High frequency of Gram-negative drug-resistant bacteria both in community- and hospital-acquired bloodstream infections (BSI) in a hospital setting from northern Italy

Occurrence and incidence of drug resistant bacteria are becoming very high and common with overuse of antibiotics. This study focused on the isolation of drug resistant strains from the clinical and environmental sample that produce extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and identification of TEM-1 genes in the plasmid and genomic DNA. 45 Clinical samples from the hospital and 7 environmental samples from the polluted water sources were collected. Among the collected samples, E. coli showed a higher incidence (36.1 %) followed by Klebsiella sp., Staphylococcus sp., Streptococcus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Proteus sp., and Salmonella sp. Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates were investigated against 25 commercially available antibiotics. All the isolated strains showed MAR index value of more than 0.2. Among the 36 isolates, 7 Gram negative isolates (19.4 %) showed positive results for ESBL production in Double disk synergy test. The plasmid and genomic DNA were isolated and analyzed using PCR with specific primers for the presence of the TEM-1 gene (716 bp). A selected PCR products of the TEM-1 gene was sequenced and analyzed using BLAST.Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 5(3): 302-308

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Lysophosphatidylcholine Potentiates Antibacterial Activity of Polymyxin B

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.01337-20 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 64 (12) ◽

Author(s):

Jitender Yadav ◽

Sana Ismaeel ◽

Ayub Qadri

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Polymyxin B ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Bacterial Membrane ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Drug Resistant Bacteria

ABSTRACT Polymyxin B, used to treat infections caused by antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, produces nephrotoxicity at its current dosage. We show that a combination of nonbactericidal concentration of this drug and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) potently inhibits growth of Salmonella and at least two other Gram-negative bacteria in vitro. This combination makes bacterial membrane porous and causes degradation of DnaK, the regulator of protein folding. Polymyxin B-LPC combination may be an effective and safer regimen against drug-resistant bacteria.

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Mechanistic Study of Synergistic Antimicrobial Effects between Poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) Oligomer and Polyethylene Glycol

10.20944/preprints202010.0231.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ziheng Zhang ◽

Jun Li ◽

Linlin Ma ◽

Xingxing Yang ◽

Bin Fei ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Polyethylene Glycol ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Antimicrobial Effect ◽

Mechanistic Study ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Drug Resistant Bacteria

We reported previously that poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) oligomer is an effective antimicrobial agent against gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, fungi and multi-drug resistant bacteria. In this work, it was further found that polyethylene glycol (PEG) can promote the antimicrobial effect of PHB oligomer synergistically. Three hypothetic mechanisms were proposed, that is, generation of new antimicrobial components, degradation of PHB macromolecules and dissolution/dispersion of PHB oligomer by PEG. With a series of systematic experiments and characterizations of HPLC-MS, it was deducted that dissolution/dispersion of PHB oligomer dominated the synergistic antimicrobial effect between PHB oligomer and PEG. This work demonstrates a way for promoting antimicrobial effect of PHB oligomer and other antimicrobial agents through improving hydrophilicity.

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Cefiderocol (S-649266), A new siderophore cephalosporin exhibiting potent activities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other gram-negative pathogens including multi-drug resistant bacteria: Structure activity relationship

European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.06.014 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 155 ◽

pp. 847-868 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Toshiaki Aoki ◽

Hidenori Yoshizawa ◽

Kenji Yamawaki ◽

Katsuki Yokoo ◽

Jun Sato ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Structure Activity Relationship ◽

Activity Relationship ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Structure Activity ◽

Drug Resistant Bacteria

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Improvement of Gram-negative Susceptibility to Fluoroquinolones After Implementation of a Pre-Authorization Policy for Fluoroquinolone Use: A Decade-Long Experience

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofx162.048 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (suppl_1) ◽

pp. S19-S19

Author(s):

Rachael A Lee ◽

Morgan Scully ◽

Danielle F Kunz ◽

T Aaron Jones ◽

Bernard Camins ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hospital Setting ◽

Enterobacter Cloacae ◽

Antibiotic Use ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Antibiotic Prescribing ◽

