THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF NGOS ON THE WELL-BEING OF EXTENDED HOUSEHOLDS IN SOWETO

AbstractLike the rest of the world, African countries are reeling from the health, economic and social effects of COVID-19. The continent’s governments have responded by imposing rigorous lockdowns to limit the spread of the virus. The various lockdown measures are undermining food security, because stay at home orders have among others, threatened food production for a continent that relies heavily on agriculture as the bedrock of the economy. This article draws on quantitative data collected by the GeoPoll, and, from these data, assesses the effect of concern about the local spread and economic impact of COVID-19 on food worries. Qualitative data comprising 12 countries south of the Sahara reveal that lockdowns have created anxiety over food security as a health, economic and human rights/well-being issue. By applying a probit model, we find that concern about the local spread of COVID-19 and economic impact of the virus increases the probability of food worries. Governments have responded with various efforts to support the neediest. By evaluating the various policies rolled out we advocate for a feminist economics approach that necessitates greater use of data analytics to predict the likely impacts of intended regulatory relief responses during the recovery process and post-COVID-19.

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Economics of healthcare access in low-income and middle-income countries: a protocol for a scoping review of the economic impacts of seeking healthcare on slum-dwellers compared with other city residents

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045441 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. e045441

Author(s):

Noemia Teixeira de Siqueira-Filha ◽

Jinshuo Li ◽

Eliud Kibuchi ◽

Zahidul Quayyum ◽

Penelope Phillips-Howard ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Economic Impact ◽

Scoping Review ◽

Low Income ◽

Purchase Power Parity ◽

Healthcare Access ◽

Well Being ◽

Power Parity ◽

Middle Income ◽

Slum Dwellers ◽

Scoping Reviews

IntroductionPeople living in slums face several challenges to access healthcare. Scarce and low-quality public health facilities are common problems in these communities. Costs and prevalence of catastrophic health expenditures (CHE) have also been reported as high in studies conducted in slums in developing countries and those suffering from chronic conditions and the poorest households seem to be more vulnerable to financial hardship. The COVID-19 pandemic may be aggravating the economic impact on the extremely vulnerable population living in slums due to the long-term consequences of the disease. The objective of this review is to report the economic impact of seeking healthcare on slum-dwellers in terms of costs and CHE. We will compare the economic impact on slum-dwellers with other city residents.Methods and analysisThis scoping review adopts the framework suggested by Arksey and O’Malley. The review is part of the accountability and responsiveness of slum-dwellers (ARISE) research consortium, which aims to enhance accountability to improve the health and well-being of marginalised populations living in slums in India, Bangladesh, Sierra Leone and Kenya. Costs of accessing healthcare will be updated to 2020 prices using the inflation rates reported by the International Monetary Fund. Costs will be presented in International Dollars by using purchase power parity. The prevalence of CHE will also be reported.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval is not required for scoping reviews. We will disseminate our results alongside the events organised by the ARISE consortium and international conferences. The final manuscript will be submitted to an open-access international journal. Registration number at the Research Registry: reviewregistry947.

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ASSESSING ECONOMIC IMPACT OF MICROCREDIT SCHEME: A REVIEW OF PAST STUDIES ON AMANAH IKHTIAR MALAYSIA (AIM)

Journal of Nusantara Studies (JONUS) ◽

10.24200/jonus.vol5iss1pp124-142 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 124-142

Author(s):

Noor Syafinas Muda ◽

Ku 'Azam Tuan Lonik

Keyword(s):

