A study of the Effect of Urbanization on Annual Evaporation Rates in Baghdad City Using Remote Sensing

The city of Baghdad has recently witnessed an increase in urban land due to the recent economic growth, which negatively affected the environment of the study area through the retraction of the agricultural lands surrounding the city. Therefore, we studied the relationship between increasing urban expansion and changes in the local climate of Baghdad for the period from 2008 to 2018. The information derived from the satellites utilized in this search showed the changes in ground cover during the study period, while the evaporation rate data source from the European Center for Forecasting (ECMWF) confirmed the effects of urban expansion on evaporation rates. Increasing urbanization increased evaporation rates and decreased vegetation degradation (NDVI). Satellite data from Landsat )TM( and Landsat )OLI( for 2008, 2013, and 2018 were processed and analyzed using the ArcGIS program. The visuals were classified into urban land, sparse plant, dense plant, water, bare soil, and wet soil. The results of the classification showed that the percentage of urban land was 26.5%, 28.3%, and 30.9% for the years of 2008, 2013, and 2018, respectively. On the other hand, the MNDWI value for the studied years was 2.0%, 1.9% and 3.6%. The highest rate of urbanization was in 2018 which was accompanied by highest evaporation rates. The study proved that there was a significant correlation between increasing urbanization and evaporation rate in the study area. These results indicate that the poor planning of land use leads to negative effects on the local climate.

Download Full-text

Periurbanization and conservation pressures over remnants of native vegetation: impact on ecosystem services for a Latin-American capital city

Change and Adaptation in Socio-Ecological Systems ◽

10.1515/cass-2018-0003 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 21-32 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Francisco de la Barrera ◽

Cristián Henríquez ◽

Fanny Coulombié ◽

Cynnamon Dobbs ◽

Alejando Salazar

Keyword(s):

Ecosystem Services ◽

Latin American ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Urban Expansion ◽

Capital City ◽

Local Climate ◽

Urban Green Spaces ◽

Vegetation Impact ◽

Development Alternatives ◽

The City

Abstract Urban expansion in Latin-American cities is faster than urban planning. In order to implement sustainable planning the capacity of peri-urban areas to provide ecosystem services must be evaluated in the context of competing urbanization and conservation pressures. In this study we analyzed the effect of urban expansion on peri-urban vegetation of the Metropolitan Area of Santiago and what ecosystem services are provided by El Panul, land rich in biodiversity embedded in the fringe of the city. The city has lost vegetation while urbanized areas grow. Under this context, we evaluated the multi-functionality of El Panul through the quantification of three ecosystem services (ES): sense of place through the interviews of 60 residents, recreation via GIS analyses, and local climate regulation determined with air temperature measurements. El Panul increased the provision of urban green spaces, where inhabitants recognize and appreciate ES, and it plays a significant role in mitigating the urban heat island on summer nights. ES have emerged as a concept and framework for evaluating competing urban development alternatives.

Download Full-text

A Novel Indicator for Assessing the Spatial Sustainability of Cities in Developing Countries - A Case Study of Xi’an City

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.616-618.1335 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 616-618 ◽

pp. 1335-1342 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Xiao Hui Ding ◽

Shuo Xin Zhang ◽

Wei Zhou Zhong ◽

Yu Jiang

Keyword(s):

Landscape Ecology ◽

Spatial Scales ◽

Urban Expansion ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Rapid Urbanization ◽

Social Ecological Systems ◽

Sensing Technology ◽

The City ◽

Geographical Dimension

The geographical dimension of urbanization is of major importance in depicting the influences of urbanization on the development of a city, since complex social-ecological systems interact in a multitude of ways at many spatial scales across time. This research introduced an indicator for assessing the spatial sustainability of a city from the perspective of landscape ecology, to provide a reasonable way for quantifying the spatial dynamic of the urban area of a city and how close the pattern of urban expansion close to a ‘compact’ way. A case study has been done in Xi’an. With the application of remote sensing technology, landscape ecology and other necessary software, the spacial sustainability of Xi’an from 1988 to 2010 were calculated, the rapid urbanization in Xi’an has significantly promoted the spatial sustainability of city from 1988 to 2000 and 2006 to 2010, whereas exerted negative effects on the spatial sustainability of the city from 2000 to 2006.

