scholarly journals The Prevalence Onychomycosis in North Western Region of Rajasthan

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (10) ◽  
pp. 323-329
Author(s):  
Ravindra Kumar ◽  
Sanju Pannu ◽  
Mukesh Kumar ◽  
Om Prakash Yadav
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Nail Diseases ◽  
Accurate Treatment ◽  
Microbiological Techniques ◽  
One Year

NTRODUCTION: Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of nail caused by dermatophytes, yeast and mould. Onchomycosis infection continues to spread worldwide and found to persist everywhere. Onchomycosis infection prevalence is continuously increasing and the possible fungal pathogens are also increasing. All nail diseases are not fungal in origin hence laboratory investigations are needed to differentiate accurately between fungal infections and other conditions.AIM: to find out mycological profile & morphological identification of fungal agent in onchomycosis infection and their prevalence in a part of Rajasthan.MATERIALS AND METHOD: A total 50 samples of nail clipings were investigated in department of microbiology by using 20% KOH and culture tubes of Sabouraud’s Dextrose Agar (SDA) which were mixed with chloramphenicol and cycloheximide.RESULT: A total of 50 samples (18 male and 32 females) were tested in period of one year (January to December 2016). Among them 28(56%) samples showed fungal growth, the predominat fungual pathogen in present study were Tricophyton spp. 12 (42.86%) followed by yeasts 09 (32.14%) then molds 07(25%). Fungi commonly presented in the middle age, between 31-40 years of age, due to trauma at the work site and in women, due to their wet work.CONCLUSION: This study highlighted that Dermatophyte T.Rubrum as the main fungal pathogen which caused onychomycosis in the study region. As there are several fungi which cause the infection so it is necessary to perform culture for appropriate treatment So, it is imperative to diagnose it properly by using microbiological techniques and to treat it properly. For proper management of onychomycosis, diagnosis and accurate treatment play a key role in better outcome.

scholarly journals Structure-guided approaches to targeting stress responses in human fungal pathogens

2020 ◽  
Vol 295 (42) ◽  
pp. 14458-14472
Author(s):  
Emmanuelle V. LeBlanc ◽  
Elizabeth J. Polvi ◽  
Amanda O. Veri ◽  
Gilbert G. Privé ◽  
Leah E. Cowen
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Small Gtpase ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Response Regulators ◽  
Fungal Virulence

Fungi inhabit extraordinarily diverse ecological niches, including the human body. Invasive fungal infections have a devastating impact on human health worldwide, killing ∼1.5 million individuals annually. The majority of these deaths are attributable to species of Candida, Cryptococcus, and Aspergillus. Treating fungal infections is challenging, in part due to the emergence of resistance to our limited arsenal of antifungal agents, necessitating the development of novel therapeutic options. Whereas conventional antifungal strategies target proteins or cellular components essential for fungal growth, an attractive alternative strategy involves targeting proteins that regulate fungal virulence or antifungal drug resistance, such as regulators of fungal stress responses. Stress response networks enable fungi to adapt, grow, and cause disease in humans and include regulators that are highly conserved across eukaryotes as well as those that are fungal-specific. This review highlights recent developments in elucidating crystal structures of fungal stress response regulators and emphasizes how this knowledge can guide the design of fungal-selective inhibitors. We focus on the progress that has been made with highly conserved regulators, including the molecular chaperone Hsp90, the protein phosphatase calcineurin, and the small GTPase Ras1, as well as with divergent stress response regulators, including the cell wall kinase Yck2 and trehalose synthases. Exploring structures of these important fungal stress regulators will accelerate the design of selective antifungals that can be deployed to combat life-threatening fungal diseases.

scholarly journals The Development of a Phytopathogenic Fungi Control Trial: Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger Infection in Jojoba Tissue Culture as a Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Nawal Abd El-Baky ◽  
Raoufa Ahmed Abdel Rahman ◽  
Mona Mohammed Sharaf ◽  
Amro Abd Al Fattah Amara
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Ghost Cells