Economic Impact ◽

Small Businesses ◽

Economic Status ◽

Empirical Studies ◽

Well Being ◽

Poor People ◽

Self Employment ◽

Economic Impact Assessment ◽

The Poor ◽

Microfinance Institution

Background and Purpose: Microcredit scheme was introduced to provide credit facilities for poor people to start a business activity. Microcredit creates income-generating self-employment activities that allow poor people to venture into small businesses and achieve economic independence. The scheme has been recognised as a successful tool to uplift the socio-economic status among the poor. Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia (AIM) is the largest microfinance institution in Malaysia and therefore, its impact on the beneficiaries is crucial to be studied. This paper aims at reviewing the economic impact of AIM based on the existing literature. Methodology: Four electronic databases, which are Scopus, Science Direct, Springer and Ebscohost were used to search the literature. Subsequently 118 articles were generated from this search. However, only 13 articles which met the selection criteria were analysed. We selected only empirical studies that focused on the economic impact of AIM. Findings: Results of the review showed that income has dominated the economic impact assessment followed by asset, economic vulnerability and spending. Low concentration on the indicators other than income should be noted especially on spending as it provides a clear evidence that the recipients enjoy the economic well-being in terms of consumption expenditure. Contribution: This review reveals that microcredit has a great potential to uplift the economic status of the poor. Keywords: Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia, asset, economic impact, income, microcredit. Cite as: Muda, N. S., & Tuan Lonik, K. A. (2020). Assessing economic impact of microcredit scheme: A review of past studies on Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia (AIM). Journal of Nusantara Studies, 5(1), 124-142. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol5iss1pp124-142

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Geographical Distribution and Modeling of the Impact of Women Driving Cars on the Sustainable Development of Saudi Arabia

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13179941 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (17) ◽

pp. 9941

Author(s):

Najah Al-Garawi ◽

Ismail Anil

Keyword(s):

Sustainable Development ◽

Saudi Arabia ◽

Economic Impact ◽

Geographical Distribution ◽

Public Perception ◽

Online Survey ◽

Social Impact ◽

Well Being ◽

The Sustainable Development ◽

The Impact

Background: This work investigated attitudes and public perception regarding the impact of allowing women to drive on social, environmental, and economic aspects of the sustainable development in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The study includes the perspectives of both women and men towards the potential implications of this decree on society in general and women’s well-being in particular. Methods: The methodology consisted of an online survey that was conducted before and after the decree was activated in 2017, where 62,065 individuals participated from thirteen provinces of the KSA. Geographic information systems (GISs) and statistical methods were applied to the obtained datasets to examine the geographical distribution and modeling of the effect of women driving on sustainable development of the KSA. Results: The results show that the attitudes towards allowing women to drive are geographically and statistically diverse. The study revealed that the economic impact of women driving was the highest significance, especially in increasing employment opportunities for women and decreasing household travel expenses for women. Conclusion: Overall, 70.4% of respondents agreed that women driving will positively affect the sustainable development of the KSA in terms of social and economic impact. The study also revealed that geographic location is one of the dominating factors on the attitudes towards the social impact of women driving within 95% confidence interval. Additionally, participants strongly believe (with an agreement rate of 85.1%) that Saudi women driving will improve economic development and the female job market.

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Economic impact of delirium in Australia: a cost of illness study

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027514 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. e027514 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Lynne Pezzullo ◽

Jared Streatfeild ◽

Josiah Hickson ◽

Andrew Teodorczuk ◽

Meera R Agar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Economic Impact ◽

