scholarly journals Analisis Cluster Penyakit Malaria Provinsi Papua Menggunakan Metode Single Linkage Dan K-Means

2022 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 147-154
Author(s):  
Alvian M. Sroyer ◽  
Samuel A. Mandowen ◽  
Felix Reba
Keyword(s):  
Single Linkage

Malaria adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh parasite bernama Plasmodium. Tercatat keseluruhan kasus malaria yang terjadi di Indonesia pada tahun 2019 adalah sebanyak 250.644 kasus. Dan kasus malaria tertinggi terjadi di provinsi Papua, yaitu sebesar 86% atau sebanyak 216.380 kasus. Di Provinsi Papua, penyakit malaria dialami oleh semua usia dan bulan-bulan terjadi peningkatan pasien penderita malaria juga sangat bervariasi. Hal ini mengakibatkan dinas Kesehatan mengalami kesulitan dalam mengelompokan jenis malaria berdasarkan usia pasien dan bulan-bulan kejadian. Sebenarnya sudah ada penelitian yang menjelaskan pengelompokan jenis-jenis malaria, namun belum dijelaskan secara terperinci masing-masing kelompok malaria seperti Malaria Tropika, Malaria Tertiana, Malaria Quartana, Malaria Ovale. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah, melakukan analisis cluster terhadap beberapa jenis malaria, usia dan bulan kejadian. Metode cluster yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode Single Linkage dan K-Means. Selanjutnya kedua metode akan di evalusi menggunakan standar deviasi. Metode terbaik yang dapat digunakan untuk analisis cluster adalah metode yang memiliki nilai standar deviasi lebih kecil. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data sekunder yang diperoleh dari Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Papua. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa, metode Single Linkage lebih akurat dibandingkan dengan K-Means. Dimana dari 50 pasien terdapat 47 pasien lebih dominan terkena penyakit malaria tertiana yaitu pada rentang usia remaja dan dewasa pada bulan juni. Sehingga diharapkan pemerintah Provinsi Papua dapat memberikan sosialisasi kepada masyarakat, khususnya mereka yang pada rentang usia remaja dan dewasa. Karena hampir 94% penyakit malaria tertiana di derita oleh mereka yang berusia remaja dan dewasa.

General Trend of Negative Transference Number in Li Salt/Ionic Liquid Mixtures

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Molinari ◽  
Jonathan P. Mailoa ◽  
Boris Kozinsky
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Transference Number ◽  
Liquid Mixtures ◽  
Single Linkage ◽  
Self Diffusion ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Single Linkage Cluster ◽  
Concentrated Solution ◽  
The One ◽  
Dynamics Simulations

We show that strong cation-anion interactions in a wide range of lithium-salt/ionic liquid mixtures result in a negative lithium transference number, using molecular dynamics simulations and rigorous concentrated solution theory. This behavior fundamentally deviates from the one obtained using self-diffusion coefficient analysis and agrees well with experimental electrophoretic NMR measurements, which accounts for ion correlations. We extend these findings to several ionic liquid compositions. We investigate the degree of spatial ionic coordination employing single-linkage cluster analysis, unveiling asymmetrical anion-cation clusters. Additionally, we formulate a way to compute the effective lithium charge that corresponds to and agrees well with electrophoretic measurements and show that lithium effectively carries a negative charge in a remarkably wide range of chemistries and concentrations. The generality of our observation has significant implications for the energy storage community, emphasizing the need to reconsider the potential of these systems as next generation battery electrolytes.<br>

A single linkage group comprising 11 polymorphic DNA markers on rat Chromosome 3

1994 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 538-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Zha ◽  
E. F. Remmers ◽  
Y. Du ◽  
E. A. Goldmuntz ◽  
P. Mathern ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linkage Group ◽  
Dna Markers ◽  
Chromosome 3 ◽  
Single Linkage

Effects of age and food source on secondary chemistry of larvae of Lymantria species (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)

2004 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Deml
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Secondary Compounds ◽  
Food Plants ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Clustering Methods ◽  
Single Linkage ◽  
Secondary Chemistry ◽  
Dissimilarity Coefficients

AbstractHaemolymph and osmeterial secretions of caterpillars of Lymantria monacha (Linnaeus) and L. concolor Walker were analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for low molecular weight secondary metabolites. The similarities of their chemical compositions were determined by means of cluster analysis techniques in order to characterize possible chemical variations related to developmental stage or food of the larvae. For this purpose, two dissimilarity coefficients (Euclidean distances, Canberra metrics) and four clustering methods (UPGMA, WPGMA, WPGMC, single linkage) were combined. The patterns of secondary compounds obtained from the haemolymph and osmeterial secretions studied did not differ statistically significantly between two groups of L. monacha larvae fed with either larch, Larix decidua Mil., or Norway spruce, Picea abies (L.), indicating no relevant influence of plant chemistry. However, haemolymph of penultimate instar larvae of L. concolor fed on Rhododendroncontained a mixture of compounds differing statistically significantly from that of last instar caterpillars. The total compositions of the corresponding gland secretions were statistically identical though the presence/amounts of individual compounds varied. This suggested that the haemolymph composition reflected changing physiological requirements of the successive instars, whereas the composition of the defensive mixtures remained comparatively constant, possibly due to a constant spectrum of potential enemies. A more pronounced age-dependence of larval chemistry was shown by a similar analysis of data from various developmental stages of L. dispar (Linnaeus) and one of its food plants. This analysis suggested plant composition affected the secondary chemistry of early larval instars of L. dispar. The results are discussed in terms of the roles of secondary metabolites in defence against natural enemies.

