Influence of cutting management on productivity and nutritional value of perennial grasses

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Л. Евстратова ◽  
Г. Евсеева ◽  
С. Смирнов ◽  
А. Камова
Keyword(s):  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Mass Yield ◽  
Smooth Brome ◽  
Cutting Management ◽  
The Republic

В условиях Республики Карелия в 20152018 годах проведены трёхлетние научные исследования по определению оптимальных режимов скашивания и оценке их влияния на продуктивные и качественные характеристики бобовозлаковых травостоев с включением интродуцированных культур Medicago varia Mart. (сорт Таисия) и Festulolium F. Aschers.et Graebn. (сорт ВИК 90). Установлено, что в агроценозах массовая доля люцерны изменчивой при двуукосном режиме скашивания динамично возрастала с 4,029,1 до 34,442,2, а при трёхукосном с 3,927,6 до 48,860,3. Традиционный бобовый компонент Trifolium hybridum L. (сорт Первенец), наоборот, снизил своё участие в травостое с 22,451,4 до 1,315,3 и с 27,440,0 до 0,713,9 соответственно. Фестулолиум доминировал в травостое при трёхкратном скашивании в 1й и 2й годы пользования (56,1 и 69,5) и при двукратном во 2й и 3й годы (58,6 и 54,0). В среднем за 3 года как при двух, так и при трёхукосном режиме скашивания высокие показатели урожайности сухой массы (7,559,13 т/га), энергетической (6,2110,09 тыс. корм. ед./га 79,794,7 ГДж/га) и протеиновой (0,811,31 т/га) продуктивности обеспечили травостои: кострец безостый люцерна изменчивая клевер гибридный фестулолиум люцерна изменчивая клевер гибридный. Рассматриваемые значения превысили контроль (клеверозлаковый травостой) в 1,11,7 раза. Независимо от состава фитоценоза трёхкратное использование травостоев имело преимущество (на 18,661,7) только по сбору сырого протеина. В типичных погодных условиях полевого сезона лучшие результаты получены при двукратном режиме скашивания бобовозлаковых травостоев, а в экстремальных при трёхкратном. Последний обеспечил более равномерное распределение урожая зелёной массы по укосам и высокие показатели питательности корма. The investigations took place in the Republic of Karelia in 20152018. It was aimed to test cutting managements and their influence on grass productivity and quality and determine the optimal one. Legumegramineous ecosystems contained Medicago varia Mart. (variety Taisiya) and Festulolium F. Aschers.et Graebn. (variety VIK 90). The proportion of bastard alfalfa increased from 4.029.1 to 34.442.2 under two cuts, and from 3.927.6 to 48.860.3 under three cuts. The fraction of conventional grass component Trifolium hybridum L. (variety Pervenets) reduced from 22.451.4 to 1.315.3 and from 27.440.0 to 0.713.9, respectively. Festulolium prevailed in the 1st and 2nd years under three cuts (56.1 and 69.5) as well as in the 2nd and 3rd years under two cuts (58.6 and 54.0). Mixtures of smooth brome bastard alfalfa alsike clover festulolium bastard alfalfa alsike clover had the highest dry mass yield (7.559.13 t ha1), energy content (6.2110.09 thousand feed units ha1 79.794.7 GJ ha1) and protein concentration (0.811.31 t ha1). These values exceeded the ones of the control (clovergramineous mixture) by 1.11.7 times. Three cuts provided 18.661.7 more protein. Two cuts gave better results under typical regional climate, but three cuts were advantageous under unfavorable conditions.

