scholarly journals A critical stage, which accelerated the evolution of Metazoa

2020 ◽  
pp. 35-42
Author(s):  
Андрей Валентинович Макрушин ◽  
Николай Васильевич Аладин ◽  
Алексей Станиславович Васильев
Keyword(s):  
Turning Point ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Critical Stage ◽  
Speed Of Evolution ◽  
The Individual

Статья основана на сопоставлении жизненной стратегии модульных и унитарных Metazoa. Усложнение строения особи, происходившее в ходе эволюции, снижало способность ее клеток к передифференциации. Из-за этого ее анцестральные свойства предотвращать старение и размножаться бесполо большинством существующих ныне видов утрачены. Эта утрата - переломный этап в эволюции. Она ускорила ее и этим повысила приспособляемость популяций к изменениям среды. In evolution, an increase in the integration of individual and differentiation of its cells occurred. It reduced the ability of cells to redifferentiate. At a certain stage of this decline, the individual lost the ancestral ability to rejuvenate and multiply. This loss is a turning point in evolution. It increased the speed of evolution and the adaptability of Metazoa to environmental changes.

scholarly journals When physical activity meets the physical environment: precision health insights from the intersection

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luisa V. Giles ◽  
Michael S. Koehle ◽  
Brian E. Saelens ◽  
Hind Sbihi ◽  
Chris Carlsten
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Optimizing Design ◽  
Physical Activity Recommendations ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Precision Health ◽  
Activity Recommendations

Abstract Background The physical environment can facilitate or hinder physical activity. A challenge in promoting physical activity is ensuring that the physical environment is supportive and that these supports are appropriately tailored to the individual or group in question. Ideally, aspects of the environment that impact physical activity would be enhanced, but environmental changes take time, and identifying ways to provide more precision to physical activity recommendations might be helpful for specific individuals or groups. Therefore, moving beyond a “one size fits all” to a precision-based approach is critical. Main body To this end, we considered 4 critical aspects of the physical environment that influence physical activity (walkability, green space, traffic-related air pollution, and heat) and how these aspects could enhance our ability to precisely guide physical activity. Strategies to increase physical activity could include optimizing design of the built environment or mitigating of some of the environmental impediments to activity through personalized or population-wide interventions. Conclusions Although at present non-personalized approaches may be more widespread than those tailored to one person’s physical environment, targeting intrinsic personal elements (e.g., medical conditions, sex, age, socioeconomic status) has interesting potential to enhance the likelihood and ability of individuals to participate in physical activity.

scholarly journals The Protective Role of Butyrate against Obesity and Obesity-Related Diseases

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 682
Author(s):  
Serena Coppola ◽  
Carmen Avagliano ◽  
Antonio Calignano ◽  
Roberto Berni Canani
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Predisposing Factor ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
The Individual

Worldwide obesity is a public health concern that has reached pandemic levels. Obesity is the major predisposing factor to comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, dyslipidemia, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The common forms of obesity are multifactorial and derive from a complex interplay of environmental changes and the individual genetic predisposition. Increasing evidence suggest a pivotal role played by alterations of gut microbiota (GM) that could represent the causative link between environmental factors and onset of obesity. The beneficial effects of GM are mainly mediated by the secretion of various metabolites. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) acetate, propionate and butyrate are small organic metabolites produced by fermentation of dietary fibers and resistant starch with vast beneficial effects in energy metabolism, intestinal homeostasis and immune responses regulation. An aberrant production of SCFAs has emerged in obesity and metabolic diseases. Among SCFAs, butyrate emerged because it might have a potential in alleviating obesity and related comorbidities. Here we reviewed the preclinical and clinical data that contribute to explain the role of butyrate in this context, highlighting its crucial contribute in the diet-GM-host health axis.

