scholarly journals Distribution and Toxic Equipvalent Assessement of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Pahs) in Particulate Matter Emmited from Rice Straw Open Field Burning in Hanoi

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pham Chau Thuy ◽  
Le Huu Tuyen
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Health Effect ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Atmospheric Particles ◽  
Atmospheric Environment ◽  
Open Burning ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Environment And Health

This study investigated the distribution of PAHs content in particulate matter emitted from the open burning of rice straw in Hanoi. Fine particles (PM2.5) was collected using a MiniVol TAS device and the total suspended particles (TSP) was collected using a high-volume sampler Staplex. PAHs in particulate matter were analyzed by HPLC-FL with fluorescent detector. The results showed that 4-ring PAHs was dominant in particles emitted from rice straw burning, especially the most abundant PAHs was Flu: 57.8 37.1 and 64.8  34.9 µg/g in PM2.5 and TSP, respectively. However, the accumulation of PAHs with a higher rings number, especially the percentage of BaP in total 9PAHs in PM2.5 emitted from rice straw open burning was 2 times higher than that in the background samples, while the ratio of BaP in total 9PAHs in TSP from burning smoke is smaller than that of background samples. The carcinogenic potential of fine particles emitted from rice straw open burning calculated by BaPeq are 20 times higher than that of the background sample. Although the concentration of atmospheric particles - bound BaP in the present study (1.0  0.8 ng/m3) is lower than that in urban and traffic areas, the average value of BaP is still 8.7 times higher than the value recommended by the WHO. The results of this study show a picture of the toxic levels of atmospheric particles and particles emitted from rice straw open burning, providing clearer evidence to understand the adverse effects of rice straw open burning on atmospheric environment and health effect.  

scholarly journals Inhalation exposure to respirable particulate matter among workers in relation to their e-waste open burning activities in Buriram Province, Thailand

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarasanant Bungadaeng ◽  
Tassanee Prueksasit ◽  
Wattasit Siriwong
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
Open Burning ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Respirable Particulate ◽  
Mass Concentrations

Abstract The mass concentrations of fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM2.5–10) particulate matter were determined directly from breathing zones of e-waste dismantling workers during the primitive open burning processes using a Personal Modular Impactor connected to a personal air sampler. The average concentration of PM2.5–10 was 441 ± 496 μg m− 3 (N = 33), and for PM2.5, the average concentration was 2774 ± 4713 μg m− 3 (N = 33). Additionally, the concentrations of PM10, which were the summation of PM2.5 and PM2.5–10 concentrations, had an average concentration of 3215 ± 4858 μg m− 3 (N = 33). The average PM2.5 mass concentrations accounted for 75 ± 18% from those of PM10, suggesting that PM2.5 was the main component of particulate matter that the workers were exposed to during the burning activity. The study also found that increased amounts of burnt e-waste significantly influenced the concentrations of coarse and fine particles emitted. Moreover, the Pearson’s correlation showed a positive relationship between each type of PM mass concentrations and their own total weighted scores of activity patterns. The results indicated that the activity that most increased the exposure concentration of PM2.5 was mixing e-waste on fire. In contrast, the activities that influenced the exposure of PM2.5–10 are mechanical activities, such as compiling and sweeping of e-waste, which are processes that emit and spread larger sizes of particulate matter into the air around the working environment.

scholarly journals Characterization of particulate matter emission from open burning of rice straw

2011 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 493-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh ◽  
Bich Thuy Ly ◽  
Danutawat Tipayarom ◽  
Bhai Raja Manandhar ◽  
Pongkiatkul Prapat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Open Burning ◽  
Particulate Matter Emission

scholarly journals Mass Concentration and Elemental Constituent of Particulate Matter in Ambient Air of Two Cement Industries and Its Health Risk Analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
M. Onwuka ◽  
G. O. Avwiri ◽  
C. P. Ononugbo
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Elemental Analysis ◽  
Mass Concentration ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Health Effect ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Cement Production ◽  
Production Site