Nutritional value of forage mass as affected by cutting management of perennial grasses

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Л.П. Евстратова ◽  
Г.В. Евсеева
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Heading Time ◽  
Smooth Brome ◽  
Cutting Management ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Perennial Legumes

Работа проведена в 2016–2018 годах на опытном поле лаборатории агротехнологий «Вилга» отдела комплексных научных исследований КарНЦ РАН. Цель работы — установить оптимальный режим скашивания многолетних травостоев с включением интродуцированных видов кормовых трав, обеспечивающий высокие показатели качества кормовой массы в условиях Карелии. В статье представлены результаты научных исследований по оценке питательной ценности биомассы многолетних агрофитоценозов, созданных с включением интродуцированных видов бобовых и злаковых трав — люцерны изменчивой (Medicago varia Mart.) и фестулолиума (×Festulolium F. Aschers. et Graebn.) при двух- и трёхкратном режимах скашивания. Внесение фосфорных и калийных удобрений в дозе Р60К90 на бобово-злаковых и злаковых травостоях проводили однократно перед завершением вегетации растений. Азотные удобрения (аммиачную селитру) в дозе N120 вносили при формировании злакового травостоя дробно под каждый укос: N60 — при двухукосном использовании и N40 — при трёхукосном. Установлено, что в данных условиях травосмеси кострец безостый + люцерна изменчивая + клевер гибридный и фестулолиум + люцерна изменчивая + клевер гибридный обеспечивали высокий уровень урожайности сухой массы (7,55–9,13 т/га), энергетической продуктивности (79,7–94,7 ГДж/га) и питательной ценности (0,81–1,31 т/га сырого протеина) независимо от режима скашивания. На фоне внесения минерального азота в дозе N120 урожайность злакового травостоя выше бобово-злаковых агроценозов, но показатели питательной ценности не соответствовали нормативам кормления высокопродуктивного крупного рогатого скота. В условиях северного земледелия наиболее целесообразным является двухкратный режим скашивания травостоев в период бутонизации – начала цветения бобовых и колошения злаковых трав. Использование агрофитоценозов с включением многолетних бобовых культур без внесения азотных удобрений способствует получению экологически безопасного высокобелкового растительного сырья для заготовки грубых и сочных кормов. Ключевые слова: многолетние травы, люцерна изменчивая, фестулолиум, питательная ценность, режим скашивания. The experiment was carried out at the “Vilga” laboratory in 2016–2018. The goal was to optimize cutting regime for perennial grasses to obtain high-quality forage mass. This article reports on nutritional value of perennial ecosystems with bastard alfalfa (Medicago varia Mart.) and festulolium (×Festulolium F. Aschers. et Graebn.) to be cut twice or three times. Application of Р60К90 was done once before the end of growing season. N120 was divided into two or three fractions and applied before each cut as N60 or N40 depending on cutting regime. Smooth brome + bastard alfalfa + alsike clover and festulolium + bastard alfalfa + alsike clover produced high yields of dry mass (7.55–9.13 t ha-1), energy (79.7–94.7 GJ ha-1) and had high nutritional value (0.81–1.31 t ha-1 of crude protein) regardless of the cutting regime. On the background of N120 gramineous exceeded gramineous-legume mixtures in productivity but had low nutritional value. Cutting legumes at budding – early flowering and gramineous — at heading time twice was more effective under cold conditions. Growing grass mixtures with perennial legumes without fertilization resulted in ecologically-safe high-protein forage mass.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF SOIL TILLAGE METHODS AND FERTILIZER ON CROP PRODUCTIVITY AND CORPORATION OF CORN SOWINGS

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 75-79
Author(s):  
Владимир Фомин ◽  
Vladimir Fomin ◽  
Макарим Нафиков ◽  
Makarim Nafikov ◽  
Вячеслав Медведев ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Mass Yield ◽  
Green Mass ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Green Mass Yield

The article presents the results of studies, conducted from 2014 to 2016 in the Western Kama region of the Republic of Tatarstan, for the purpose of comparative study the basic soil cultivation methods and the introduction of various types of nitrogen fertilizers for crop, cultivated for silage. Predecessor - annual grasses (vetch + oats). The dynamics of weediness of crops, its air-dry mass and green mass yield of corn in the phase of milk-wax ripeness were determined. For three years of research, the highest corn yield of green mass was obtained in the sixth variant (background + N120) - 406.6 centner per hectare. Economically advantageous was the dose of ammonia N120, where payment of one kilogram of active matter of fertilizers for the dumping of plowing amounted to 159 kg of green mass.