Download Full-text

Adaptation of Leopold Matrix for Assessment of Environmental Impacts Caused by the Flower Avenue Project in Manaus City - Amazonas

International Journal for Innovation Education and Research ◽

10.31686/ijier.vol7.iss11.1906 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (11) ◽

pp. 517-525

Author(s):

Diana Barbosa de Castro ◽

Fabiana Rocha Pinto ◽

David Barbosa de Alencar ◽

Ricardo Silva Parente

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Soil Quality ◽

Endemic Species ◽

Matrix Method ◽

Urban Expansion ◽

Urban Mobility ◽

Negative Effects ◽

The Matrix ◽

Urban Problems ◽

The City

This study aims to describe the effects generated by the construction of Avenida das Flores, has the objective of evaluating the effects caused by an urban mobility project, located in Manaus-AM, and the use of some neighborhoods of the city is prohibited. . Through this process of urban expansion, it is necessary to search for alternatives to urban problems, in addition to seeking solutions for the traffic disorder, a lack of urban mobility due to the difficulty of movement of people living in the more remote neighborhoods of central Manaus. . In this context, formulate the Matrix method of use based and adapted in the Leopold Interaction, which par excellence is dedicated to making relationships, noting the most relevant impacts. The survey allowed to obtain results that could indicate the negative effects caused by the environment in compartments such as: alteration (soil quality, area and microclimate), biotic reduction (reduction of endemic species and forest areas) and social (increase of vehicle circulation, attraction of new constructions and services, serving as a source of decision making, allowing to identify the most relevant effects for the use of instrument in decision making.

Download Full-text

Effects of urban land expansion on the regional meteorology and air quality of eastern China

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-15-8597-2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 15 (15) ◽

pp. 8597-8614 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

W. Tao ◽

J. Liu ◽

G. A. Ban-Weiss ◽

D. A. Hauglustaine ◽

L. Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

Urban Expansion ◽

Eastern China ◽

Urban Land ◽

Pollutant Emissions ◽

Ozone Pollution ◽

Rapid Urbanization ◽

Local Climate ◽

Analysis Scheme ◽

Concentration Changes

Abstract. Rapid urbanization throughout eastern China is imposing an irreversible effect on local climate and air quality. In this paper, we examine the response of a range of meteorological and air quality indicators to urbanization. Our study uses the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with chemistry (WRF/Chem) to simulate the climate and air quality impacts of four hypothetical urbanization scenarios with fixed surface pollutant emissions during the month of July from 2008 to 2012. An improved integrated process rate (IPR) analysis scheme is implemented in WRF/Chem to investigate the mechanisms behind the forcing–response relationship at the process level. For all years, as urban land area expands, concentrations of CO, elemental carbon (EC), and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 microns (PM2.5) tend to decrease near the surface (below ~ 500 m), but increase at higher altitudes (1–3 km), resulting in a reduced vertical concentration gradient. On the other hand, the O3 burden, averaged over all newly urbanized grid cells, consistently increases from the surface to a height of about 4 km. Sensitivity tests show that the responses of pollutant concentrations to the spatial extent of urbanization are nearly linear near the surface, but nonlinear at higher altitudes. Over eastern China, each 10 % increase in nearby urban land coverage on average leads to a decrease of approximately 2 % in surface concentrations for CO, EC, and PM2.5, while for O3 an increase of about 1 % is simulated. At 800 hPa, pollutants' concentrations tend to increase even more rapidly with an increase in nearby urban land coverage. This indicates that as large tracts of new urban land emerge, the influence of urban expansion on meteorology and air pollution would be significantly amplified. IPR analysis reveals the contribution of individual atmospheric processes to pollutants' concentration changes. It indicates that, for primary pollutants, the enhanced sink (source) caused by turbulent mixing and vertical advection in the lower (upper) atmosphere could be a key factor in changes to simulated vertical profiles. The evolution of secondary pollutants is further influenced by the upward relocation of precursors that impact gas-phase chemistry for O3 and aerosol processes for PM2.5. Our study indicates that dense urbanization has a moderate dilution effect on surface primary airborne contaminants, but may intensify severe haze and ozone pollution if local emissions are not well controlled.

