulfide mineralization remain unresolved. New fieldwork in the Alston Block shows that mineralization post-dates a weakly developed phase of north–south shortening consistent with far-field Variscan basin inversion during the late Carboniferous. New observations of field relationships, coupled with microstructural observations and stress inversion analyses, together with Re–Os sulfide geochronology show that the vein-hosted mineralization (apart from barium minerals) was synchronous with a phase of north–south extension and east–west shortening coeval with emplacement of the Whin Sill (c. 297–294 Ma). Thus the development of the NPO was related to an early Permian regional phase of transtensional deformation, mantle-sourced hydrothermal mineralization and magmatism in northern Britain. Previously proposed Mississippi Valley Type models, or alternatives relating mineralization to the influx of Mesozoic brines, can no longer be applied to the development of the NPO in the Alston Block. Our findings also mean that existing models for equivalent base metal sulfide fields worldwide (e.g. Zn–Pb districts of Silesia, Poland and Tennessee, USA) may need to be reassessed.

scholarly journals Analysis of tectonic activity of the North Anatolian Fault based on SBInSAR method

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 00005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolina Owczarz
Keyword(s):  
North Anatolian Fault ◽  
Synthetic Aperture ◽  
Tectonic Activity ◽  
Sar Images ◽  
Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry ◽  
The North ◽  
Tectonic Faults ◽  
Surface Displacements ◽  
Active Tectonic ◽  
Small Baseline

The North Anatolian Fault situated in Turkey is one of the longest and most active tectonic faults in the world. The paper presents an analysis of tectonic activity in its area based on the method of Small Baseline Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry. For this purpose 73 satellite SAR images and specialized software GMT5SAR were used with implement the SBAS algorithm. In addition, the most important aspects of data processing and their final products were presented, which determined the surface displacements occurring in the surveyed area from 1 January 2014 to 1 March 2017. The displacements of the SBAS surface area ranged from -10 cm to +10 cm. Based on the obtained results and their analysis, the author also assessed the suitability of SBInSAR technology for areas of land displacement.

THE PALEOPROTEROZOIC MYLONITE OF KINGS CANYON, COLORADO: A CA. 1.6 GA GREENSCHIST FACIES MYLONITE FAR TO THE NORTH OF THE CONCURRENT ACTIVE TECTONIC MARGIN

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bart T. Cubrich ◽  
◽  
Kevin R. Chamberlain ◽  
Ernest M. Duebendorfer ◽  
Michael L. Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenschist Facies ◽  
The North ◽  
Active Tectonic

scholarly journals Increasing benthic vent formation: a threat to Japan’s ancient lake

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michio Kumagai ◽  
Richard D. Robarts ◽  
Yasuaki Aota
Keyword(s):  
Lake Biwa ◽  
Autonomous Underwater Vehicle ◽  
Tohoku Earthquake ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Tectonic Activity ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Sudden Increase ◽  
The North ◽  
Slow Earthquakes ◽  
Near Future

AbstractAn autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) was deployed in Lake Biwa from 2000 to 2012. In December 2009, ebullition of turbid water was first found in the deepest area (> 90 m) of the North Basin. Follow-up investigations in April and December 2010 and January 2012 confirmed the existence of benthic vents similar to the vents observed in other deep lakes. Importantly, vent numbers per unit travel distance in Lake Biwa dramatically increased from only two vents (0.37 vents km−1) in December 2009 to 54 vents (5.28 vents km−1) in January 2012, which could be related to recent tectonic activity in Japan, e.g., the M9.1 Tohoku earthquake in March 2011 and slow earthquakes along the Nankai Trough from 2006 to 2018. Continuous back-up investigations from 2014 to 2019 revealed additional benthic vents in the same area. The sudden increase in benthic vent activity (liquid and gaseous ebullitions) have significant potential to alter lake biogeochemistry and, ultimately, degrade Japan’s major drinking water source and may be a harbinger of major crustal change in the near future.