Gram Negative ◽

E Coli ◽

Authorization Policy ◽

Acinetobacter Spp ◽

Hospital Acquired

Abstract Background Antibiotic use is a well-known risk factor for acquisition of drug-resistant bacteria and community antibiotic prescribing can drive high rates of resistance within the hospital setting. Owing to concerns over increasing fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance among Gram-negative organisms at UAB Hospital, our stewardship program implemented a pre-authorization policy. The goal of this study was to assess the relationship between hospital fluoroquinolone use and antibiotic resistance. Methods In 2006, the inpatient formulary was consolidated to only ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin with implementation of guidelines for use to limit inpatient prescribing. Any use outside of these guidelines required approval from an infectious diseases physician. Organism-specific data were obtained from the clinical microbiology database and FQ use was obtained from the hospital database. Correlations were calculated using Pearson’s coefficient. Results From 1998 to 2004, FQ use peaked at 173 days of therapy (DOT)/1,000 patient-days, but has remained below 60 DOT/1,000 patient-days since restriction implementation (Figure 1). FQ susceptibility was documented for five common Gram-negative isolates, P. aeruginosa, Acinetobacter spp., Enterobacter cloacae, E. coli, and K. pneumoniae, over an 18-year period (1998–2016). Common hospital acquired pathogens, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter spp. and Enterobacter cloacae improved in their susceptibilities to fluoroquinolones. Acinetobacter went from 35% to over 50% susceptible in the preceding 10 years after the policy. Pseudomonas improved from 50% susceptible to over 70% and Enterobacter improved from less than 50% to over 90% susceptible. Interestingly this improvement was not seen for E. coli which continued to show a decline in susceptibility from over 90% to near 60% in 2016. Conclusion In a large academic hospital setting, FQ susceptibility for common hospital-acquired GNRS improved significantly with the introduction of a restricted use program. A continued decline in E. coli FQ susceptibility suggests resistance rates may be driven by outpatient and community antibiotic use and thus, outpatient stewardship programs are necessary to prevent further spread of FQ resistance. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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Characterization of CTX-M-15-Klebsiella pneumoniae from inpatients and outpatients of a teaching hospital

F1000Research ◽

10.12688/f1000research.53221.1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

pp. 444

Author(s):

Muzaheed Muzaheed ◽

Naveed Sattar Shaikh ◽

Saeed Sattar Shaikh ◽

Sadananda Acharya ◽

Shajiya Sarwar Moosa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽

Hospital Setting ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Influential Factor ◽

Detection Methods ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Drug Resistant Bacteria

Background The presence of Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) positive bacteria in hospital setting is an aggravating influential factor for hospitalized patients, and its consequences may be hazardous. Therefore, there is a need for rapid detection methods for newly emerging drug-resistant bacteria. This study was aimed at the molecular characterization of ESBL-positive Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates recovered from clinical samples. Methods A total of 513 K. pneumoniae isolates were obtained from various clinical samples during June 2019 to May 2020. The collected isolates were investigated for antimicrobial susceptibility (antibiogram), and PCR and DNA sequencing were performed to analyse the ESBL genes. Results Among the 513 isolates, as many as 359 (69.9%) were ESBL producers and 87.5% were multi-drug resistant, while none had resistance to imipenem. PCR scored 3% blaTEM, 3% blaSHV, and 60% blaCTX-M-15 genes for the tested isolates. Conclusion The study showed that CTX-M-15 was the major prevalent ESBL type among the isolates. Additionally, all the isolates were susceptible to carbapenems. Screening and detection of ESBL tests are necessary among all isolates from the enterobacteriaceae family in routine microbiology laboratory to prevent associated nosocomial infections. A larger study is essential to understand molecular epidemiology of ESBL producing organisms to minimize morbidities due to these multidrug resistant organisms.