New eastern goat’s rue farm ecosystems for hay production

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
Д.А. Вагунин ◽  
Н.Н. Иванова ◽  
Н.Н. Амбросимова ◽  
Н.А. Епифанова ◽  
О.Н. Анциферова
Keyword(s):  
Dry Mass ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Reed Canary Grass ◽  
Component Mixture ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Smooth Brome ◽  
Federal Research ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
Canary Grass ◽  
Russian Research

В условиях осушаемых земель гумидной зоны исследованы сенокосные агрофитоценозы на основе козлятника восточного. Эксперименты проводились в 2014–2019 годах на полигоне ВНИИМЗ — филиала ФИЦ «Почвенный институт им. В. В. Докучаева» (Тверская область). Объектом исследований были многолетние травы при сенокосном использовании: козлятник восточный (сорта Гале, Юбиляр, Кривич), кострец безостый (сорт Вегур), двукисточник тростниковый (сорт Урал), тимофеевка луговая (сорт ВИК 9). Исследования проводились как в травосмесях, так и в одновидовых посевах. Установлено, что козлятник восточный в одновидовых посевах более продуктивен, чем в смешанных агрофитоценозах. Посевы козлятника восточного сорта Кривич на мелиорированных землях в среднем за 5 лет исследований обеспечили наибольшую продуктивность. Травосмесь козлятника восточного с тимофеевкой луговой, кострецом безостым и двукисточником тростниковым формировала урожайность сухой массы на уровне 6,2–8,0 т/га. Одновидовые посевы козлятника восточного всех изученных сортов формировали продуктивность сухой массы до 11,7 т/га. Продуктивность козлятника восточного была наибольшей на глееватой почве. При двуукосном использовании у одновидовых посевов козлятника восточного сорта Юбиляр на глубокооглееной почве, по сравнению с контрольным вариантом, продуктивность была выше на 19%. Менее продуктивными были посевы трёхкомпонентной злаковой смеси на глубокооглееной почве — 4,7 т/га. Установлено, что при посеве смеси козлятника восточного с кострецом безостым, тимофеевкой луговой и двукисточником тростниковым повышалась продуктивность травостоя и улучшалось качество корма. В смеси со злаками четырёхкомпонентные агроценозы были менее засорены несеяными видами трав. Наименьшая доля сорной растительности в бобово-злаковых травостоях на основе козлятника восточного отмечалась в смешанных посевах с участием сорта Юбиляр. Козлятник восточный показал высокую облиственность, которая составила 51,5–56,9%, что способствовало повышению качества кормов сенокосных травостоев. Ключевые слова: козлятник восточный, кострец безостый, тимофеевка луговая, двукисточник тростниковый, глубокооглеенная, глеевая почва, травостой, продуктивность, сенокос. Eastern goat’s rue ecosystems were analyzed on drainage lands of humid zone for hay production. The experiment was carried out at the All-Russian Research Institute of Meliorated Lands — branch of the Federal Research Center “Institute of Soil n. a. V. V. Dokuchaev” in 2014–2019. Perennial grasses performed as the objects of this study: eastern goat’s rue (“Gale”, “Yubilyar”, “Krivich”), smooth brome (“Vegur”), reed canary grass (“Ural”), common timothy (“VIK 9”). Both monocultures and mixtures were tested. Eastern goat’s rue performed better as monoculture. “Krivich” showed the highest productivity. The mixture of eastern goat’s rue, common timothy, and reed canary grass provided 6.2–8.0 t ha-1 of dry mass. Eastern goat’s rue monoculture produced up to 11.7 t ha-1. Eastern goat’s rue had higher productivity on gleyic soil. “Yubilyar” showed yield increase of 19% on gleyic soil under two cuts. Three-component mixture of gramineous had lower yield — 4.7 t ha-1. Seeding eastern goat’s rue with smooth brome, common timothy, and reed canary grass improved sward productivity and feed quality. Four-component ecosystems containing gramineous were less contaminated by weeds. Mixtures of “Yubilyar” had the minimum contamination. Eastern goat’s rue showed high leaf coverage of 51.5–56.9%, positively affecting forage quality.