After introducing the idea of using concentrations equal to or less than the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of some active chemical compounds for evacuating microbial cells, different types of microbes were evacuated. The original protocol was given the name sponge-like protocol and then was reduced and modified from a microorganism to another to prepare microbial ghosts for various applications such as immunological applications, drug delivery, and isolation of DNA and protein. Fungal pathogens that infect plants critically affect cost effectiveness, quality, and quantity of their production. They kill plant cells and/or cause plant stress. Plant fungal infections can originate from many sources such as infected soil, seeds, or crop debris causing diseases and quality losses around the world with billions of US dollars annually as costs of the associated productivity loss. This study focused on the application of the sponge-like protocol in protecting in vitro tissue cultures of plants against fungal pathogens. This can be useful for research purposes or may be developed to be introduced in field applications. Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger infection in tissue culture of jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schn.) was used as a model to establish the employment of this protocol to control plant fungal diseases. The best conditions for A. flavus and A. niger ghosts production previously mapped by randomization experimental design (reduced Plackett–Burman experimental design) were used to prepare fungal ghosts. SDS, NaOH, NaHCO3, and H2O2 were used in their MIC (+1 level) or minimum growth concentration (MGC, −1 level) according to the determined optimal experimental design. The release of both of DNA and protein from the fungal cells was evaluated spectrophotometrically at 260nm and 280nm, respectively, as an indicator for cell loss of their cytoplasm. Fungal ghost cells were also examined by transmission electron microscopy. After confirming the preparation of high-quality fungal ghost cells, the same conditions were mimicked to control plant fungal infection. Jojoba grown in tissue culture was sprayed with fungal cells (about 103 CFU) as a control experiment or fungal cells followed by treatment with solution (a) represents the fungal ghost cells formation calculated critical concentration (FGCCC) of SDS, NaOH, and NaHCO3 and then treatment with solution (b) represents H2O2 FGCCC. The plant was examined on day 0 (plant grown before any infection or infection followed by treatment), day 5 (plant at day 5 after infection or infection followed by treatment), and day 10 (plant at day 10 after infection or infection followed by treatment). We observed fungal growth in case of control experiments at days 5 and 10 on the tissue culture medium, as well as plant, and the absence of any fungal growth in case of plant treated with FGCCC even after day 10. We recommend using this FGCCC in the form of chemical spraying formulation to treat the plants aiming to control different plant fungal infections in in vitro tissue culture systems or applied in field.

scholarly journals Comparison of microbial isolates isolated from external ear canal of sheep and their susceptibility to antibiotics

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (0E) ◽  
pp. 41-48
Author(s):  
Sahar Mahdi Hayyawi
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Proteus Mirabilis ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Mannheimia Haemolytica ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽  
Streptomyces Spp ◽  
Microbiological Techniques ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
One Year

One hundred sheep with bilateral otitis externa were studied one year and a half .Theexudates of both external ears obtained using sterile swabs, and microorganisms were isolatedaccording to standard microbiological techniques. There was bacterial and fungal growth inmany of the samples. The total numbers of isolates from right ear was 104 , and the mostcommon pathogens isolated in right ear were Staphylococcus aureus 30.76 % , thenStaphylococcus epidermidis 9.61% and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 9.61 % while E.coli ,Proteus mirabilis and Streptococcus pyogenes were 7.69% for each of them , Candidaalbicans 5.76% , Klebsiella pneumonia 3.84% ,Nocardia spp 3.84% , Pasteurella multucida3.84% ,Mannheimia haemolytica 3.84% , Aspergillus spp. 3.84 % and Streptomyces spp.1.23% . The total number of isolates from left ear was 96 ,the most pathogens wereStaphylococcus aureus 27.08% while Pseudomonas aeruginosa 12.5% and Streptococcuspyogenes were 12.5% , Klebsiella pneumonia 8.33 % and Proteus mirabilis 8.33 % ,Staphylococcus epidermidis , Nocardia spp 6.25 % , then Streptomyces spp , Pasteurellamultucida and Mannheimia haemolytica were 4.16% , the last E.coli , Aspergillus spp andCandida albicans were 2.08 % for each of them . The result were showed significantdifferences at level P ˂0.05 between bacteria and fungi isolates, and have no significantdifferences at level P˃ 0.05 between right and left ear . High susceptible rates of grampositive Staphylococcus aureus to (Amoxicillin + Clavulaunic acid) and Chloramphenicolwere 100 % , while high susceptible rates of gram negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa was90.90 % to Ciprofloxacin, (Amoxicillin+ Clavulaunic acid) and Chloramphenicol .