Climate and environmental context of the Mongol invasion of Syria and defeat at ‘Ayn Jālūt (1258–1260 CE)

Erdkunde ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-104
Author(s):  
Nicola Di Cosmo ◽  
Sebastian Wagner ◽  
Ulf Büntgen
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Alliances ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Environmental Variability ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Climate Reconstructions

After a successful conquest of large parts of Syria in 1258 and 1259 CE, the Mongol army lost the battle of 'Ayn Jālūt against Mamluks on September 3, 1260 CE. Recognized as a turning point in world history, their sudden defeat triggered the reconfiguration of strategic alliances and geopolitical power not only in the Middle East, but also across much of Eurasia. Despite decades of research, scholars have not yet reached consensus over the causes of the Mongol reverse. Here, we revisit previous arguments in light of climate and environmental changes in the aftermath of one the largest volcanic forcings in the past 2500 years, the Samalas eruption ~1257 CE. Regional tree ring-based climate reconstructions and state-of-the-art Earth System Model simulations reveal cooler and wetter conditions from spring 1258 to autumn 1259 CE for the eastern Mediterranean/Arabian region. We therefore hypothesize that the post-Samalas climate anomaly and associated environmental variability affected an estimated 120,000 Mongol soldiers and up to half a million of their horses during the conquest. More specifically, we argue that colder and wetter climates in 1258 and 1259 CE, while complicating and slowing the campaign in certain areas, such as the mountainous regions in the Caucasus and Anatolia, also facilitated the assault on Syria between January and March 1260. A return to warmer and dryer conditions in the summer of 1260 CE, however, likely reduced the regional carrying capacity and may therefore have forced a mass withdrawal of the Mongols from the region that contributed to the Mamluks’ victory. In pointing to a distinct environmental dependency of the Mongols, we offer a new explanation of their defeat at 'Ayn Jālūt, which effectively halted the further expansion of the largest ever land-based empire.

scholarly journals Adaptative Potential Students as Internal Resources Mastery Under Transformation of Society

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-125
Author(s):  
Nataliya Zavatska ◽  
Ulyana Mykhaylyshyn
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Capacity ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Social Adaptation ◽  
Adjustment Process ◽  
Adaptation Process ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Mutual Adaptation ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual

The article shows that the specificity of a holistic personality adjustment process in social systems is not confined only because of the peculiarities of its elements, such as the personal maturity, changes in the social conditions of the environment, and is determined by the interaction of structural components of the adaptive capacity of the individual. This maladjustment of one of these components will inevitably impact on the integrity of the individual adaptation process. It was determined that based on the analysis of the structural components of adaptation of the person (socially adapted situation, social need for adaptive, adaptive psychological need) there is the need to clarify the role of each of these components in the process of adaptation of the person. In the context of investigations under the holistic process of social adaptation of personality in social systems we mean active mutual adaptation of the individual and the social environment to each other in order to create a harmonious cooperation for the effective functioning of the individual in these social systems. Violation of this process or the implementation of its social disapproved or antisocial ways leads to the violation of the integrity of the adaptation process and it flows in unacceptable forms of society. It is emphasized that social exclusion leads to disruption of the socialization process, reflected in the increasing complexity of learning and the use of social roles, values and attitudes. In accordance with the social work we should pay attention to the replacement of anti-social norms, values and attitudes to prosocial. This process we treat as a social reinsertion - purposefully organized restructuring of the moral and valuable personality and behavioral areas that promotes the formation of social and value orientations and behavior. It was stated that the whole process of social adaptation of the person can provide awareness and reflection of environmental changes in the social systems of the environment; activity of the person in the regulation of adaptive capacity; transformation of adaptive capacity into more complex and sophisticated forms of interaction with the surrounding reality

scholarly journals Miniaturized Platform for Individual Coral Polyps Culture and Monitoring

Micromachines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongsheng Luo ◽  
Jinglun Zhao ◽  
Chunpeng He ◽  
Zuhong Lu ◽  
Xiaolin Lu
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Control ◽  
Marine Biology ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Temperature Control System ◽  
Environment Change ◽  
Growth Environment ◽  
Global Environmental ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Global Environmental Changes ◽  
Microfluidics Platform

