scholarly journals Phraseological equivalents in the English and Russian languages

Litera ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 134-143
Author(s):  
Liliia Zinnatullina
Keyword(s):  
Russian Language ◽  
Exact Match ◽  
The Subject ◽  
British National Corpus ◽  
The Russian Language ◽  
National Corpus

This article is dedicated to examination of phraseological equivalents in the English and Russian languages. An attempt is made to determine the criteria for finding phraseological equivalents in the English and Russian languages. The subject of this research is the peculiarities of various types of English-Russian phraseological equivalents. Referring to the research of outstanding scientists, the article describes and analyzes the types of phraseological equivalents in the English and Russian languages. The author provides the examples of a range of phraseological units of the English and Russian languages, selected from the Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language, Russian National Corpus, and British National Corpus. Contextual method and method of phraseological description are used for studying English-Russian phraseological equivalents. The scientific novelty of this paper consists in the full or partial manifestation of phraseological equivalence of a number of unique phraseological units in the English and Russian languages leaning on the conducted research of compositional volume. The conclusion is made that the adverbial phraseological units-equivalents are characterized by an exact match of phraseological meaning, structural-grammatical organization, imagery framework, and thus, compositional volume. For determining the degree of match of the structural-grammatical organization, it is essential to consider the specific typological features, which are typical for one language and atypical for another due to difference in the systems of the compared languages. Partial phraseological equivalence of adverbial phraseological units is characterized by the exact match of plane of content and insignificant differences in the plane of expression, which do not affect the identity of imagery of the English and Russian adverbial phraseological unit.

scholarly journals Basic Paradigmatic Correlations in the Semantic Field of the Concept Summer

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 516-522
Author(s):  
E. Grudeva
Keyword(s):  
Russian Language ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Semantic Field ◽  
Species Relationships ◽  
British National Corpus ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
The Russian Language ◽  
Illustrative Material ◽  
National Corpus ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Article is based on the materials of a comprehensive study of the concepts summer and autumn from the point of view of their perception by representatives of Russian and English linguistic cultures. This paper shows the features of the paradigmatic relations of Russian and English concept summer. The study was built on the identification of synonymous (quasi-synonymous), antonymic, (hypo) hyperonymic, or genus-species relationships, as well as the incompatibility relations of this concept. Study is based on the materials of the explanatory dictionaries and dictionaries of synonyms and antonyms of the Russian and English languages; illustrative material was taken from the National corpus of the Russian language and the British National Corpus. The analysis made it possible to conclude that the paradigmatic explication of the content of the concept summer most clearly actualizes only one of the four previously identified cognitive features of the concept, namely the sign ‘time of year, season’.

scholarly journals Language of Russian Charity: Verbs

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (4 (202)) ◽  
pp. 293-310
Author(s):  
Valeria S. Kuchko ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Language ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Semantic Field ◽  
Specific Context ◽  
Old Russian ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Language ◽  
National Corpus

This article studies Russian verbs which name the action of gratuitous material assistance to those in need, i.e. благотворить, благотворительствовать, благодетельствовать, меценатствовать, жертвовать, спонсировать, and their few derivatives. The author focuses on the history of their origin and use in the Russian language, the development of their meanings, semantic features, and functioning in the text. The analysis of these characteristics of the life of the word in the language allows the author to identify and formulate some norms of the use of these verbs in modern charity discourse for those who speak and write about charity. The study is based on historical and modern lexicographic sources, such as explanatory dictionaries of the Old Slavic Language, Old Russian Language, Russian language of different time periods, as well as examples of word usage, retrieved from The National Corpus of the Russian Language. In spite of the fact that the verbs studied realise the predicate of a situation of charity and designate the subject’s action of providing a poor or deprived object with material support, they considerably differ in terms of time of their appearance in the language, periods of usage, and semantic capacity. The analysis demonstrates that there is no verb that could claim the status of a nuclear verbal lexeme of the semantic field of charity: the word with the widest neutral semantics благотворить has almost fallen out of use, the verbs благодетельствовать and меценатствовать have a narrower application, while жертвовать imposes semantic restrictions on the choice of words for the positions of the object and the instrument of charity, and in the case of the verb спонсировать a specific context of “market” charity is important, in which the subject receives a certain benefit from their contribution.

scholarly journals FUNCTIONAL SPECIFICITY OF THE VERBS AND VERBAL PREFIXES IN RUSSIAN: CORPUS ANALYSIS (BASED ON MATERIAL OF VERBS WITH PREFIX PRED-)

2021 ◽  
pp. 37-47
Author(s):  
Юлия Александровна Сухорукова
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Corpus Analysis ◽  
Verbal Prefixes ◽  
Relative Independence ◽  
Russian Verb ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Russian Language ◽  
National Corpus