Download Full-text

Drivers of Change in Urban Growth Patterns: A Transport Perspective from Perth, Western Australia

Urban Science ◽

10.3390/urbansci3020040 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 40 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Kelobonye ◽

Xia ◽

Swapan ◽

McCarney ◽

Zhou

Keyword(s):

Urban Form ◽

Driving Forces ◽

Urban Expansion ◽

Land Development ◽

Urban Land ◽

Growth Patterns ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Complex Process ◽

Travel Efficiency ◽

Economic Developments

The evolution of urban form is a slow and complex process driven by various factors which influence its pattern of occurrence (time, shape and directions) over time. Given the ever-increasing demand for urban expansion, and its negative effects on travel efficiency and environmental quality, it is imperative to understand the driving forces behind this complex process. This study investigates the role played by transport developments in the expansion of Perth’s urban footprint. Since transport developments are influenced by prevailing economic developments and planning regulations, our analysis starts by deconstructing a timeline of milestones under these three themes, from an urban land development perspective. An overview of the eras of transport evolution is provided, and we discuss the pattern of urban form changes as they relate to these transport advancements. The paper ends by mapping and quantifying changes in Perth’s urban land over the past five decades. The results show that transport had a strong influence on the pattern of urban expansion for a long time, but that trend has now been reversed. Rail constructions have been playing catch-up to residential expansion since the late twentieth century. Meanwhile, the rate of urban expansion has gone down in the twenty-first century, as the city goes for compact growth.

Download Full-text

DINÂMICA DO USO E COBERTURA DA TERRA DO MUNICÍPIO DE FLORESTA, PE

FLORESTA ◽

10.5380/rf.v43i4.27931 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 43 (4) ◽

pp. 611 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Emanuel Araújo Silva ◽

Rinaldo Luiz Caraciolo Ferreira ◽

José Antônio Aleixo da Silva ◽

Iêdo Bezerra Sá ◽

Simone Mirtes Araújo Duarte

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Riparian Vegetation ◽

Forest Cover ◽

Urban Expansion ◽

Bare Soil ◽

Water Bodies ◽

Anthropogenic Pressure ◽

Dynamic Changes ◽

Dense Vegetation ◽

The City

Objetivou-se mapear a dinâmica de mudança do uso da terra e da cobertura florestal no período de 21 anos (1987 a 2008), no município de Floresta, PE. Foram utilizadas imagens de satélite LANDSAT 5 nos períodos de 1987, 1997 e 2008. Utilizou-se o aplicativo SPRING para elaboração da base de dados cartográficos e do processamento digital das imagens. As imagens foram segmentadas e classificadas pelo algoritmo de Bhattacharya, com a finalidade de produzir mapas temáticos nos seguintes usos da terra: vegetação densa, vegetação semidensa, solo exposto, agropecuária (cultivos/pecuária), corpos d´água e mata ciliar. Para um período de 21 anos, a cobertura florestal recuou 14,83%. O solo exposto teve um ganho de 8,61%, a classe agropecuária acumulou um ganho de 5,75%, os corpos d’água, ao longo do tempo, demonstraram um aumento de 4,03% e a mata ciliar teve tendência à queda ao longo dos períodos analisados, com uma perda total de 3,57%. Esses dados refletem as transformações por que o município de Floresta vem passando quanto ao uso da terra. A diminuição da cobertura florestal do município entre 1987 e 2008 foi a principal consequência da interação clima e pressão antrópica por recursos florestais, necessidade de expansão urbana e atividades agropecuárias.Palavras chave: Sensoriamento remoto; gestão florestal; semiárido; caatinga. AbstractUse dinamics and land cover in Floresta-PE. The objective was to map the dynamic changes of land use and forest cover in the last 21 years (1987 to 2008), the City of Forest-PE. We used satellite images LANDSAT 5 periods in 1987, 1997 and 2008. We used the SPRING software for compiling the database and cartographic processing of digital images. The images were segmented and classified by the algorithm Bhattacharya, in order to produce thematic maps in the following land uses: dense vegetation, semi-dense vegetation, bare soil, agriculture (crops / livestock), water bodies and riparian vegetation. For a period of 21 years the forest cover decreased by 14.83%. The soil was exposed to a gain of 8.61%, the class agricultural accumulated gain of 5.75%, water bodies, over time, showed an increase of 4.03% and riparian tended to fall over the periods analyzed with a total loss of 3.57%. These data reflect the changes that the city has been experiencing as of forest land use. The decrease in forest cover between 1987 and 2008 the city was the main consequence of the interaction of climate and anthropogenic pressure forest resources, need for urban expansion and agricultural activities.Keywords: Remote sensing; forest management; semiarid; caatinga.