Methodologies for coral polyps culture and real-time monitoring are important in investigating the effects of the global environmental changes on coral reefs and marine biology. However, the traditional cultivation method is limited in its ability to provide a rapid and dynamic microenvironment to effectively exchange the chemical substances and simulate the natural environment change. Here, an integrated microdevice with continuous perfusion and temperature-control in the microenvironment was fabricated for dynamic individual coral polyps culture. For a realistic mimicry of the marine ecological environment, we constructed the micro-well based microfluidics platform that created a fluid flow environment with a low shear rate and high substance transfer, and developed a sensitive temperature control system for the long-term culture of individual coral polyps. This miniaturized platform was applied to study the individual coral polyps in response to the temperature change for evaluating the coral death caused by El Nino. The experimental results demonstrated that the microfluidics platform could provide the necessary growth environment for coral polyps as expected so that in turn the biological activity of individual coral polyps can quickly be recovered. The separation between the algae and host polyp cells were observed in the high culture temperature range and the coral polyp metabolism was negatively affected. We believe that our culture platform for individual coral polyps can provide a reliable analytical approach for model and mechanism investigations of coral bleaching and reef conservation.

Changes in wild red squirrel personality across ontogeny: activity and aggression regress towards the mean

Behaviour ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 152 (10) ◽  
pp. 1291-1306 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.D. Kelley ◽  
M.M. Humphries ◽  
A.G. McAdam ◽  
Stan Boutin
Keyword(s):  
Structural Stability ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Behavioural Syndrome ◽  
Red Squirrels ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Personality Changes ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Differential Stability ◽  
The Individual

Both juvenile and adult animals display stable behavioural differences (personality), but lifestyles and niches may change as animals mature, raising the question of whether personality changes across ontogeny. Here, we use a wild population of red squirrels to examine changes in activity and aggression from juvenile to yearling life stages. Personality may change at the individual level (individual stability), population level (mean level stability), and relative to other individuals (differential stability). We calculated all three types of stability, as well as the structural stability of the activity–aggression behavioural syndrome. Within individuals, both activity and aggression scores regressed towards the mean. Differential stability was maintained for activity, but not aggression. Structural stability was maintained; however, the activity–aggression correlation increased in squirrels that gained territories later in the season. These results suggest that personality undergoes some changes as animals mature, and that the ontogeny of personality can be linked to environmental changes.

Diagnosis of the Operation of Power Plants

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose´ Miguel Gonza´lez-Santalo´ ◽  
Abigail Gonza´lez-Di´az ◽  
Carlos Alberto Marin˜o-Lo´pez
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Characteristic Parameters ◽  
Operating Variables ◽  
Design Values ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

A system was developed to diagnose the operation of combined cycle power plants and to determine, when deviations are found, which components are causing the deviations and the impact of each component deviation. The system works by comparing the values of the actual operating variables with some reference values that are calculated by a model that was adjusted to the design heat balances. The model can use the actual values of the environmental parameters as well as the design values, so the effect of environmental changes can be quantified and separated. The determination of the individual equipment impacts is done by adjusting the equipment parameters in order to reproduce the values of the measured variables. The adjustment is done by varying the values of the characteristic parameters of the equipment in order to minimize the sum of the squares of the differences between the values of the measured variables and the calculated values from the model.

scholarly journals Geographical, temporal and individual factors influencing foraging behaviour and consistency in Australasian gannets

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 181423
Author(s):  
Marlenne A. Rodríguez-Malagón ◽  
Elodie C. M. Camprasse ◽  
Lauren P. Angel ◽  
John P. Y. Arnould
Keyword(s):  
Foraging Behaviour ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Gps Tracking ◽  
Behavioural Consistency ◽  
Southeastern Australia ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Breeding Seasons ◽  
Morus Serrator

