The Impact of Crime Victimisation on Individual Well-Being: Evidence from Australia

This paper examines the impact of being a victim of violent or property crime on labour market outcomes and general well-being using longitudinal data from the nationally representative Household Income and Labour Dynamics of Australia (HILDA) survey. We estimate fixed effects regression models that examine changes in outcomes for individuals before/after victimisation relative to changes in outcomes over time for non-victims. Our results highlight considerable heterogeneity in the causal impact of crime victimisation: (I) the impacts of violent crime victimisation are stronger and more wide-ranging than those of property crime victimisation; (2) male victims of violem crime experience poorer employment prospects following victimisation; (3) older victims of violent crime report a deterioration in mental health for two years after the event; (4) women face reduced, persistent prospects of marriage/co-habitation following crime victimization; and (5) there is strong evidence of a negative impact of victimisation on life satisfaction measures but these effects do not persist.

Do Female Executives Make a Difference? The Impact of Female Leadership on Gender Gaps and Firm Performance

The Economic Journal ◽

10.1093/ej/uez012 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 129 (622) ◽

pp. 2390-2423 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Luca Flabbi ◽

Mario Macis ◽

Andrea Moro ◽

Fabiano Schivardi

Keyword(s):

Firm Performance ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Female Leadership ◽

Wage Distribution ◽

Female Executives ◽

Female Workers ◽

Abstract We investigate the effects of female executives on gender-specific wage distributions and firm performance. Female leadership has a positive impact at the top of the female wage distribution and a negative impact at the bottom. The impact of female leadership on firm performance increases with the share of female workers. We account for the endogeneity induced by non-random executives’ gender by including firm fixed-effects, by generating controls from a two-way fixed-effects regression and by using instruments based on regional trends. The findings are consistent with a model of statistical discrimination in which female executives are better at interpreting signals of productivity from female workers. This suggests substantial costs of women under-representation among executives.

Impact of federal transfers upon US infant mortality rates: a secondary analysis using a fixed effects regression approach

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021533 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (9) ◽

pp. e021533

Author(s):

Michael McLaughlin ◽

Mark R Rank

Keyword(s):

Mortality Rate ◽

Infant Mortality ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

State Level ◽

Well Being ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Postneonatal Mortality ◽

Per Capita ◽

ObjectivesIn order to improve health outcomes, the federal government allocates hundreds of billions of annual dollars to individual states in order to further the well-being of its citizens. This study examines the impact of such federal intergovernmental transfers on reducing state-level infant mortality rates.SettingAnnual data are collected from all 50 US states between 2004 and 2013.ParticipantsEntire US population under the age of 1 year between 2004 and 2013.Primary and secondary outcome measuresState-level infant mortality rate, neonatal mortality rate and postneonatal mortality rate.ResultsUsing a fixed effects regression model to control for unmeasurable differences between states, the impact of federal transfers on state-level infant mortality rates is estimated. After controlling for differences across states, increases in per capita federal transfers are significantly associated with lower infant, neonatal and postneonatal mortality rates. Holding all other variables constant, a $200 increase in the amount of federal transfers per capita would save one child’s life for every 10 000 live births.ConclusionsConsiderable debate exists regarding the role of federal transfers in improving the well-being of children and families. These findings indicate that increases in federal transfers are strongly associated with reductions in infant mortality rates. Such benefits should be carefully considered when state officials are deciding whether to accept or reject federal funds.

The Great Recession and Physical Activity of Young Adults

American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine ◽

10.1177/15598276211008400 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 155982762110084

Author(s):

Shamma Adeeb Alam ◽

Bijetri Bose

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Young Adults ◽

Physical Exercise ◽

Great Recession ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Panel Study ◽

The Great Recession ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Objective. Since physical inactivity has been identified as a pandemic and a public health priority, it is crucial to understand the role of adverse economic shocks on physical activity. In this study, we examine the impact of job losses during the U.S. Great Recession from January 2008 to June 2009 on the likelihood of physical activities of young adults. Methods. We use individual fixed effects estimation on a nationally representative longitudinal data from 2005 to 2015, the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), to examine the impact of job losses of young adults, their spouses, and their parents on physical exercise of young adults aged 18 to 27 years. Results. Own job losses during the Great Recession led to a decrease in the likelihood of physical exercise among young adults. However, job losses of parents and partners had no effect on the likelihood of young adults’ physical exercise. Conclusion. Our findings indicate a negative impact of the recession on physical activity of young adults and highlights the need for policymakers to consider the impact of major economic downturns on the physical activity of young adults.