Cost Of Illness ◽

Well Being ◽

Aged Care ◽

Residential Aged Care ◽

Australian Population ◽

Financial Costs ◽

Disease Costs ◽

Illness Study ◽

Cost Of Illness Study

ObjectivesTo estimate the economic impact of delirium in the Australian population in 2016–2017, including financial costs, and its burden on health.Design, setting and participantsA cost of illness study was conducted for the Australian population in the 2016–2017 financial year. The prevalence of delirium in 2016–2017 was calculated to inform cost estimations. The costs estimated in this study also include dementia attributable to delirium.Main outcome measuresThe total and per capita costs were analysed for three categories: health systems costs, other financial costs including productivity losses and informal care and cost associated with loss of well-being (burden of disease). Costs were expressed in 2016–2017 pound sterling (£) and Australian dollars ($A).ResultsThere were an estimated 132 595 occurrences of delirium in 2016–2017, and more than 900 deaths were attributed to delirium in 2016–2017. Delirium causes an estimated 10.6% of dementia in Australia. The total costs of delirium in Australia were estimated to be £4.3 billion ($A8.8 billion) in 2016–2017, ranging between £2.6 billion ($A5.3 billion) and £5.9 billion ($A12.1 billion). The total estimated costs comprised financial costs of £1.7 billion and the value of healthy life lost of £2.5 billion. Dementia attributable to delirium accounted for £2.2 billion of the total cost of delirium.ConclusionsThese findings highlight the substantial burden that delirium imposes on Australian society—both in terms of financial costs associated with health system expenditure and the increased need for residential aged care due to the functional and cognitive decline associated with delirium and dementia. To reduce the substantial well-being costs of delirium, further research should seek to better understand the potential pathways from an episode of delirium to subsequent mortality and reduced cognitive functioning outcomes.

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Festival value in multicultural contexts: City festivals in South Africa

Tourism Economics ◽

10.1177/1354816620932808 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 135481662093280

Author(s):

Jen D Snowball ◽

Geoff G Antrobus

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Economic Impact ◽

South African ◽

Public Funding ◽

Well Being ◽

Cultural Participation ◽

Strong Focus ◽

The Social ◽

Using Data ◽

The Impact

Worldwide, the number and variety of cultural festivals have grown dramatically. Many areas see festivals as an important way to attract tourists, and their spending, to a region, resulting in a positive economic impact. While they offer important opportunities for artistic producers and audiences, there is growing pressure for festival organizers to demonstrate their value to society beyond their economic impact. Like many countries, South Africa has a strong focus on increasing diverse cultural participation, demonstrating the social, nonmarket values of events that receive public funding. Using data from two South African festivals, the article uses a valuation framework developed by the South African Cultural Observatory to demonstrate measures of audience diversity, the use of quality of life measures to gauge the impact of culture on well-being, and the use of community focus groups to assess the impact of participation on social cohesion and capacity building.

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Economic impact of harmful algal blooms on human health: a systematic review

Journal of Water and Health ◽

10.2166/wh.2019.064 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 499-516 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Christian R. C. Kouakou ◽

Thomas G. Poder

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Economic Impact ◽

Human Health ◽

Harmful Algal Blooms ◽

Algal Blooms ◽

Well Being ◽

Global Network ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Health Costs ◽

Life Years

Abstract Harmful algal blooms (HABs) damage human activities and health. While there is wide literature on economic losses, little is known about the economic impact on human health. In this review, we systematically retrieved papers which presented health costs following exposure to HABs. A systematic review was conducted up to January 2019 in databases such as ScienceDirect and PubMed, and 16 studies were selected. Health costs included healthcare and medication expenses, loss of income due to illness, cost of pain and suffering, and cost of death. Two categories of illness (digestive and respiratory) were considered for health costs. For digestive illness cost, we found $86, $1,015 and $12,605, respectively, for mild, moderate and severe cases. For respiratory illness, costs were $86, $1,235 and $14,600, respectively, for mild, moderate and severe cases. We used Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) to access the loss of well-being due to illness caused by HABs. We found that breathing difficulty causes the most loss of QALYs, especially in children, with a loss of between 0.16 and 0.771 per child. Having gastroenteritis could cause a loss of between 2.2 and 7.1 QALYs per 1,000 children. Misleading symptoms of illness following exposure to HABs could cause bias in health costs estimations. This article has been made Open Access thanks to the generous support of a global network of libraries as part of the Knowledge Unlatched Select initiative.