Particulate matter concentration was measured over two cement production sites in Nigeria using a gravimetric high volume air sampler and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) for elemental analysis. The mass concentration of SPM ranged from 7.50 µg/m3 to 303.1 µg/m3 with mean value of 157.9 µg/m3 /day in Okpella Bua cement production site and 4.4 to 283.3 µg/m³ with mean value of 103.2 µg/m³/day for Unicem cement production site, Calabar. The elemental analysis shows the presence of Zn, Pb, Ni, Mn, Cr and Cd. The heavy metals in the order of decreasing concentration are Zn> Pb> Ni > Mn> Cr> Cd: 7.84> 2.60> 2.00> 0.80> 0.76 > 0.11 (µg/m3) respectively. All the values were higher than NESREA limit except Mn in Okpella Bua site. In UNICEM Calabar site, heavy metal distribution showed Zn> Pb> Ni> Mn> Cr> Cd: 12.50> 3.00> 1.26> 0.66> 0.41> 0.14 (µg/m3), respectively. The carcinogenic risks estimated exceeded the acceptable limit for adult, workers and children. The result showed that about 106 adults and 227 children will be affected by cancer related health problem. The mean value of the hazard quotient (HQ) was 1.46 and 2.46 from Unicem and 1.76 and 2.95 from Bua cement area for chromium and lead exposure of adult and children respectively, which shows the occurrence of the non-carcinogenic health effect on both adult and children. The result of this work revealed that children have higher risk than adult due to exposure to this inhalable particulate matter.

Air Pollution and its potential climate effect in Delhi, India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Chen ◽  
Luke Conibear ◽  
Yu Wang ◽  
Liang Ran ◽  
Jianjun He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Health Effect ◽  
Weekend Effect ◽  
Atmospheric Environment ◽  
Geophysical Research ◽  
Climate Effect ◽  
Premature Deaths ◽  
Health Burden

<p>Delhi, the capital city of India with more than 10 million population, is suffering one of the worst particulate matter (or PM2.5) pollution over the world. Based on continuous observations during 2015-2018, we report that the PM2.5 pollution in Delhi is possibly one of the worst within Indian cities, and responsible for ~10,000 premature deaths of cities per year. Especially during the Diwali Fest, the hourly PM2.5 concentrations went above 1600 ug/m<sup>3</sup>, leading to ~20 extra premature deaths per day (Chen et al., 2019). We find a distinct seasonal variation of PM2.5 mass concentrations and a shift of morning rush hour from winter to summer, but a negligible weekend effect in Delhi. We also report a long-term result of hygroscopicity of PM2.5 in Delhi is about κ= 0.42 ± 0.07 for the first time, indicating much higher potential of cloud droplet activation from fine particles in Delhi compared with other Asian megacities, such as Beijing (κ=0.14–0.23) (Wang and Chen, 2019). It means, in addition to the great health burden, more significant cloud activation and greater influences on climate and hydrologic cycle are expected from fine particles in Delhi.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Method & Data</strong></p><p>             We analysed the PM2.5 observations from US Embassy in Delhi, and used the Integrated Exposure Response Function to estimate the long-term and short-term health effect of PM2.5 exposure with a particular focus on the Diwali Fest period. Together with the temperature, RH and visibility data from the DEL airport in Delhi, we retrieved the 2016-2018 averaged hygroscopicity (κ) in Delhi according to the κ-kÓ§hler and Mie theories. In summary, we firstly retrieve the optical enhancement from visibility and RH, and then retrieve the optical-κ, and finally estimate the κ from the optical-κ. The detailed retrieving method is given in Wang and Chen (2019), this method has been validated in Beijing within an uncertainty of 30%.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Summary</strong></p><p>                Our results show a strong seasonal variation of PM2.5 in Delhi, with severest pollution during the winter. The Diwali and New Year Fests also lead to extreme pollution events, i.e. worse than the ‘Severe’ Level, in the beginning of November and January. These lead to adverse health effect and make Delhi the top-1 health burden city in India. The long-term averaged hygroscopicity of PM2.5 in Delhi is much higher than Beijing and Asian average. This indicate much easier for fine particles serving as cloud condensation nuclei and contributing the climate change and hydrology cycle. Moreover, the high optical enhance factor, f(RH), implies strong direct radiative forcing enhancement and influences on the heterogeneous reactions in Delhi.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Acknowledgement:</strong> We thank NERC Fund supported project (NE/P01531X/1) and the joint scholarship of China Scholarship Council and University of Manchester. We thank the U.S. National Climatic Data Center and AirNow platform maintained by the EPA provide the observations.</p><p> </p><p><strong>References:</strong></p><p>Chen, Y., Wild, O., Conibear, L., Ran, L., He, J., Wang, L., and Wang, Y.: Atmospheric Environment: X, 100052, 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2019.100052, 2019.</p><p>Wang, Y., and Chen, Y.: Geophysical Research Letters, 10.1029/2019GL082339, 2019.</p>

scholarly journals Urban and Rural Airborne Particulate Matter: Seasonal Variation of Alpha Activity in Kanyakumari District

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Jesu Raj Jesu Raj ◽  
J. Prema Kumari
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Health Effect ◽  
Airborne Particulate Matter ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Alpha Activity ◽  
Alpha Particles ◽  
The Body ◽  
Airborne Particulate ◽  
Mountain Areas ◽  
Life On Earth