Download Full-text

SSD Analyze for the Assessment of Long Term Thermal Effect of Urbanization on the Izmir City’s Local Climate Change

10.21203/rs.3.rs-313554/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

OZSEN CORUMLUOGLU

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Urban Land ◽

Thermal Pollution ◽

Comfort Level ◽

Study Region ◽

Local Climate ◽

Climate Conditions ◽

Natural Climate ◽

The City

Abstract Background: Urbanization provides several opportunities to human being to live better and comfortable life. On the other hand, it also comes with some costs and side effects like worsen climate conditions. In local concept, pre-climate conditions in rural area can be called as natural when they are compared against post-climate conditions after urbanization expands over and swallows these natural areas. So, these natural conditions are changed to worsen conditions by some civic activities in cities through urbanization. One of the urbanization side effects is thermal pollution caused by specific urban activities and patterns on land surfaces in cities. Thus, thermal pollution changes city’s local climate and negatively affects the city’s comfort level at least locally. There are several researches focusing on that issue in cities. Each one made its contribution to the area to build up a strong knowledge. One great contribution comes from the researches focusing on analyzing time serious thermal data with continuous distribution over cities.Method: Here in this research is introduced and suggested a Simulated Single Data (SSD) statistical analyze method for the studies based on time serious data. Therefore the method was applied to Remote Sensing (RS) LANDSAT satellites’ bands especially to time series’ thermal bands of Izmir city to reveal where generally Urban Hot Spots (UHS) appear and Urban Heat Islands (UHI) develop in the city w.r.t. this SSD image from long period of time. Stereo representation of the study region is also used to visually examine the topographical effect on UHI distribution.Conclusions: The study clearly demonstrated that industrial regions and roads with large surfaces, somehow bare lands even with spare bushes or grassy lands and more significantly the slope urban land parts within special aspects are the main contributors of UHSs and UHI developments in the city even w.r.t. long term data. Thus those contributors affect the city pre-natural climate conditions negatively and then let UHSs to appear and UHIs to develop at and around where these urban land cover structures are located or seen in the city. Those city parts are the most risky zones that city authorities take serious actions for caring their city chronical climate (thermal) conditions and to focus on for returning these zones back to their pre-natural climate environmental conditions. There are also some nature based solutions that are given and suggested in the conclusion section of the paper for compensation of the effects caused by those contributors in the city.

Download Full-text

Urban Fire Dynamics and Its Association with Urban Growth: Evidence from Nanjing, China

ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information ◽

10.3390/ijgi9040218 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 218 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Xiaoxiang Zhang ◽

Jing Yao ◽

Katarzyna Sila-Nowicka ◽

Yuhao Jin

Keyword(s):