Введение. Современная корпусно-ориентированная лингвистика позволяет изучать явления языка, расширяя базу данных, на которой строятся исследования, привлекая для анализа широкие возможности текстовой и метатекстовой разметки корпусов. Цель – на основе данных Национального корпуса русского языка описать функциональное своеобразие русских глагольных префиксов (на материале глаголов с приставкой пред-), «отвечающих» за использование префиксального глагола в текстах определенной сферы функционирования и тематики. Материал и методы. Объектом данного исследования являются префикс пред- с проспективной семантикой «заранее совершить действие» и глаголы с ним, образованные по модели, привнесенной в русский язык из старославянского языка. Исходя из положения, что приставка, обладающая относительной самостоятельностью в структуре глагола по сравнению с суффиксом, способна не только модифицировать значение глагола, но и менять сферу его употребления, предлагается сравнительный анализ функционирования глагола с префиксом пред- и соответствующего ему бесприставочного глагола посредством анализа сферы функционирования и тематики текстов, в которых реализуются указанные единицы. Анализируются вхождения рассматриваемых глаголов в текстах девяти сфер функционирования (художественной, церковно-богословской, учебно-научной и т. д.) и 42 тематик (право, наука и технология, политика и общественная жизнь и т. д.). Результаты и обсуждение. Сделано предположение, что глаголы с приставкой пред- в силу ее старославянского происхождения и в современном русском языке оказываются задействованными в текстах церковно-религиозной сферы, а также в текстах тех сфер употребления, которые коррелируют с «прогнозирующей» функцией проспективных глаголов. Исходя из данного предположения рассматриваются пары единиц предсказать/сказать, предвидеть/видеть, предназначить/назначить, предшествовать/шествовать, предписать/писать; рассчитывается процент их употребления в текстах определенной сферы функционирования и тематики по отношению к количеству текстов в данной сфере и тематике; выявляются наиболее значимые для пред-единиц сферы функционирования (церковно-богословская, учебно-научная, художественная, производственно-техническая) и тематики текстов (философия, филология, астрономия, физика и т. п.), в которых зафиксированы исследуемые единицы. Заключение. Обращение к данным Национального корпуса русского языка позволило выявить изменение по сравнению с бесприставочными единицами сферы употребления глаголов с префиксом пред- (реже тематики текстов). Это позволяет утверждать, что приставка действительно способна влиять на употребление глаголов с ней. Introduction. Modern corpus-oriented linguistics allows us to study the phenomena of language, expanding the database on which research is based, attracting for analysis the wide possibilities of text and metatext markup of corpus. The aim of this work is to describe, based on the data of the Russian National Corpus, the functional peculiarity of Russian verb prefixes (based on the material of verbs with the prefix pred-), which are «responsible» for the use of the prefixal verb in texts of a certain sphere of functioning and subject matter. Material and methods. The object of this study is the prefix pred- with the prospective semantics «to do an action in advance» and verbs with it, formed according to the model introduced into the Russian language from the Old Slavic language. Based on the statement that the prefix, which has a relative independence in the structure of the verb in comparison with the suffix, is able not only to modify the meaning of the verb, but also to change the scope of its use, the article offers a comparative analysis of the functioning of the verb with the prefix pred- and the corresponding non-prepositional verb by analyzing the sphere of use and the subject of texts in which these units are realized. The article analyzes the occurrences of the verbs in the texts of 9 spheres of functioning (artistic, church-theological, educational-scientific, etc.) and 42 subjects (law, science and technology, politics and public life, etc.). Results and discussion. We suggest that verbs with the prefix pred-, due to its Old Slavic origin, are involved in the texts of the church-religious sphere in modern Russian, as well as in the texts of those spheres of use that correlate with the “predictive” function of prospective verbs. Based on this assumption, we consider pairs of units to predict/say, foresee/see, destine/assign, precede/march, prescribe/write; the percentage of their use in texts of a certain sphere of functioning and subject matter is calculated in relation to the number of texts in this sphere and subject matter; we identify the most significant areas of functioning (church-theological, educational-scientific, artistic, industrial-technical) and subjects of texts (philosophy, philology, astronomy, physics, etc.) in which the studied units are realized. Conclusion. The reference to the data of the Russian National Corpus revealed a change in the sphere of use of verbs with the prefix pred- (less often the subject of texts), which allows us to assert that the prefix is really able to influence the use of verbs with it.

scholarly journals Voskhishcheniye ‘delight’ in the Russian Language Consciousness

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 42-53
Author(s):  
Andrey E. Bochkarev
Keyword(s):  
Mental State ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Emotional Reaction ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Not Given ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Semantic Object ◽  
The Russian Language ◽  
National Corpus