All forms of life on earth including man have evolved in the presence of radiation and have always been exposed to them from the natural environment. The health effect from exposure to alpha particles depends greatly on how a person is exposed. If alpha-emitters are inhaled, swallowed, or get into the body through a cut, the alpha particles can damage sensitive living tissue. In this paper, investigations have been made to determine the presence of alpha activity in the air. Hence, the alpha activity was measured by collecting Airborne Particulate Matter (APM) non-simultaneously on Whatman filters from ten sampling sites in Kanyakumari District during the summer and winter seasons using a high volume sampling method. The sampling sites are characterized by different contributions from ore refining factories like Indian Rare Earths (IRE) Limited, mountain areas, some industrial, non-nuclear activities like tiles and brick factories in and around the Kanyakumari district. The alpha activity in airborne particulate matter collected was determined by Alpha Counter and their results were tabulated.

scholarly journals Emission Characteristics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitro-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Open Burning of Rice Straw in the North of Vietnam

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (13) ◽  
pp. 2343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chau-Thuy Pham ◽  
Yaowatat Boongla ◽  
Trung-Dung Nghiem ◽  
Huu-Tuyen Le ◽  
Ning Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Atmospheric Environment ◽  
Open Burning ◽  
Suspended Particulates ◽  
Suburban Areas ◽  
The North ◽  
Total Suspended Particulates ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic

This research investigated the distribution and contribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) bound to particulate matter (PM) emitted from open burning of rice straw (RS) into the atmosphere in the north of Vietnam. The experiments were conducted to collect PM2.5 and total suspended particulates (TSP) prior to and during burning in the period of 2016–2018 in suburban areas of Hanoi. Nine PAHs and 18 NPAHs were determined using the HPLC-FL system. The results showed that the proportion of RS burning seasonally affects the variation of PAHs emission in atmospheric environment. The levels of nine PAHs from RS burning were 254.4 ± 87.8 µg g−1 for PM2.5 and 209.7 ± 89.5 µg g−1 for TSP. We observed the fact that, although fluoranthene (Flu) was the most abundant PAH among detected PAHs both in PM2.5 and TSP, the enrichment of Flu in TSP from burning smoke was higher than that in PM2.5 while the contribution of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and indeno[1,2,3- cd]pyrene (IDP) in PM2.5 from burning smoke were much higher than those in TSP. This research found that 1-nitropyrene (1-NP) and 6-nitrochrysene (6-NC) emit from RS burning with the same range with those from wood burning. The 2-nitrofluorene (2-NF) and 2-nitropyrene (2-NP) released from RS burning as the secondary NPAHs. This research provides a comprehensive contribution characterization of PAHs and NPAHs in PM with different size emitted from traditional local rice straw burning in the north of Vietnam. The results help to clarify the environmental behavior of toxic organic compounds from RS burning in Southeast Asia.

scholarly journals SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND CONTRIBUTION OF PARTICLES FROM RICE STRAW OPEN BURNING TO THE ATMOSPHERE IN HANOI

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (5A) ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Thuy Chau Pham
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Fine Particle ◽  
Mass Concentration ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Sampling Site ◽  
Accumulation Mode ◽  
Open Burning ◽  
Average Mass ◽  
Sampling Campaign

Atmospheric ultrafine, accumulation mode and coarse fractions collected at representative rice straw open burning areas in Hanoi were investigated to identify characteristics of size distribution and contribution of particles emitted from rice straw (RS) burning season to the atmosphere. The sampling was conducted in two episodes: RS burning episode and RS non-burning episode at Dong Anh and Quoc Oai, in seven consecutive days for each sampling campaign from 2018 to 2019. In the RS burning episode, PM1-2.5 showed the highest fraction among all collected particles in both sampling sites, while PM2.5-10 was the most abundant in RS non-burning season. The average mass concentration of PM2.5 in RS burning period and RS non-burning period were 79.7  46.5 g m-3 and 65.2  21.9 g m-3, respectively at Dong Anh sampling site. Those values were 90.9  33.2 g m-3  in the QO_RS burning site and 71.9  29.3 g m-3  in the TM_RS non-burning site. The proportion of fine particle (PM2.5) at both sites were considerable higher in RS burning period as compared to non-burning period, while the concentration of ultrafineparticle (PM0.1) and coarse particle (PM>10m) were similar between two episodes. This result provides better understanding on size distribution and contribution of fine particles from open RS burning to the atmosphere in Hanoi, which is an useful information for the environmental managers to control RS open burning in Hanoi as well as in Vietnam. 