Urban Growth ◽

Hot Spots ◽

Urban Expansion ◽

Urban Land ◽

Geographical Information ◽

Fire Dynamics ◽

Fire Incident ◽

Urban Fire ◽

Spatial Analytics ◽

The City

Many Chinese cities currently are facing increased urban fire risks particularly at places such as urban villages, high-rise buildings and large warehouses. Using a unique historical fire incident dataset (2002–2013), this paper is intended to explore the urban fire dynamics and its association with urban growth in Nanjing, China, with a geographical information system (GIS)-based spatial analytics and remote sensing (RS) techniques. A new method is proposed to define a range of fire hot spots characterizing different phases of fire incident evolution, which are compared with the urban growth in the same periods. The results suggest that the fire events have been largely concentrated in the city proper and meanwhile expanding towards the suburbs, which has a similar temporal trend to the growth of population and urban land at the city level particularly since 2008. Most intensifying and persistent fire hot spots are found in the central districts, which have limited urban expansion but high population densities. Most new hot spots are located in the suburban districts, which have seen both rapid population growth and urban expansion in recent years. However, the analysis at a finer spatial scale (500 m × 500 m) shows no evidences of an explicit connection between the locations of new fire hot spots and recently developed urban land. The findings can inform future urban and emergency planning with respect to the deployment of fire and rescue resources, ultimately improving urban fire safety.

Download Full-text

Urban expansion indicators of cities "Case study for Arab cities

Journal of Techniques ◽

10.51173/jt.v2i1.51 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 1-21

Author(s):

Nabil T. Ismael Ismael

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Urban Expansion ◽

Decision Makers ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Urban Population Growth ◽

The City ◽

Density Population ◽

Future Population

Urban population growth requires an appropriate and suitable place for future population to cope with the expected urban expansion of major cities in developing countries, and to identify an indicator urban expansion to guide planners, architects and decision makers, and help them reduce negative effects of city expansion with improvement in the ability to live in cities. The density (population and building), fragmentation (saturation and openness) and compactness (proximity and cohesion) are the most important indicators of urban expansion of cities, which gives a clear perception of how city expands and possibility of adopting the most suitable ones when updating or preparing master lans. Most cities, especially Arab ones, suffer from excessive urban expansion, resulting in various urban problems affecting quality of life, services and city performance, which is the problem of research. This research is aimed at identifying factors influencing urban expansion of cities in developing countries when preparing for their future expansion, by analyzing the indicators of urban expansion of a set of cities to reach appropriate indicators for urban expansion sustainable future of the city to ensure orderly development of cities and make them more productive, more comprehensive and sustainable in upcoming decades.

Download Full-text

Simulation and prediction of Shanghai urban spatial change based on random forest and CA-Markov model

Abstracts of the ICA ◽

10.5194/ica-abs-1-53-2019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

pp. 1-1

Author(s):

Xuewei Dang ◽

Liang Zhou ◽

Xiaoen Li ◽

Haowei Mu ◽

Lei Che ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Urban Planning ◽

Urban Development ◽

Urban Growth ◽

Urban Expansion ◽

Urban Land ◽

Urban Land Use ◽

City Center ◽

Urban Simulation ◽

The City ◽

Red Line

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> In the context of rapid urbanization, accurate assessment of urban expansion has become increasingly important for urban sustainable development, and smart growth theory has been put forward to avoid urban sprawl. Previous studies about urban expansion simulation focused only on ecological constrain which prevent urban growth from developing in specific regions. However, government decision-making and urban planning greatly influence urban development and limit the disorderly expansion of the urban. In this paper, we consider planning policies into urban simulation and uses the ecological protection red line, farmland protection red line and cultural protection control line as limiting factors for future urban simulation. Choosing Shanghai as the study area, we integrated Random Forests Algorithm (RFA), Markov chain and Cellular Automata (CA) to simulate urban expansion in 2015, and further predict the urban expansion in 2020, 2025 and 2030. The results show that the overall accuracy of urban land use simulation in 2015 is 93.86%, and the kappa coefficient is 0.8577. The model has a good simulation effect. Furthermore, the predicted results in 2020, 2025 and 2030 show that the urban land area in Shanghai is still increasing, and the spatial distribution of urban land has obvious circle structure and regional differences. The urban areas within 10km from the city center are growing slowly, and the region within 30km from the city center is growing faster, and there are more new urban points from 2025 to 2030. But in the area 30km away from the city center, different administrative areas show different urban growth phenomena. Among them, there are a large number of new urban points in the junction area between Songjiang District and Jinshan District, which may be the focus of future urban development planning in Shanghai. The proposed model and the results can help planners study the evolution of urban patterns and develop further urban planning.</p>

Download Full-text