scholarly journals A Multidisciplinary Approach to Fungal Infections: One-Year Experiences of a Center of Expertise in Mycology

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 274
Author(s):  
Nico A. F. Janssen ◽  
Roger J. M. Brüggemann ◽  
Monique H. Reijers ◽  
Stefanie S. V. Henriet ◽  
Jaap ten Oever ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Pulmonary Infections ◽  
Multidisciplinary Meetings ◽  
Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis ◽  
Center Of Expertise ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
One Year ◽  
Systemic Infections

Invasive fungal diseases (IFDs) often represent complicated infections in complex patient populations. The Center of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/CWZ (EMRC) organizes a biweekly multidisciplinary mycology meeting to discuss patients with severe fungal infections and to provide comprehensive advice regarding diagnosis and treatment. Here, we describe the patient population discussed at these meetings during a one-year period with regards to their past medical history, diagnosis, microbiological and other diagnostic test results and antifungal therapy. The majority of patients discussed were adults (83.1%), 62.5% of whom suffered from pulmonary infections or signs/symptoms, 10.9% from otorhinolaryngeal infections and/or oesophagitis, 9.4% from systemic infections and 9.4% from central nervous system infections. Among children, 53.8% had pulmonary infections or signs/symptoms, 23.1% systemic fungal infections and 23.1% other, miscellaneous fungal infections. 52.5% of adult patients with pulmonary infections/symptoms fulfilled diagnostic criteria for chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA). Culture or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) demonstrated fungal pathogens in 81.8% of patients, most commonly Aspergillus. A multidisciplinary mycology meeting can be a useful addition to the care for patients with (I)FDs and can potentially aid in identifying healthcare and research needs regarding the field of fungal infections. The majority of patients discussed at the multidisciplinary meetings suffered from pulmonary infections, predominantly CPA.

scholarly journals In vitro activity of Indian almond (Terminalia catappa) leaf crude extracts against selected dermatophytes

2021 ◽  
pp. 55-66
Author(s):  
Roxanne Joy Colendres ◽  
Carl Leonard Pradera
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Trichophyton Mentagrophytes ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Malassezia Pachydermatis ◽  
Terminalia Catappa ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
Ethanolic Extracts

Fungal infections caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Aspergillus fumigatus , and Malassezia pachydermatis are among the major contributors to multisystemic health problems such as dermatitis, otitis, and respiratory disorders among humans and animals. This study was conducted to determine the in vitro antifungal activity of Terminalia catappa leaf crude aqueous and ethanolic extracts against these fungal pathogens by measuring the zone of inhibition (ZI) using the agar well diffusion technique. Qualitative phytochemical screening tests were also performed to determine bioactive compounds present in the plant extract. Results show that the plant’s crude aqueous (CAE) and ethanolic extracts (CEE) were found to be effective against all test fungi. M. pachydermatis showed susceptibility towards CAE and CEE from T1 (100%), T2 (75%), T3 (50%) and T4 (25%), with the highest mean ZI of 18.33mm and 13.33, respectively. On the other hand, T. mentagrophytes was inhibited by CAE and CEE at T1 (100%), T2 (75%) and T3 (50%) with the highest mean ZI of 9.67mm and 10.33mm, respectively. At the same time, it was observed that A. fumigatus had reactive sensitivity towards CAE and CEE at T1 (100%) and T2 (75%), with the highest mean ZI of 9.33mm and 10.33mm, respectively. Moreover, phytochemical tests showed that the plant’s leaf crude extracts contain alkaloids, saponins, and tannins, which could potentially inhibit fungal growth.

scholarly journals Identification of Fungi in Burn Wounds Using Conventional and Vitek System in Duhok City, Iraq

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 62-65
Author(s):  
Najim A. Yassin ◽  
Noor M. Qadri Oumeri
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Cryptococcus Laurentii ◽  
Fungal Isolation