scholarly journals Use of Sorghum for Enhancing the Biodiversity and Nutritional Value of Semi-Desert Pasture Ecosystems

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
G K Bulakhtina ◽  
A V Kudryashov ◽  
N I Kudryashova ◽  
A B Volodin ◽  
M M Shagaipov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Arid Zone ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Mass Yield ◽  
Green Mass ◽  
Natural Pasture ◽  
Southern Russia ◽  
Green Mass Yield ◽  
Better Than

The article presents the results of studies on the adaptive potential of sorghum used for restoration of degraded pasture ecosystems, increasing their biodiversity and nutritional value. The region chosen for the experiment is a semi-desert arid part of southern Russia. The aridity coefficient is 0.11–0.30 which is typical of the arid zone. The annual volume of precipitation is 125-265 mm. Two varieties of sorghum – Travinka and Caravan – were studied. They were grown with different thickness: 10 thousand, 20 thousand and 40 thousand plants per 1 hectare. During the growing season, there was soil and atmospheric drought. The best indicators of green mass yield were recorded for Travinka for the variant “40 thousand plants per hectare – 7.9 tons per hectare, and for Caravan for the variant “20 thousand plants per hecrate – 3.9 tons per hectare. Compared with natural pasture, sorghum productivity is 18 times higher by green mass yield and 26 times higher by dry mass yield (the best options). The analysis of the chemical composition and nutritional value of sorghum showed that compared to the plants of natural pasture, sorghum is a more nutritious fodder plant. Its nutritional value is more by 0.24 feed units per 1 kg and by 1.9 % by the mass of crude protein. It is better than other plants by the content of sugar content (79 g per 1 kg) and macronutrients.

AGROPHYTOCENOSES PRODUCTIVITY UNDER COCULTURING OF PERENNIAL GRASSES AND JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE

1970 ◽  
pp. 67-72
Author(s):  
L. P. Evstratova ◽  
Е. V. Nikolaeva ◽  
G. V. Evseeva ◽  
I. V. Evstratov
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Jerusalem Artichoke ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
First Year ◽  
Second Year ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Economic Use

The productivity of legume-grass stands (with the participation of meadow timothy, boneless stalk, hybrid clover or variable alfalfa) and joint crops of the above-mentioned perennial grasses with jerusalem artichoke in the conditions of Karelia was evaluated. Inclusion of new ones for the Republic of Medicago varia Mart. and Helianthus tuberosus L. in the composition of agrophytocenoses with a long period of economic use will contribute to solving the problem of increasing the volume of harvesting and the quality of feed. It was found that in the first year of plant life, the highest indicators of productivity and quality of aboveground dry mass (5.9 t/ha and 6.5 thousand fodder units) were provided by single-species planting of jerusalem artichoke. In the second year of life, the growth rates of plants differed in mowing and depended on the heterogeneity of meteorological conditions, the biological characteristics of the species and the composition of the herbage. In the first mowing (June 25), when harvesting only perennial grasses, the differences in the biomass yield in the experimental variants relative to the clover-grain control were insignificant. In conditions of long daylight, the process of forming the leaf-stem mass of H. tuberosus continued until the second alienation of grasses (August 18). In total, for two mowing operations with strip joint cultivation of perennial grasses and jerusalem artichoke, the yield of dry forage mass increased almost twice relative to the single-species agrophytocenosis of H. tuberosus, while the maximum productivity per hectare (8.1 tons of dry mass, 8.46 thousand feed units, 95.58 GJ of exchange energy, 1.45 tons of crude protein) was obtained in the variant with the participation of hybrid clover.