Geomorphic Indexes of Tectonic Activity Relative through The Analysis Quantitative in Cisanggarung Watershed, Kuningan District, West Java, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
pp. 367-375
Author(s):  
Ajeng Sekarkirana Pramesti Kameswara ◽  
Nana Sulaksana ◽  
Murni Sulastri ◽  
P. P. Raditya R.
Keyword(s):  
Activity Index ◽  
Shape Index ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Tectonic Activity ◽  
West Java ◽  
High Class ◽  
Watershed Area ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Active Tectonic ◽  
Class 1

The research area is very interesting to study to determine the characterization of the active tectonic influence of the Cisanggarung watershed, West Java. The research area is in Kuningan Regency, West Java. The purpose of this study was to determine the Relative Tectonic Activity Index (Iatr) in the Cisanggarung Watershed. Through the method approach used to identify the Relative Tectonic Activity Index (Iatr) using geomorphic indexes, watershed asymmetry factors (Af), watershed shape index (Bs), valley width, and height valley ratio (Vf), and mountainous face sinusitis (Smf). The Iatr research area is divided into 4 classes: Class 1 (very high), class 2 (high), class 3 (medium), and class 4 (low). Iatr distribution in 14 sub-watersheds covering an area of 286.24 km2 is Class 1 around 14.44% of the watershed area (41.35 km2) which is located in sub-watershed 1, with Smf values 1.157, Vf 0.3, Af 72.15, and Bs 4.3. Class 2 around 28.67% of the watershed area (82.09 km2) is located in sub-watershed 14, with Smf values 1.26, Vf 0.77, Af 15.69, Bs 1.01. Class 3 around 54.16% of the watershed area (155.03 km2) is located in sub-watersheds 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, with an average value of Smf 2, Vf 1.54, Af 51.77, Bs 1.75, and Class 4 about 2.71% of the watershed area (7.76 km2) is located in sub- watersheds 4, 5, 9, 13, with an average value of Smf 2.25, Vf 8.18, Af 55.2, Bs 1.65. The results of the morphometric analysis indicated that the study area was mostly affected by tectonics and erosion.

scholarly journals Geological region by multi-signal method of gravity anomaly data in central Vietnam area

2021 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 43-54
Author(s):  
Hong Thi Phan ◽  
Petrov Aleksey Vladimirovich ◽  
Phuong Minh Do ◽  
Luu Truong Nguyen ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Area ◽  
Tectonic Activity ◽  
Horizontal Gradient ◽  
Spectral Correlation ◽  
Sliding Windows ◽  
The North ◽  
Central Vietnam ◽  
Two Dimensional Filtering ◽  
Calculation Results ◽  
Signal Method

This paper presents the research results of applying the combined method of probabilistic statistical approaches, energy density spectral correlation, two-dimensional filtering in dynamic sliding windows, full horizontal gradient and heterogeneous axis tracking method to process and interpret the Bughe gravitational anomaly field in central area Vietnam. The calculation results have shown the superiority of the twodimensional filter in dynamic sliding windows compared to the filters in fixed windows in GEOSOFT software, GMT software. According to the physical characteristics of the field, the study area was divided into 13 homogeneous classes, this result is consistent with the geological-tectonic data in the area. In the north and northeast, the stabilized rock layers are characterized by homogeneous layers that extend in the northwestsoutheast direction. In the south and southwest, there is complex tectonic activity characterized by high density rock layers overlain by low density rock layers in each fault band with different directions of development. This suggests that there may be deeply buried mineral deposits of magmatic origin in central area Vietnam.

scholarly journals An Evaluatıon of “Sunrıse 9’’ from EFL Teachers’ and Students’ Perspectıves in Northern Region of Iraq

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arab World English Journal ◽  
Burhan Omar Mahmud
Keyword(s):  
Northern Region ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Northern Iraq ◽  
9Th Grade ◽  
The North ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
Language Classrooms ◽  
Design Activities ◽  
Qualitative Part

Textbooks are one of the essential types of materials that are extensively used in English as a second language classroom instruction. The current study tries to evaluate the textbook SUNRISE 9 based on six categories. This study intends to cover how those categories are represented in SUNRISE 9. The categories are the layout and design, activities, skills, language type, subject and content and conclusion. The present study aims at answering the questions about SUNRISE 9 from teachers’ and students’ opinions and finding out whether there is a statistically significant difference between the teachers’ and students’ responses with regard to the strengths and weaknesses of the textbook which are used in language classrooms in all basic schools in the Northern Iraq. Two data collection tools were carried out in the current study. The quantitative data were obtained using questionnaire for teachers and students with a total number of 375 9th grade students and 40 9th grade teachers. They were chosen randomly from Sulaimanyah city in the North of Iraq. The qualitative part of the study, semi-structured interviews were held among 13 teachers to gather more neccessary data. The findings reveal that the teacher participants have negative opinions towards most of the sections of the textbook and some others have not stated any opinions but the student participants generally have positive opinions about SUNRISE 9. For this English textbook SUNRISE 9, an empirical evaluative study and an in-depth method evaluation are also suggested to be conducted to find out more important results.