Background: Fungal burns and wounds infections are frequent but underestimated causing invasive infections with late-onset morbidity and mortality in patients suffering severe perturbed immune systems. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate fungal infections in clinical specimens by using conventional and Vitek system. Methods:  A total of 123 swabs were obtained from wound and burns patients with different age, gender, burn degrees and nationality that admitted burns and emergency hospital in Duhok city, Iraq, from October 2019 till January 2020. All swabs screened by direct examination, fungal isolation then subjecting the purified colonies to Vitak system 2 to confirm the identification of fungal species. Results: Out of 123, 55.5% and 44.5% revealed fungal growth in wound and burn swab, respectively with more mono-fungal growth patterns. Male, middle ages group, Iraqi nationality and second-degree burn were more affected. Cryptococcus laurentii was the predominant (40%) followed by Stephanoascus ciferri (23%), Aspergillus nigar  (11%) and Candida albicans was very low rate (1.1%), while other fungal specie’s were recorded in fewer rates. The present study demonstrated that the wound and burn fungal infection cases are relatively high in above mentioned hospitals with a variety of fungal pathogens. Unexpectedly, the Cryptococcus laurentii and Stephanoascus ciferri were highly predominant. Conclusions: The study concluded the necessity of using Vitak system for full identification and emphasize on the cleaning of surroundings of patients in the burn and wound units care, reduction of humidity, regular employment of topical and systemic antifungal agents that reduce morbidity and mortality in burn unit in this setting.

Inhibition of Fungal Growth by Macerated Plant Tissues in a Closed Environment

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 476e-476
Author(s):  
Craig S. Charron ◽  
Catherine O. Chardonnet ◽  
Carl E. Sams
Keyword(s):  
Radial Growth ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Indian Mustard ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Allyl Isothiocyanate ◽  
Pythium Ultimum ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Clean Air

The U.S. Clean Air Act bans the use of methyl bromide after 2001. Consequently, the development of alternative methods for control of soilborne pathogens is imperative. One alternative is to exploit the pesticidal properties of macerated tissues of Brassica spp. This study tested the potential of several Brassica spp. for control of fungal pathogens. Pythium ultimum Trow or Rhizoctonia solani Kühn plugs on potato-dextrose agar on petri dishes were sealed in 500-ml glass jars (at 22 °C) containing macerated leaves (10 g) from one of six Brassica spp. Radial growth was measured 24, 48, and 72 h after inoculation. Indian mustard (B. juncea) was the most suppressive, followed by `Florida Broadleaf' mustard (B. juncea). Volatile compounds in the jars were sampled with a solid-phase microextraction device (SPME) and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) comprised over 90% of the total volatiles measured from Indian mustard and `Florida Broadleaf' mustard. Isothiocyanates were detected in jars with all plants except broccoli. (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate was emitted by all plants and was the predominant volatile of `Premium Crop' broccoli (B. oleracea L. var. italica), `Michihili Jade Pagoda' Chinese cabbage (B. pekinensis), `Charmant' cabbage (B. oleracea L. var. capitata), and `Blue Scotch Curled' kale (B. oleracea L. var. viridis). To assess the influence of AITC on radial growth of P. ultimum and R. solani, AITC was added to jars to give headspace concentrations of 0.10, 0.20, and 0.30 mg·L–1 (mass of AITC per volume of headspace). Growth of both fungi was inhibited by 0.10 mg·L–1 AITC. 0.20 mg·L–1 AITC was fungicidal to P. ultimum although the highest AITC level tested (0.30 mg·L–1) did not terminate R. solani growth. These results indicate that residues from some Brassica spp. may be a viable part of a soilborne pest control strategy.

scholarly journals Post-translational regulation of autophagy is involved in intra-microbiome suppression of fungal pathogens

Microbiome ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Wang ◽  
Chaoyun Xu ◽  
Qiming Sun ◽  
Jinrong Xu ◽  
Yunrong Chai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Translational Regulation ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
26S Proteasome ◽  
Healthy Plant ◽  
Autophagy Induction ◽  
Histone Acetyltransferase Gcn5 ◽  
Plant Microbiota ◽  
Autophagic Process