scholarly journals Regulatory T Cells Protect Fine Particulate Matter-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-cai Zhang ◽  
Yan-ge Wang ◽  
Zheng-feng Zhu ◽  
Fang-qin Wu ◽  
Yu-dong Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Umbilical Vein ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Fine Particulate ◽  
Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

Objective. To investigate the role of CD4+CD25+T cells (Tregs) in protecting fine particulate matter (PM-) induced inflammatory responses, and its potential mechanisms.Methods. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with graded concentrations (2, 5, 10, 20, and 40 µg/cm2) of suspension of fine particles for 24h. For coculture experiment, HUVECs were incubated alone, with CD4+CD25−T cells (Teff), or with Tregs in the presence of anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies for 48 hours, and then were stimulated with or without suspension of fine particles for 24 hours. The expression of adhesion molecules and inflammatory cytokines was examined.Results. Adhesion molecules, including vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL-) 6 and IL-8, were increased in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, the adhesion of human acute monocytic leukemia cells (THP-1) to endothelial cells was increased and NF-κB activity was upregulated in HUVECs after treatment with fine particles. However, after Tregs treatment, fine particles-induced inflammatory responses and NF-κB activation were significantly alleviated. Transwell experiments showed that Treg-mediated suppression of HUVECs inflammatory responses impaired by fine particles required cell contact and soluble factors.Conclusions. Tregs could attenuate fine particles-induced inflammatory responses and NF-κB activation in HUVECs.

scholarly journals Ambient Particulate Matter Air Pollution in Mpererwe District, Kampala, Uganda: A Pilot Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Schwander ◽  
Clement D. Okello ◽  
Juergen Freers ◽  
Judith C. Chow ◽  
John G. Watson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Airborne Particulate Matter ◽  
Personal Exposure ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Combustion Products ◽  
Carbonaceous Aerosol ◽  
Coarse Particles

Air quality in Kampala, the capital of Uganda, has deteriorated significantly in the past two decades. We made spot measurements in Mpererwe district for airborne particulate matter PM2.5(fine particles) and coarse particles. PM was collected on Teflon-membrane filters and analyzed for mass, 51 elements, 3 anions, and 5 cations. Both fine and coarse particle concentrations were above 100 µg/m3in all the samples collected. Markers for crustal/soil (e.g., Si and Al) were the most abundant in the PM2.5fraction, followed by primary combustion products from biomass burning and incinerator emissions (e.g., K and Cl). Over 90% of the measured PM2.5mass can be explained by crustal species (41% and 59%) and carbonaceous aerosol (33%–55%). Crustal elements dominated the coarse particles collected from Kampala. The results of this pilot study are indicative of unhealthy air and suggest that exposure to ambient air in Kampala may increase the burden of environmentally induced cardiovascular, metabolic, and respiratory diseases including infections. Greater awareness and more extensive research are required to confirm our findings, to identify personal exposure and pollution sources, and to develop air quality management plans and policies to protect public health.

scholarly journals Interrelationship of Indoor particulate matter and Respiratory dust deposition of women in the residence of Dhanbad City, India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHRAVAN KUMAR ◽  
Manish Kumar Jain
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Dust Deposition ◽  
Respiratory Problems ◽  
Indoor Particulate Matter ◽  
Indoor Air Pollutants ◽  
Indoor Conditions

Abstract Women spend relatively more time in indoor conditions in developing countries. Exposure to various indoor air pollutants leads them to higher health risks according to Household air quality in which they reside. Particulate matter (PM) exposure with their exposure duration inside the household plays a significant role in women's Respiratory problems. We measured size segregated particulate matter concentrations in 63 residences at different locations. Respiratory dust depositions (RDDs) for 118 women in their different respiratory regions like head-airway (HD), tracheobronchial (TB), and alveolar (AL) region for the three PM size fractions (PM10, PM2.5 & PM1) were investigated. For different positions like Light exercise and the Sitting condition, RDD values found for AL region was 0.091 µgmin− 1 (SD: 0.067, 0.012–0.408) and 0.028 µgmin− 1 (SD: 0.021, 0.003–0.126) for PM10, 0.325 µgmin− 1 (SD: 0.254, 0.053–1.521) and 0.183 µgmin− 1 (SD: 0.143, 0.031–0.857) for PM2.5, 0.257 µgmin− 1 (SD: 0.197, 0.043–1.04) and 0.057 µgmin− 1 (SD: 0.044, 0.009–0.233) respectively for PM1 to females. RDDs values in the AL region significantly increases as PM10 (11%), PM2.5 (68%), and PM1 (21%), confirm that for women, the AL region is the most prominent affected zone by fine particles (PM2.5).

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