Foraging is a behaviour that can be influenced by multiple factors and is highly plastic. Recent studies have shown consistency in individual foraging behaviour has serious ecological and evolutionary implications within species and populations. Such information is crucial to understand how species select habitats, and how such selection might allow them to adapt to the environmental changes they face. Five foraging metrics (maximum distance from the colony, bearing from the colony to the most distal point, tortuosity index, total number of dives and mean vectorial dynamic body acceleration were obtained using GPS tracking and accelerometry data in adult Australasian gannets ( Morus serrator ) from two colonies in southeastern Australia. Individuals were instrumented over two breeding seasons to obtain data to assess factors influencing foraging behaviour and behavioural consistency over multiple timescales (consecutive trips, breeding stages and years) and habitats (pelagic, mixed pelagic and inshore, and inshore). Colony, breeding stage and year were the factors which had the greatest influence on foraging behaviour, followed by sex. Behavioural consistency, measured as the contribution of the individual to the observed variance, was low to moderate for all foraging metrics (0.0–27.05%), with the higher values occurring over shorter timescales. In addition, behavioural consistency was driven by spatio-temporal factors rather than intrinsic characteristics. Behavioural consistency was higher in individuals foraging in inshore than pelagic habitats or mixed pelagic/inshore strategy, supporting suggestions that consistency is favoured in stable environments.

scholarly journals ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS AMONG SENIOR SECONDARY LEVEL STUDENTS (MAHESHWAR AND MANDLESHWAR. DIST. KHARGON (M.P.)

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (9SE) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Ritesh Jain
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Students ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Environmental Awareness ◽  
Secondary Level ◽  
Conservation Of Resources ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Critical Stage ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Ecological Equilibrium ◽  
Senior Secondary

Environment is, in general terms, a surrounding or condition influencing development and growth of all the living beings. For the last several decades nature and environment have always been a source of human reflection and investigation as the environmental pollution has reached to such a critical stage that we find ourselves passing through an irreversible climate change and are not able to retrieve the previous climate back. Now the liability lies on the next generation and I am sure that environmental awareness among the senior secondary students will lead the next generation towards restraining the unstoppable environmental changes. It can be said that environmental education is education through environment, about environment and for environment. It is both a style and subject – matter of education. In so far as the style is concerned, it means teaching for environment that include components and issues such as controlling the environment, establishing proper ecological equilibrium which entails proper use and conservation of resources and also involves control of environment is not only functionally useful but is also aesthetically enjoyable.

scholarly journals Сomprehensive content of safety of vital activity

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 22-29
Author(s):  
Gennadiy N. Sadicov ◽  
Petro G. Kyrienko ◽  
Sergii O. Lobov
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Educational Programs ◽  
Vital Activity ◽  
Pedagogical Content ◽  
Organic Unity ◽  
Health And Illness ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Primary School Age

The discipline “Safety of vital activity” emergence as a mandatory subject in schools and universities is related to increased amount and the “quality” of risks generated by scientific and technological progress and appearance of environmental changes within the modern society the technosphere. The safety of vital activity initial foundations is initiated in the family and are subsequently formed and developed in the preschool institution. From the socialization perspective of the individual, the school years are classified as primary school age, adolescence, youth, that characterize socially constructed age periods. This indicates the necessity of creative approaches with including the training programs for safety of vital activity basics. In many cases the training programs and manuals on safety of vital activity programs contains a list of emergencies and the rules of conduct within the occurrence of it, in the absence of the causal analysis, of the medium and long-term consequences of their impact, which is the fundamental in understanding of the essence, predicting and preventing such situations. An alternative to resolving such contradictions can be the introduction of “Ecology” and “Valeology” as mandatory subjects, which appeared concurrently with the “Safety of vital activity”, and then disappeared from many educational programs. This range of educational programs represents the organic unity and internalinter connection and focusing increasingly on solving practical problems with concrete results in ensuring the safety of society. The Valeology is the branch of modern preventive medicine aimed to promoting healthy lifestyles. The achievement of Valeology is the separation between health and illness of an intermediate, “third state”, when a person is not sick yet, but is no longer healthy. The above characteristics of Ecology and Valeology, which makes visible the organic unity and internal relationship with the “Safety of vital activity”. The full pedagogical content of safety and life, and activities in modern conditions of societies existence can be considered as a single set.

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