Abstract Background Microbiome interactions are important determinants for ecosystem functioning, stability, and health. In previous studies, it was often observed that bacteria suppress potentially pathogenic fungal species that are part of the same plant microbiota; however, the underlying microbe-microbe interplay remains mostly elusive. Here, we explored antagonistic interactions of the fungus Fusarium graminearum and bacterium Streptomyces hygroscopicus at the molecular level. Both are ubiquitous members of the healthy wheat microbiota; under dysbiosis, the fungus causes devastating diseases. Results In co-cultures, we found that Streptomyces alters the fungal acetylome leading to substantial induction of fungal autophagy. The bacterium secrets rapamycin to inactivate the target of rapamycin (TOR), which subsequently promotes the degradation of the fungal histone acetyltransferase Gcn5 through the 26S proteasome. Gcn5 negatively regulates fungal autophagy by acetylating the autophagy-related protein Atg8 at the lysine site K13 and blocking cellular relocalization of Atg8. Thus, degradation of Gcn5 triggered by rapamycin was found to reduce Atg8 acetylation, resulting in autophagy induction in F. graminearum. Conclusions Autophagy homeostasis plays an essential role in fungal growth and competition, as well as for virulence. Our work reveals a novel post-translational regulation of autophagy initiated by a bacterial antibiotic. Rapamycin was shown to be a powerful modulator of bacteria–fungi interactions with potential importance in explaining microbial homeostasis in healthy plant microbiomes. The autophagic process provides novel possibilities and targets to biologically control pathogens.

scholarly journals Production of Phytotoxic Metabolites by Botryosphaeriaceae in Naturally Infected and Artificially Inoculated Grapevines

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 802
Author(s):  
Pierluigi Reveglia ◽  
Regina Billones-Baaijens ◽  
Jennifer Millera Millera Niem ◽  
Marco Masi ◽  
Alessio Cimmino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Protocatechuic Acid ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Diplodia Seriata ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
Botryosphaeria Dieback ◽  
Trunk Diseases ◽  
One Year ◽  
Pathogen Dna

Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are considered a serious problem to viticulture worldwide. Several GTD fungal pathogens produce phytotoxic metabolites (PMs) that were hypothesized to migrate to the foliage where they cause distinct symptoms. The role of PMs in the expression of Botryosphaeria dieback (BD) symptoms in naturally infected and artificially inoculated wood using molecular and analytical chemistry techniques was investigated. Wood samples from field vines naturally infected with BD and one-year-old vines inoculated with Diplodia seriata, Spencermartinsia viticola and Dothiorella vidmadera were analysed by cultural isolations, quantitative PCR (qPCR) and targeted LC-MS/MS to detect three PMs: (R)-mellein, protocatechuic acid and spencertoxin. (R)-mellein was detected in symptomatic naturally infected wood and vines artificially inoculated with D. seriata but was absent in all non-symptomatic wood. The amount of (R)-mellein detected was correlated with the amount of pathogen DNA detected by qPCR. Protocatechuic acid and spencertoxin were absent in all inoculated wood samples. (R)-mellein may be produced by the pathogen during infection to break down the wood, however it was not translocated into other parts of the vine. The foliar symptoms previously reported in vineyards may be due to a combination of PMs produced and climatic and physiological factors that require further investigation.

scholarly journals CD137 Signaling Is Critical in Fungal Clearance during Systemic Candida albicans Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 382
Author(s):  
Vuvi G. Tran ◽  
Na N. Z. Nguyen ◽  
Byungsuk Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Tumor Necrosis ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Agonistic Antibody ◽  
Innate Defense ◽  
Surface Receptor ◽  
Candida Albicans Infection

Invasive fungal infections by Candida albicans frequently cause mortality in immunocompromised patients. Neutrophils are particularly important for fungal clearance during systemic C. albican infection, yet little has been known regarding which surface receptor controls neutrophils’ antifungal activities. CD137, which is encoded by Tnfrsf9, belongs to the tumor necrosis receptor superfamily and has been shown to regulate neutrophils in Gram-positive bacterial infection. Here, we used genetic and immunological tools to probe the involvement of neutrophil CD137 signaling in innate defense mechanisms against systemic C. albicans infection. We first found that Tnfrsf9−/− mice were susceptible to C. albicans infection, whereas injection of anti-CD137 agonistic antibody protected the host from infection, suggesting that CD137 signaling is indispensable for innate immunity against C. albicans infection. Priming of isolated neutrophils with anti-CD137 antibody promoted their phagocytic and fungicidal activities through phospholipase C. In addition, injection of anti-CD137 antibody significantly augmented restriction of fungal growth in Tnfrsf9−/− mice that received wild-type (WT) neutrophils. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that CD137 signaling contributes to defense mechanisms against systemic C. albicans infection by promoting rapid fungal clearance.

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