scholarly journals LOCKING SYSTEMS IN BULGARIAN LANDS IN THE 16- 19 CENTURIES

2021 ◽  
pp. 63-77
Author(s):  
Павлин Стоянов Чаушев
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Type A ◽  
Basic Type ◽  
High Price ◽  
Public Buildings ◽  
Basic Construction ◽  
Physical Strength ◽  
Wrought Iron ◽  
Main Requirement

В статье исследуются замковые системы на болгарских землях XVI - XIX вв. Замки рассматриваемого периода в основном изготавливались из кованого железа и отличались главным образом своим декором. Несмотря на свою уникальность, они представляют собой всего один базовый тип -замок с поворотным ключом. Существует несколько разновидностей этого замка, но их основная конструкция оставалась неизменной на протяжении веков. Модель была широко распространена в болгарских землях, замки этого типа предпочитали из-за простоты, надёжности и прочности. Из-за их относительно высокой цены очень немногие люди могли себе их позволить, и поэтому сохранившихся экземпляров этого периода не так много. Чаще всего их использовали для запирания общественных зданий, церквей, а также домов самых богатых купцов. Дешёвый импорт замков промышленного производства и навесных замков, импортированных из Западной Европы, которые широко использовались в конце XIX в., привёл к отказу от традиционных металлических замков ручной работы. The present article researches the locking systems in Bulgarian lands during 16-19 centuries. The locks during the considered period are mainly made of wrought iron and are distinguished mainly by their decoration. Despite their uniqueness, they are just one basic type - a rotary key lock. Several varieties of this lock exist, but their basic construction remains unchanged over the centuries. The model is widespread in the Bulgarian lands. It is preferred for its simplicity and reliability. The main requirement for the locks of this period is their physical strength. Therefore, they are always made of solid wrought iron. Due to their relatively high price, very few people could afford them and therefore there are not many preserved specimens from this period. Most often they are used to lock up public buildings, churches, as well as wealthiest merchants’ houses. The cheap imports of industrially produced locks and padlocks imported from Western Europe -which were widely used at the end of the 19 century - led to the abandonment of traditionally hand-made metal locks.

Artisans, Guilds, and Capitalist Development in Cairo, 1600–1800

Capitalisms ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 327-348
Author(s):  
Nelly Hanna
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Capitalist Development ◽  
European Experience ◽  
The World

Studies of capitalism have often been based on the European or, more often, the nineteenth-century English experience. Its sources were taken to be based on the European experience, the trading companies of the sixteenth century, Protestantism, and so on. From there, it was diffused to the rest of the world. To fully understand capitalism, one had to focus on the European experience and the restrictive definitions that were based on its development in Western Europe. The Eurocentric approach to this subject is now being reconsidered. Studies of regions outside Europe are now showing that the emergence of capitalism was a much more complex and diverse trend, and it could have multiple sources. The present article focuses on one of these sources.

Drawing, Memory and Imagination in the Wolfenbüttel Musterbuch

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 518-583
Author(s):  
Ludovico V. Geymonat
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Visual Representations ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Working Through ◽  
Cultural Encounter ◽  
Depth Analysis

Abstract The Wolfenbüttel Musterbuch (Cod. Guelf. 61.2 Aug. 8°, fols. 75-94, Herzog August Bibliothek, Wolfenbüttel, Germany) is considered a crucial example of a medieval modelbook. The collection of drawings contained within its pages has long been identified as key evidence for the transmission of artistic motifs between Byzantium and western Europe in the thirteenth century. Offering an in-depth analysis of the drawings and the quire that contains them, the present article suggests that the drawings were made with the purpose of working through visual representations that the draftsman found intriguing and that he sketched in order to train his own hand, memory and imagination. This hypothesis challenges some of the assumptions behind the category of medieval modelbooks as a means of faithfully reproducing images so that they can be further copied in another context. If the main goal of the drawings in Wolfenbüttel was that of enriching the draftsman’s visual memory and exploring imaginative possibilities, their value as reproductions might have been marginal, but their role as means of cross-cultural encounter was decisive.

scholarly journals Ladies and Gentlemen in Renaissance Western Europe Eros via Thanatos

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-125
Author(s):  
Elisabeta Zelinka
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The Social

Abstract The present article offers a postmodern (re)interpretation of the 16th century Renaissance set of social etiquettes versus the average citizen’s Weltanschauung triggered by his most natural drives and impulses. The epicentral focus of our investigation is the social network(s) built by the different, sometimes oppositional ethical, theological and epistemological codes. What types of motivation triggered certain members of different social layers to observe or to break these codes? Was there any differentiation between clergymen and (fe)male aristocracy? Most importantly, why was the epistemological positionality of men different from that of (educated) women?