Genetic Diversity Assessment in Dolichos Bean (Lablab purpureus L.) Based on Principal Component Analysis and Single Linkage Cluster Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.R. Singh ◽  
S. Rajan ◽  
Dinesh Kumar ◽  
V.K. Soni
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Single Linkage ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Diversity Assessment ◽  
Single Linkage Cluster ◽  
Linkage Cluster

Background: Dolichos bean occupies a unique position among the legume vegetables of Indian origin for its high nutritive value and wider climatic adaptability. Despite its wide genetic diversity, no much effort has been undertaken towards genetic improvement of this vegetable crop. Knowledge on genetic variability is an essential pre-requisite as hybrid between two diverse parental lines generates broad spectrum of variability in segregating population. The current study aims to assess the genetic diversity in dolichos genotypes to make an effective selection for yield improvement.Methods: Twenty genotypes collected from different regions were evaluated during year 2016-17 and 2017-18. Data on twelve quantitative traits was analysed using principal component analysis and single linkage cluster analysis for estimation of genetic diversity.Result: Principal component analysis revealed that first five principal components possessed Eigen value greater than 1, cumulatively contributed greater than 82.53% of total variability. The characters positively contributing towards PC-I to PC-V may be considered for dolichos improvement programme as they are major traits involved in genetic variation of pod yield. All genotypes were grouped into three clusters showing non parallelism between geographic and genetic diversity. Cluster-I was best for earliness and number of cluster/plant. Cluster-II for vine length, per cent fruit set, pod length, pod width, pod weight and number of seed /pod, cluster III for number of pods/cluster and pod yield /plant. Selection of parent genotypes from divergent cluster and component having more than one positive trait of interest for hybridization is likely to give better progenies for development of high yielding varieties in Dolichos bean.

scholarly journals Metabolome-scale genome-wide association studies reveal chemical diversity and genetic control of maize specialized metabolites

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhou Shaoqun ◽  
Karl A. Kremling ◽  
Bandillo Nonoy ◽  
Richter Annett ◽  
Ying K. Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Trait ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Chemical Diversity ◽  
Genome Wide Association ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Single Linkage ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Maize Varieties

One Sentence SummaryHPLC-MS metabolite profiling of maize seedlings, in combination with genome-wide association studies, identifies numerous quantitative trait loci that influence the accumulation of foliar metabolites.AbstractCultivated maize (Zea mays) retains much of the genetic and metabolic diversity of its wild ancestors. Non-targeted HPLC-MS metabolomics using a diverse panel of 264 maize inbred lines identified a bimodal distribution in the prevalence of foliar metabolites. Although 15% of the detected mass features were present in >90% of the inbred lines, the majority were found in <50% of the samples. Whereas leaf bases and tips were differentiated primarily by flavonoid abundance, maize varieties (stiff-stalk, non-stiff-stalk, tropical, sweet corn, and popcorn) were differentiated predominantly by benzoxazinoid metabolites. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS), performed for 3,991 mass features from the leaf tips and leaf bases, showed that 90% have multiple significantly associated loci scattered across the genome. Several quantitative trait locus hotspots in the maize genome regulate the abundance of multiple, often metabolically related mass features. The utility of maize metabolite GWAS was demonstrated by confirming known benzoxazinoid biosynthesis genes, as well as by mapping isomeric variation in the accumulation of phenylpropanoid hydroxycitric acid esters to a single linkage block in a citrate synthase-like gene. Similar to gene expression databases, this metabolomic GWAS dataset constitutes an important public resource for linking maize metabolites with biosynthetic and regulatory genes.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic structure of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 from sub-lineage to SNPs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Dallman ◽  
David R. Greig ◽  
Saheer E. Gharbia ◽  
Claire Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Single Linkage ◽  
Phylogenetic Structure ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Geographically Dispersed ◽  
Cluster Threshold