scholarly journals MORPHOTECTONIC EVALUATION OF SIRCH MOUNTAINS USING WATER BASIN GEOMORPHIC INDICES

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-214
Author(s):  
Nafise HOSEINI ◽  
◽  
Shahram BAFTI ◽  
Reza DERAKHSHANI ◽  
Mohammad GHANBARIAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Form Factor ◽  
Geographical Information System ◽  
Active Tectonics ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Tectonic Activity ◽  
Mountainous Region ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Active Tectonic ◽  
Morphotectonic Indices

Morphotectonic indices are useful instruments for investigating the effect of tectonic activity in a certain region. Calculation of these indicators using the advantages of Geographical Information System, GIS, in a large area is useful for detecting potential disorders related to active tectonics. This method is useful in regions on which few morphotectonic studies have been conducted. An example of such areas can be the watersheds of the Sirch mountainous region. The watersheds of the Sirch region located in Central Iran’s zone in the southeast of Iran are a very ideal zone to evaluate the concepts of these indicators in the prediction of the relative tectonic activity according to the investigation of drainage systems or mountain fronts. Based on the values of the calculated indices including Form Factor (FF), Compaction Coefficient (CC), Ratio of Circularity (RC), Ratio of Elongation (RE), relative Basin Height (BH), and Ruggedness Number (RN), a final indicator called Active Tectonic Indicator (ATI) is obtained. The latter is a combination of the abovementioned indicators and evaluates the morphotectonic activity based on the shape of the watersheds. By measuring and combining these indicators, the tectonic activity stage of the Sirch region was determined by analyzing the watersheds of this region.

scholarly journals Spatial Management Measures Alter Vessel Behavior in the Aleutian Archipelago

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin K. Sullender ◽  
Kelly Kapsar ◽  
Aaron Poe ◽  
Martin Robards
Keyword(s):  
North Pacific ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Great Circle ◽  
Ecological Impacts ◽  
Study Region ◽  
The North ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The North Pacific

The Aleutian Archipelago and surrounding waters have enormous ecological, cultural, and commercial significance. As one of the shortest routes between North American and Asian ports, the North Pacific Great Circle Route, which crosses through the Aleutian Archipelago, is traveled by thousands of large cargo ships and tanker vessels every year. To reduce maritime risks and enhance navigational safety, the International Maritime Organization built upon earlier offshore routing efforts by designating five Areas To Be Avoided (ATBAs) in the Aleutian Islands in 2016. The ATBAs are designed to keep large vessels at least 50 nautical miles (93 km) from shore unless calling at a local port or transiting an authorized pass between islands. However, very few studies have examined the effectiveness of ATBAs as a mechanism for changing vessel behavior and thereby reducing the ecological impacts of maritime commerce. In this study, we use 4 years of satellite-based vessel tracking data to assess the effectiveness of the Aleutian ATBAs since their implementation in 2016. We determined whether vessels transiting the North Pacific Great Circle Route changed behavior after ATBA implementation, both in terms of overall route selection and in terms of compliance with each ATBA boundary. We found a total of 2,252 unique tankers and cargo vessels >400 gross tons transited the study region, completing a total of 8,794 voyages. To quantify routing changes of individual vessels, we analyzed the 767 vessels that transited the study region both before and after implementation. The percentage of voyages transiting through the boundaries of what would become ATBAs decreased from 76.3% in 2014–2015 (prior to ATBA designation) to 11.8% in 2016–2017 (after implementation). All five Aleutian ATBAs had significant increases in compliance, with the West ATBA showing the most dramatic increase, from 32.1% to 95.0%. We discuss the framework for ATBA enforcement and highlight the value of local institutional capacity for real-time monitoring. Overall, our results indicate that ATBAs represent a viable strategy for risk mitigation in sensitive ecological areas and that through monitoring, spatial protections influence vessel route decisions on multiple spatial scales.

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