The Politicization of the Environmental Issue within the Russian Nationalistic Movement

1998 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 677-686
Author(s):  
Dina Zisserman
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Environmental Problem ◽  
Environmental Issue ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
National Question ◽  
National Movements

The present article is concerned with the ethnopolitical dimensions of the environmental problem within the Russian nationalistic movement in the USSR. As distinct from Western Europe, there has never been a “pure” ecological movement in the Soviet Union, and until recently the environmental issue has been raised mainly by national movements as a part of the national question.

Nuclear Arms: Blind Alley or Pause?

2012 ◽  
pp. 3-18
Author(s):  
A. Arbatov
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Arms Control ◽  
Nuclear Materials ◽  
Blind Alley ◽  
Binding Condition ◽  
The World ◽  
Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Nuclear Arms

Signing and ratification of the new Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) by the U.S. and Russia in 2010–2011 inspired the adherents of interaction between two nations on arms reduction in both states, as well as in Western Europe and the rest of the world. Due to the new Treaty, in 2010 the summit of the leading states on nuclear materials and technologies security took place; a regular conference on the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NNPT) scrutiny went successfully. Many a one thought that after 10 years of stagnation it set the wheels in motion, and the world free from nuclear arms that the Presidents of both countries called for became a closer reality. But by the end of 2011, the optimism gradually gave place to a growing pessimism. During the ratification of the Treaty of Prague in Winter 2010–2011, both Parliaments raised reservation clauses as requirements for execution of the Treaty – almost diametrically opposed, and incompatible with the prolongation of negotiations on arms reduction. In the present article, the attempt is made to sort out the reasons of such drastic strategic "volte-face", and to suggest both ways out of deadlocks and ways to restore progressive advance in the matter of arms control, which is a binding condition for non-proliferation regimes enhancement.

Determination the Heat Price of a Combined Heat and Power Plant with the Energy Grade Theory

2011 ◽  
Vol 148-149 ◽  
pp. 1227-1230
Author(s):  
Zhong Min Li ◽  
Zhi Li ◽  
Jun Guo
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Energy Conservation ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Combined Heat And Power ◽  
High Price ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Practice Condition ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Theory Foundation

The combined heat and power plant furnish heat and electric, which are two different quality energy. And benefit returns to electric, benefit returns to heat and their trade off compose three methods to share the cost of the combined heat and power plant. Theory of energy grade is the thermodynamic viewpoint, which is not only considering the energy conservation, but also the energy matching. It takes into account all the quality and quantity of the utilized energy. In the present article, theory of energy grade is applied to analyze the heat usage of heat consumer. That takes the price of electric as basis. This method simplifies the calculation, has the reasonable theory foundation and meets the practice condition. It also reflects the idea of using energy according to the quality and high quality, high price

MANAGEMENT OF NITROGEN FERTILIZERS IN EUROPE IN TERMS OF THEIR IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT

2017 ◽  
Vol 167 (47) ◽  
pp. 61-68
Author(s):  
Magdalena Ossowska
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
High Price ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Drinking Water Contamination ◽  
N Fertilizers ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Other World ◽  
Research Facilities ◽  
The Eu

The aim of this review is to analyse the tendencies of nitrogen fertilizers use in Europe and evaluation how those trends will affect the natural environment. The main sources of information included reports from the EU institutions and European countries, as well as reviews and research of various research facilities. In the last decades the environmental policies and a high price of fertilizers reduced use of nitrogen fertilizers in the Western Europe, but in comparing to other world regions the N input remains very high. In the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, N fertilizers use increased in the 20th century, and the total reactive N used in agriculture in all 28 EU countries also increased in this period. Nitrogen losses to the environment are inevitable and the current trends in N fertilizers use will lead to further coastal eutrophication, air pollution and drinking water contamination.

scholarly journals „Zbrodnia i kara” Fiodora Dostojewskiego w ujęciu doktryny eurazjatyckiej Aleksandra Dugina

2018 ◽  
pp. 9-22
Author(s):  
Maciej Bala
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Fyodor Dostoyevsky ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Crime And Punishment ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The City

The present article amounts to an attempt to analyze the work Axe is the name of mine by Alexander Dugin — a theorist of Eurasianism ideology in Russia. In this article Dugin touches upon the novel Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoyevsky. Dugin analyzes the novel in the context of cultural opposition between the orthodox Russia and the secular Western Europe, whose symbol is the capital of the Russian Empire— Saint Petersburg. The city in this case is the negation of the orthodox tradition of Moscow — The Third Rome. Dugin extremely relativized the meaning of Dostoyevsky‘snovel.

The Gabrovo State men’s High School, in the Period of 1879–1902 and its Teachers-artists, who Have Received an Academic Education in Europe and Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nela Nedeva ◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Academic Education ◽  
Time Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Level

The present article showcases the research done by the author on the drawing teachers of the Gabrovo State Boys’ High School during the 19-th and 20-th century. The study focuses on the teachers who have received academic education in Russia and Western Europe. The point of the article is to show the high level of teaching and erudition of the pedagogical staff during the examined time period. As proof the author has indicated information about their students who have left permanent traces in the history of painting even outside the borders of their country.

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