Sequence similarity of pathogen genomes can infer the relatedness between isolates as the fewer genetic differences identified between pairs of isolates, the less time since divergence from a common ancestor. Clustering based on hierarchical single linkage clustering of pairwise SNP distances has been employed to detect and investigate outbreaks. Here, we evaluated the evidence-base for the interpretation of phylogenetic clusters of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157:H7. Whole genome sequences of 1193 isolates of STEC O157:H7 submitted to Public Health England between July 2015 and December 2016 were mapped to the Sakai reference strain. Hierarchical single linkage clustering was performed on the pairwise SNP difference between all isolates at descending distance thresholds. Cases with known epidemiological links fell within 5-SNP single linkage clusters. Five-SNP single linkage community clusters where an epidemiological link was not identified were more likely to be temporally and/or geographically related than sporadic cases. Ten-SNP single linkage clusters occurred infrequently and were challenging to investigate as cases were few, and temporally and/or geographically dispersed. A single linkage cluster threshold of 5-SNPs has utility for the detection of outbreaks linked to both persistent and point sources. Deeper phylogenetic analysis revealed that the distinction between domestic UK and imported isolates could be inferred at the sub-lineage level. Cases associated with domestically acquired infection that fall within clusters that are predominantly travel associated are likely to be caused by contaminated imported food.

scholarly journals Perbandingan Metode Single Linkage, Complete Linkage Dan Average Linkage dalam Pengelompokan Kecamatan Berdasarkan Variabel Jenis Ternak Kabupaten Sidoarjo

Jurnal INFORM ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sulthan Fikri Mu'afa ◽  
Nurissaidah Ulinnuha
Keyword(s):  
Farm Animals ◽  
Single Linkage ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Food Ingredients ◽  
Complete Linkage ◽  
Material Sources ◽  
Average Linkage ◽  
Linkage Method ◽  
Livestock Products ◽  
Labor Resources

Livestock products are widely used by the community in their daily lives, for example as food ingredients, industrial material sources, labor resources, fertilizer sources and energy sources. This study aims to cluster livestock potential with data on livestock population in Sidoarjo Regency in 2017 with single linkage, complete linkage and average linkage method and comparing performance of the methods. In this cluster, the data will be grouped into 3 clusters. The results of the three clusters were obtained by sixteen sub-districts in the first cluster with the potential for low livestock and each one in the second and third clusters for single linkage and average linkage. While complete linkage obtained fifteen sub-districts in the first cluster with high potential for livestock, two sub-districts in the second cluster with the potential of medium livestock and one sub-district in the third cluster with the potential for high farm animals. In the comparison of the standard deviation ratio value, the smallest value of 0.222 is obtained by complete linkage, which shows that complete linkage is better than single linkage and average linkage in the case of subgrouping based on Sidoarjo regency livestock types.

scholarly journals Identifying the origin of local flexibility in a carbohydrate polymer

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (23) ◽  
pp. e2102168118
Author(s):  
Kelvin Anggara ◽  
Yuntao Zhu ◽  
Giulio Fittolani ◽  
Yang Yu ◽  
Theodore Tyrikos-Ergas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Structure ◽  
Primary Structure ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Single Linkage ◽  
Chain Flexibility ◽  
Carbohydrate Polymers ◽  
Monomer Sequence ◽  
Structures And Properties ◽  
Local Flexibility ◽  
Carbohydrate Polymer

Correlating the structures and properties of a polymer to its monomer sequence is key to understanding how its higher hierarchy structures are formed and how its macroscopic material properties emerge. Carbohydrate polymers, such as cellulose and chitin, are the most abundant materials found in nature whose structures and properties have been characterized only at the submicrometer level. Here, by imaging single-cellulose chains at the nanoscale, we determine the structure and local flexibility of cellulose as a function of its sequence (primary structure) and conformation (secondary structure). Changing the primary structure by chemical substitutions and geometrical variations in the secondary structure allow the chain flexibility to be engineered at the single-linkage level. Tuning local flexibility opens opportunities for the bottom-up design of carbohydrate materials.

scholarly journals Swarm v2: highly-scalable and high-resolution amplicon clustering

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédéric Mahé ◽  
Torbjørn Rognes ◽  
Christopher Quince ◽  
Colomban de Vargas ◽  
Micah S Dunthorn
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Initial Phase ◽  
Computation Time ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Single Linkage ◽  
Fasta Format ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Units ◽  
Abundant Otus ◽  
Local Clustering

Previously we presented Swarm v1, a novel and open source amplicon clustering program that produced fine-scale molecular operational taxonomic units (OTUs), free of arbitrary global clustering thresholds and input-order dependency. Swarm v1 worked with an initial phase that used iterative single-linkage with a local clustering threshold (d), followed by a phase that used the internal abundance structures of clusters to break chained OTUs. Here we present Swarm v2 that has two important novel features: 1) a new algorithm for d = 1 that allows the computation time of the program to scale linearly with increasing amounts of data; and 2) the new fastidious option that reduces under-grouping by grafting low abundant OTUs (e.g., singletons and doubletons) onto larger ones. Swarm v2 also directly integrates the clustering and breaking phases, dereplicates sequencing reads with d = 0, outputs OTU representatives in fasta format, and plots individual OTUs as two-dimensional networks.

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