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Occurrence of Multi-drug Resistant Bacteria in Some Selected Street Food Samples

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International ◽

10.9734/jpri/2019/v31i130288 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Mohamed H. El-Sayed

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Food Samples ◽

Resistance Pattern ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Drug Resistant Bacteria

Antimicrobial resistance is a subject of great concern in the public health. The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among food pathogens has increased during recent decades. Studying the incidence and antibiotic resistance pattern of bacterial species isolated from fish and vended street fruits. Eleven fish swabs and thirteen sliced fruit samples were collected and prepared for isolation of bacterial species through inoculation onto selective and non-selective nutrient media. The grown colonies were purified through subculturing on nutrient agar plates then identified by morphological and biochemical methods. The obtained pure cultures were then kept on nutrient agar slants. Testing antibiotic resistance of the isolated bacterial strains was studied by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method on Mueller Hinton agar using ten antibiotics belonging to different classes. The resultant inhibition zone was interpreted according to Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute. Twenty-eight bacterial cultures were isolated from the collected food samples. The conventional identification using morphological and biochemical methods of these cultures revealed presence of three Gram positive species; Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sp. and Bacillus subtilis in addition to four Gram negative; Escherichia coli, Brucella sp., Enterococcus faecalis and Proteus mirabilis. The incidence of the obtained bacterial species was arranged as 29.16% for both S. aureus and E. faecalis followed by Brucella sp. 16.66%; B. subtilis & E. coli 12.5% then Streptococcus sp. and P. mirabilis with an incidence of 8.33% each. Testing antibiotic resistance pattern of seven bacterial species against ten antibiotics showed that, among three Gram positive bacterial species, only one (33.33%) strain S. aureus exhibited resistance to six antibiotics; amoxicillin, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, fluconazole and dicloxacillin. Among four Gram negative bacterial strains only one (25.0%) strain Enterococcus faecalis exhibited resistance to eight antibiotics; amoxicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazole, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, sparfloxacin and cloxacillin. Occurrence of multi-drug resistant bacteria in fish and vended street fruits poses not only risk of disease to the foods but public health hazard to food handlers and consumers in general. Also the result of this study recommended augmentin and cephazolin as good choice antibiotics for treatment of infection in the study area.

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Multi-drug Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Pus and Phenotypic Detection of Metallo β-lactamase Activity of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

Nepal Journal of Health Sciences ◽

10.3126/njhs.v1i1.38604 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 8-15

Author(s):

Pratiksha Paudel ◽

Sunita Shrestha ◽

Sushmita Poudel ◽

Bishnu Raj Tiwari

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

The Body ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Drug Resistant Bacteria ◽

Acinetobacter Spp

Introduction: Pus is an exudate, present at the site of inflammation occurring during bacterial, viral or fungal infection and is formed by pyogenic bacteria. Objective: To study the multi-drug resistant bacteria including phenotypic detection of MβL activity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in pus isolates. Methods: This was hospital based cross-sectional study in which 179 samples of pus was collected from any site of the body either by using swab or aspirated by using syringe and cultured in respective hospitals. Thus, obtained isolates were preserved and were transported to the laboratory for further processing. Results: Out of 162 pus isolated, 67(42.0%) were Methecillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), 14(8%) were Methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), 21(13.0%) were Klebsiella spp, 19(11.7%) were Escherichia coli, 14 (8.6%) were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 10(6.2%) were Acinetobacter spp, 5(3.1%) were Streptococcus spp, 4(2.5%) were Enterococci ,3(1.9%) were Enterobacter spp, 2(1.2%) were Coagulase negative S. aureus, 1(0.6%) were Proteus vulgaris, and1(0.6%) were Citrobacter spp. Antibiogram of Gram positive cocci revealed that they showed susceptibility towards vancomycin, clindamycin, gentamycin, amikacin. Similarly, Gram negative bacilli showed good response towards gentamycin, amikacin, nitrofurantoin, colistin. Out of 162 isolates, 102(62.96%) were Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) and 60 (37.04%) were Non-MDR. Out of 14 (8.6%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, 8(57.1%) were Imepenem resistant and among imepenem resistant, only 3(37.5%) of them showed MβL production activity. Conclusion: This study showed that Gram negative bacteria were highly resistant to antibiotics. Staphylococcus aureus was found to be more predominant bacteria in forming pus. Antibiotics used in the infections related to pus are being more resistant.

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