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The Economic Impact of Tourism on to the Community of Kuakata

Asian Journal of Humanity Art and Literature ◽

10.18034/ajhal.v7i1.500 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 43-58

Author(s):

Mohammad Abu Horaira

Keyword(s):

Economic Impact ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Well Being ◽

Tourism Industry ◽

Full Potential ◽

Economic Sectors ◽

Continuous Growth ◽

The World ◽

Secondary Data Sources ◽

Economic Well Being

Tourism has been seasoned with continuous growth and concentrating ‎diversification over the decades to become one of the fastest-growing economic sectors within the world. Tourism plays a crucial economic movement in most countries around the world, also as the tourism industry has its direct and indirect economic impact. Moreover, tourism features a diversified sort of economic impact on the community. The contribution of tourism to the community for economic well-being depends on the standard and, therefore, the ‎revenues of the tourism offer. The purpose of this paper is to track down the economic impact of tourism on to the community of Kuakata, where one can see the sunrise and sunset from the same spot, the rarest characteristic within the planet only this type of opportunity is available in Japan. The paper is predicated primarily on secondary data sources like-articles, journals, websites of different tourism-related sources. It was being identified after reviewing the literature and acknowledging loopholes that if Kuakata is developed to its full potential, it's going to contribute to the livelihoods and socio-economic development of local communities and Bangladesh.

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Looking for the right balance between human and economic costs during COVID-19 outbreak

International Journal for Quality in Health Care ◽

10.1093/intqhc/mzaa155 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Chiara Seghieri ◽

Micaela La Regina ◽

Michela Tanzini ◽

Riccardo Tartaglia

Keyword(s):

Economic Impact ◽

Economic Value ◽

Value Added ◽

Well Being ◽

Italian Regions ◽

Value Loss ◽

Northern Regions ◽

Heated Debate ◽

Human Costs ◽

The Right

Abstract Since the beginning of Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) disease outbreak, there has been a heated debate about public health measures, as they can presumably reduce human costs in the short term but can negatively impact economies and well-being over a longer period. Materials and methods To study the relationship between health and economic impact of COVID-19, we conducted a secondary research on Italian regions, combining official data (mortality due to COVID-19 and contractions in value added of production for a month of lockdown). Then, we added the tertiles of the number of people tested for COVID-19 and those of health aids to evaluate the correspondence with the outcome measures. Results Five regions out of 20, the most industrialized northern regions, which were affected both earlier and more severely by the outbreak, registered both mortality and economic value loss above the overall medians. The southern regions, which were affected later and less severely, had low mortality and less economic impact. Conclusions Our analysis shows that considering health and economic outcomes in the assessment of response to pandemics offers a bigger picture perspective of the outbreak and could allow policymakers and health managers to choose systemic, ‘personalized’ strategies, in case of a feared second epidemic wave.

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COVID-19 in Africa: socio-economic impact, policy response and opportunities

International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy ◽

10.1108/ijssp-05-2020-0171 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Peterson Ozili

Keyword(s):

Social Anxiety ◽

Economic Impact ◽

Well Being ◽

Policy Response ◽

Social Policies ◽

Economic Activities ◽

African Countries ◽

Content Type ◽

The Social ◽

Socio Economic Impact

PurposeThis paper examines the socio-economic impact of COVID-19 and the policy response in African countries.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses discourse analysis to analyse the socio-economic impact of COVID-19 in Africa.FindingsThe findings reveal that African countries have been affected by the coronavirus pandemic, and the effect was more severe for African regions compared to other regions. The rising pandemic affected social interaction and economic activities through the imposed social distancing policies that have different levels of strictness in several African countriesPractical implicationsThe implication of the findings is that social policies can affect the social and economic well-being of citizens. Secondly, the coronavirus outbreak has revealed how a biological crisis can be transformed to a sociological subject. The most important sociological consequence of the coronavirus outbreak for African citizens is the creation of social anxiety among families and households in the region. The outbreak has also shown how vulnerable African societies are in facing health hazards. Policymakers should enforce social policies that unite communities in bad times, to reduce social anxiety.Originality/valueThis is the first paper that explore the socio-economic impact of coronavirus and the policy response in African countries.

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