scholarly journals Dynamics of energy and protein nutritional value of roughage in the Republic of Tatarstan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.O. Krupin ◽  
Sh.K. Shakirov ◽  
M.Sh. Tagirov ◽  
A.R. Khairullina ◽  
A.A. Askarova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Average Content ◽  
Average Deviation ◽  
Digestible Protein ◽  
The Republic

The aim of the research was to analyze the dynamics of the energy and protein nutritional value of hay from cereal and leguminous herbs produced in the Republic of Tatarstan in the period from 1993 to 2018. The results of analysis of 560 samples of hay from different agroclimatic zones of the republic are presented. It was found that in the dry matter of both cereal and leguminous hay, the content of metabolizable energy practically did not change. The average content of metabolic energy in 1 kg of dry matter of cereal hay was 7.92 MJ / kg. The average deviation from the norm was minus 2.62%. The average content of metabolizable energy in 1 kg of dry matter of legume hay was 9.65 MJ / kg, which is 21.84% higher than in cereal hay. The average excess of the norm for this indicator was 13.77%. The level of net energy of lactation in cereal hay remains unchanged throughout the study, and for legumes there is a slight tendency to increase this indicator. The average value of the net energy content of lactation in 1 kg of dry matter of cereal hay was 3.72 MJ / kg, which deviates from the norm by minus 23.95%. The average content of net energy of lactation in 1 kg of dry matter of legume hay was 4.51 MJ / kg, which is 21.24% higher than in cereal hay. The deviation from the norm for the entire studied period of time was minus 8.34%. In the period from 1993 to 2018, a tendency for an increase in the content of digestible protein in dry matter was established, more pronounced in legume hay. The average long-term content of digestible protein in 1 kg of dry matter of cereal hay was 62.64 g / kg, while in legume hay its content was 70.10% higher (106.55 g / kg). The average deviation of this indicator from the norm in cereal hay was 15.04%, and in legumes - 8.51%.

scholarly journals Integrated use of chemicals in smooth brome and alfalfa sowings

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 378-386
Author(s):  
L. N. Prokina
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Smooth Brome ◽  
Soil Liming ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Area Unit ◽  
Complete Fertilizer ◽  
Micro Analysis

The article summarizes the results of research conducted in the long-term field trial on black leached soil in 2016-2018. The study dealt with the effect of macro - and microfertilizers applied separately and jointly on the background of soil liming (0.5 and 1.0 h.a.) on the yield of smooth brome and alfalfa changeable in the Republic of Mordovia. Microfertilizers were presented by liquid fertilizer Forsazh (micro). Analysis of perennial grasses productivity showed that in variants without the use of chemicals legume crops (5.52 t/ha) had an advantage over the smooth brome (2.99 t/ha or 54.2%) in dry matter yield. The use of chemicals in alfalfa sowings raised the yield per area unit by 0.86-2.24 t/ha, in cereal grasses – by 0.56-4.83 t/ha. There was observed a positive role of Forsazh (micro) use, which was demonstrated by 0.10 t/ha increase in alfalfa (LSD05 0.05 t/ha), and 0.07 t/ha increase in smooth brome (LSD05 0.07 t/ha) as compared with the background without use of microelements (6.89 and 5.60 t/ha, respectively). The economic analysis showed the highest profitability when cultivating alfalfa in variants with application of complete fertilizer with a dose of nitrogen 50 kg active ingredient/hectare (a.i./ha), smooth brome in variants with application of complete fertilizer with a dose of nitrogen 80 kg a.i./ha (113% and 107%; 88% and 85% without the use of Forsazh and using it, respectively). Recommended doses of mineral fertilizers for perennial grasses should be applied using treatment of crops with liquid mineral fertilizer.