The article is concerned with voskhishcheniye ‘delight’ as a language-specific word in order to show its specific conceptual configuration in the Russian language consciousness. In this regard, the National Corpus seems to be most appropriate since a conceptual configuration of the analyzed emotional concept is not given in a “finished” form in any single utterance, but may be reconstructed only on the sum total of all possible utterances. It can be manifested in many different ways: distribution, predisposition to be associated with some emotional attitudes, concepts, propositional and metaphoric models. According to the available data, voskhishcheniye ‘delight’ is related, in its most manifestations, to many different concepts like gratitude, adoration, fascination, sympathy, mistrust, pity, fear, envy, that allow us to reconstruct some basic delight-situations as a delight-adoration, delight-approval, delight-surprise, delight-gratitude, delight-envy, etc. As such, the delight-emotion is caused not by an event itself, but what the subject thinks about it. In this perspective, voskhishcheniye is not only an emotional but also a mental state that causes a corresponding emotional reaction. The propositional model, built on the National Corpus, includes information that predicates associated with voskhishcheniye ‘delight’ vary according to the position in a syntactic structure of a proposition. As a semantic object voskhishcheniye ‘delight’ is felt, expressed, shown, delivered, caused, excited, anticipated, divided, given out, performed; as a semantic subject it worries, delivers gladness, covers your eyes. In a metaphoric mapping voskhishcheniye ‘delight’ is redefined over the categorical boundaries in terms of propositional models more appropriately applied to power, aquatic substance, honey or fire. By analogy with power it embraces and seizes; by analogy with an aquatic substance, it overfills and overflows; by analogy with fire it flames up and goes out, etc. And there are no other auxiliary objects more appropriate to characterize voskhishcheniye ‘delight’ in Russian except just power, aquatic substance, honey and fire, since native speakers don’t consider expressions like sweetest-smelling delight, awash with delight or to be smothered by delight as metaphoric ones, but rather take them for the authentic characteristic of voskhishcheniye ‘delight’.

USING ACTIVE TEACHING METHODS IN THE PROCESS OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS’ COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE DEVELOPMENT (WITHIN THE SUBJECT “THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE AND SPEECH CULTURE”)

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-137
Author(s):  
V.V. Gavrilov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Methods ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Communicative Competence ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
University Graduates ◽  
Active Teaching ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Language

This article states the need to change the approach, as well as the forms and methods of teaching in the process of developing students' speech within the subject "The Russian language and Culture of speech". The purpose of the study is to describe the ways of active teaching methods application in order to improve students' speech culture. The author notes that modern teaching methods have ceased to respond to the needs of society and do not contribute to successful socialization of university graduates. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that the author proposes that the work on a text (in the broad sense of the term) should become the main one in the teaching process. . The author proposes an updated process model of trainingenumerates those teaching forms and methods that contribute to the successful implementation of the model, describes the conditions of using these methods in the educational process. According to the author, the modeling of problem-based situations, the use of active teaching forms and methods reveal new opportunities to the teacher, help to develop students' communicative competence, and will largely determine further successful socialization of graduates.

THE MAIN DIRECTIONS IN STUDYING OF THE MODERN RUSSIAN-LANGUAGE PR-DISCOURSE

Yazykoznaniye ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 82-91
Author(s):  
A.Yu. KHAKHALEVA
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Approaches To Studying ◽  
Linguistic Pragmatics ◽  
Positive Image ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Lexical Composition ◽  
The Russian Language ◽  
Linguistic Means ◽  
Modern Russian

The article discusses the main approaches to studying the modern Russian-language PR-discourse that represents a relatively new and actively developing sphere of communication. First of all, the researchers of the Russian-language PR-discourse analyze its lexical composition. In particular, they consider the ways of adapting the English-language PR-terms that play an important role in reflecting new objects of extralinguistic reality. Moreover, the linguistic means of this type of discourse are studied from the perspective of linguistic pragmatics. The works in this area emphasize the importance of such way of speech impact as suggestion and the corresponding pragmatic methods that is determined by the manipulative character of the Russian-language PR-discourse. In the light of this peculiarity, the linguists are also interested in the process of mythologization that consists in distorting the connections between the objects of reality and is aimed at creating the positive image of the subject of PR-communication.

scholarly journals On Adjectival Attributives Blood, Direct, Peaceful as Components of Archaic Nominations of Friends

2021 ◽  
pp. 58-68
Author(s):  
Tatyana Leontyeva
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Cultural Layer ◽  
Spiritual Intimacy ◽  
Class Identification ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Russian Language ◽  
Over Time ◽  
National Corpus