POTENTIAL PRODUCTIVITY ADAPTIVE AGROPHUTOCENOZIS ON SLOPING LANDS OF THE STEPPE TRANS-URALS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.А. Idrisov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Protein C ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Exchange Energy ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Potential Productivity ◽  
Maximum Productivity ◽  
Sloping Lands ◽  
Natural Herb

The correct construction of agrophytocenoses on the slopes of the steppe trans-Urals helped to create maximum productivity. In the arid climate, the most productive were the double mixtures of alfalfa with brittle sitnik, wheatgrass is syd, providing an average of 41.6 and 40.2 quintals per hectare (c/ha) of hay, 32.1 and 31.0 GJ/ha OE (exchange energy per hectare), 4.5 and 4.3 quintals per hectare of boiled protein (c/ha) over 5 years. Single-species steppe ecotypes, brittle sieve and wheatgrass sieve in productivity slightly gave way to double components, providing respectively hay- 32.2 and 37.2 cents per hectare, exchange energy 22.2 and 25.7 GJ/ha, digested protein 1.93 and 2.53 c/ha. The enrichment of agrophytocense by the legume component allowed to increase the metabolic energy content to the level of 32.1 and 31.0-GJ/ha, digested protein to 4.5 and 4.3 quintals per hectare, which is 14 times the nutritional value of the metabolic energy, the digested protein is 10 times higher than the natural herb.

scholarly journals Nutritional and biochemical changes induced by lead in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 1229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Brito de Abreu ◽  
Bárbara Lima do Sacramento ◽  
Andréia Teixeira Alves ◽  
Silvany Cardim Moura ◽  
Milena Santos Pinelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Helianthus Annuus ◽  
Cell Metabolism ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Mass Yield ◽  
Growth Reduction ◽  
Biochemical Indicator ◽  
Organic Solute ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Pb Concentration

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of increasing concentrations of lead (Pb) in the nutrient solution on growth and macronutrient and organic solute contents of Helianthus annuus plants. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications. The dry mass yield was not affected by the treatments up to a Pb concentration of 0.6 mM, indicating that H. annuus was tolerant to this Pb concentration in the growth medium. The reductions in leaf, stem and root dry masses at a Pb concentration of 0.8 mM were 74, 84 and 85%, respectively. Lead stress did not reduce the levels of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), indicating that the growth reduction observed at 0.8 mM Pb could not be attributed to deficiencies of these nutrients. On the other hand, Pb significantly reduced calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) contents in leaves, stems and roots, which might, at least in part, explain the Pb-induced growth reduction in the H. annuus plants. Pb increased soluble carbohydrate, free amino acid and proline contents in leaves, and soluble protein and proline contents in roots, showing stress-induced changes in cell metabolism. The data also suggest that Ca and Mg concentrations may be used as nutritional indicators and the proline content may be used as a biochemical indicator of Pb toxicity in H. annuus.

scholarly journals Trends of the energy and protein value of hylage from legumes in the Republic of Tatarstan

2021 ◽  
pp. 45-48
Author(s):  
Evgeny Olegovich Krupin ◽  
Marsel Sharipzyanovich Tagirov ◽  
Adelya Ayratovna Askarova
Keyword(s):  
Energy Level ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Plant Raw Materials ◽  
Digestible Protein ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Perennial Legumes

The results of the analysis of the dynamics of energy and protein nutritional value of haylage from perennial legumes harvested from plant raw materials in the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan in the period from 1993 to 2018 are described. The long-term average value of the studied indicator was 9.52 MJ / kg, which is 5.54% higher than the norm. The highest content of exchangeable energy was noted in 1996 - 9.67 MJ / kg, which is 1.58% higher than the long-term average. The lowest content of exchangeable energy was established in 2009 (9.36 MJ / kg). The long-term average value of the net energy level of lactation was 1.96 MJ / kg, which is 9.68% higher than the norm. The maximum was observed in 2017 and amounted to 2.17 MJ / kg, and the minimum - in 2001 (1.65 MJ / kg), when it was 23.97% below the norm. It was found that the average long-term value of the level of digestible protein in haylage was 111.31 g / kg, which is 1.78% higher than the norm. The highest content of digestible protein was found in 2010 (17.21%). The smallest value was recorded a year earlier, in 2009 and amounted to 95.64 g / kg, which, respectively, is lower than the average long-term value and the value of the norm by 14.08 and 12.56%, respectively.

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