The article discusses the changes in collocability of the word friend over time. It notes that the works by A.S. Pushkin contain the forms, unexpected for the perception of the native speakers of the modern Russian language: blood friends, direct friend, peaceful friends. The analysis of the specified attributive combinations is carried out applying definitional, contextual, linguocultural analysis methods. The text material from the National Corpus of the Russian language is used. It is proved that the expression "blood friends" could denote "people connected by strong friendship" and "people of the same class". Physical kinship criterion has been proved to serve as a basis for cognitive understanding of spiritual intimacy and social class identification. However, the connection between primary and secondary semantics is not so direct here; it is mediated by the cultural layer – the custom of twinning, a form of artificial relationship noted among many peoples. Most examples of the usage of the phrase "direct friend" mean 'express your opinion to someone honestly, directly'. The expression "peaceful friends" is interpreted as based on a doubling of the meaning 'in a relationship of agreement'. The research results can be used in compiling dictionaries of the Russian language, and also in teaching linguistic disciplines.

scholarly journals A THEMATIC CLASSIFICATION OF RELIGIOUS-CHRISTIAN VOCABULARY OF RUSSIAN-UDMURT DICTIONARIES BY G. Ye. VERESHCHAGIN

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-221
Author(s):  
Leonid Michaylovich Ivshin
Keyword(s):  
Russian Language ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Outstanding Scientist ◽  
Linguistic Activity ◽  
The Russian Language ◽  
National Corpus

The article examines the vocabulary of religious-Christian content in the handwritten Russian-Udmurt dictionaries by the first Udmurt writer and outstanding scientist, educator and missionary, clergyman G. Ye. Vereshchagin. There is no exact information about the time when the manuscripts were written. One of them was presumably created at the end of the 19 - beginning of the 20 centuries, before the adoption of the Russian spelling reform in 1918, since the letter ъ is inconsistently encountered at the very beginning of the dictionary in lexemes ending in a hard consonant. Another manuscript can be dated to the period after the adoption of the Russian spelling reform, when the Cyrillic letters ѣ, ө and ъ were excluded from the Russian alphabet. The author of the manuscripts selected appropriate primordial Udmurt equivalents to words of religious content or used borrowings (mainly from the Russian language), and was guided by the following considerations: 1) he used Udmurt words that arose in the depths of paganism, which by the time the manuscripts were compiled had acquired a completely Christian meaning (Kyldysin tӧre 'Archangel'); 2) adapted concepts that had a slightly different, everyday meaning (viz sonany, gavyldyns, aldans ‘to tempt’); 3) terms without direct correspondences in the Udmurt language are often translated by a combination of words or interpretation (umoytem Inmar vyle veras ‘blasphemer’); 4) borrowed from Russian or other languages (Archirey, Arquerey ‘Bishop’). The study of the lexical and semantic features of written attestations in the context of developing the national corpus of the Udmurt language and filling it with not only absolutely new, but also to some extent forgotten and revisited elements is a very important linguistic activity. The linguistic actualization of religious vocabulary contributes to the recovery of speech assets and registers in a significant number of dictionary nominalizations by designating concepts and phenomena of the spiritual and religious sphere of the Udmurt language.

scholarly journals EXTENSION OF THE SEMANTICS OF WORDS RELATING TO THE THEMATIC GROUP ‘PLANT WORLD’ (on the Material of the ‘Lexical Atlas of Russian Folk Dialects’)

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 41-48
Author(s):  
Nelli A. Krasovskaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Language ◽  
Extended Sense ◽  
Systemic Analysis ◽  
Semantic Maps ◽  
The World ◽  
Secondary Meaning ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Transfer Mechanisms ◽  
The Russian Language

This article discusses the semantics of lexical units included in the thematic group ‘Plant World’. For a person with a traditional worldview, nature is the basis for the formation of a system of views, values, for numerous rethinking. The material for analysis in the article is provided not by a lexicographic source but by a linguo-geographical one. A collection of maps of the recently published first issue of The Plant World of the Lexical Atlas of Russian Folk Dialects allows us to make rather interesting observations. Work with the material of semantic maps makes it possible not only to establish changes in the semantics of lexical units but also to find areas that are associated with the use of a word in one or another secondary meaning. In some cases, there were created duplicate maps devoted solely to the functioning of lexical units in extended sense. Systemic analysis of maps makes it possible to identify patterns in the semantic shifts of lexemes denoting facts and phenomena of the world around as the main meaning. There have been revealed semantic shifts of lexemes from the thematic group ‘Plant World’ to the field of subject, locative and anthropomorphic registers. Such examples of the extensive use of words are not unexpected for the Russian language. It should also be emphasized that the analysis of comments and other materials accompanying maps allows us to establish the features of shifts in semantics. It has been determined that a shift to the subject and locative semantic register is mainly associated with metonymy mechanisms, while a shift to the area of the anthropomorphic semantic register – with the metaphorical transfer mechanisms. The author draws conclusions concerning both the use of map materials for analyzing the extension of semantics and the features of secondary nominations in lexemes belonging to the thematic group ‘Plant World’.

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