DOES LEVERAGE AFFECT LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY? A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LOCAL AND MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES OF THE BALTIC COUNTRIES

Journal of Business Economics and Management ◽

10.3846/16111699.2011.651624 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 252-275 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Mari Avarmaa ◽

Aaro Hazak ◽

Kadri Männasoo

Keyword(s):

Fixed Effects ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Labour Productivity ◽

Multinational Companies ◽

Debt Overhang ◽

Baltic Countries ◽

Local Companies ◽

The Baltic ◽

This paper investigates the impact of leverage on labour productivity of companies operating in the Baltic countries, with a focus on differences between local and multinational companies. We employ a fixed effects regression model on company level data, covering the period from 2001 to 2008. Our results demonstrate that the impact of leverage on labour productivity is non-linear and it differs dramatically between local and multinational companies. In the case of local companies, at low levels of leverage, an increase in external financing tends to bring along an improvement in labour productivity, while at higher levels of leverage an increase in debt financing appears to result in a loss of labour productivity. For multinational companies, the impact of leverage on labour productivity tends to be more linear and leverage appears to have a negative impact on labour productivity. Although debt overhang is believed to be an issue in the Baltic countries in general, local companies with low leverage might be able to increase labour productivity by additional borrowing.

The psychological costs of unsustainable housing commitments

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291706009767 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 37 (7) ◽

pp. 1027-1036 ◽

Cited By ~ 77

Author(s):

MARK P. TAYLOR ◽

DAVID J. PEVALIN ◽

JENNIFER TODD

Keyword(s):

Fixed Effects ◽

General Health Questionnaire ◽

Well Being ◽

Financial Hardship ◽

Psychological Well Being ◽

Female Head ◽

Male Head ◽

The Impact ◽

Mental Well Being

Background. The extended recession and stagnant housing market in the 1990s following the boom of the late 1980s resulted in more than half a million housing repossessions. This study explores the impact of unsustainable housing commitments on psychological well-being. We test the hypotheses that housing payment problems and housing arrears have adverse impacts on heads of households' psychological well-being over and above those caused by financial hardship more generally.Method. Data came from the British Household Panel Survey 1991–2003 and the samples for analysis consist of: (1) 5651 male head of households producing 26618 person-year observations, and (2) 2534 female head of households producing 9091 person-year observations. Summary statistics and multivariate, fixed effects regression models are used. Mental health was measured by the 12-item General Health Questionnaire.Results. For male heads of households housing payment problems and entering arrears have significant detrimental effects on mental well-being and for female heads of households longer-term housing payment problems and arrears have significant detrimental effects on mental well-being. The sizes of these effects are in addition to and larger in magnitude than those associated with financial hardship more generally. The net effects appear to be relatively stable over the time of the panel data.Conclusions. This study provides evidence that housing payment problems have independent psychological costs over and above those associated with general financial hardship. The magnitude of the effect is similar to that shown for marital breakdown and job loss.

Coping with adversity: physical activity as a moderator in adaption to bereavement

Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/pubmed/fdaa059 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Pamela Wicker ◽

Johannes Orlowski

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Life Satisfaction ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Well Being ◽

Subjective Well Being ◽

Adverse Life Events ◽

Physically Active ◽

Lagged Effects ◽

Fixed Effects Regression

ABSTRACT Background The adaption of individuals to adverse life events such as bereavement which reduce their subjective well-being is referred to as the hedonic treadmill. This study examined whether previous physical activity moderates the negative impact of bereavement on subjective well-being and how quickly such adaption occurs. Methods The analysis uses data from 13 waves (1996–2015) of the German Socio-Economic Panel (n = 139 097). Subjective well-being is captured with respondents’ life satisfaction. Individual fixed effects regression models with three-wave lagged effects and interaction effects for bereavement and previous physical activity were estimated for females and males. Results The significant reduction in life satisfaction is partly offset for individuals who were physically active prior to the adversity, suggesting moderation effects of previous physical activity. These effects are larger in absolute value for females, but females also suffered more severely from bereavement. Males’ partial adaption through previous physical activity is closer to the pre-event level, while females adapt earlier. More frequent previous physical activity allows both genders to partially adapt more. Conclusions Previous physical activity helps individuals suffering bereavement to partially adapt faster to such adversity, suggesting that physical activity accelerates the hedonic treadmill, though at a different pace for each gender.

The impact of crime on apartment prices in Hamburg, Germany

Journal of European Real Estate Research ◽

10.1108/jerer-11-2019-0047 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Jan de Graaff ◽

Joachim Zietz

Keyword(s):

Panel Data ◽

Violent Crime ◽

Low Income ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Property Crime ◽

Content Type ◽

Real Estate Prices ◽

High Crime ◽

Quantitative Impact ◽

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of crime on apartment prices for Hamburg, Germany, for the years 2012 to 2017. Design/methodology/approach The authors use a panel data setting with fixed effects estimators and temporal lags to moderate the endogeneity concerns related to crime. The authors consider the effect of total crime, violent and property crime and some sub-categories of crime. Findings The estimates show that it takes two to three years for prices to react, with the longer run elasticity reaching −0.12 for total crime, −0.15 for property crime and −0.06 for violent crime. The elasticities are much larger in high-crime areas (−0.22 for total crime, −0.28 and −0.09 for property and violent crime) and elevated also in low-income areas. Social implications The finding that property crime matters more in terms of quantitative impact for housing values than violent crime provides reasonable grounds for rethinking the resource allocation of public spending on crime clearance and prevention in Germany. Far more emphasis on preventing property crime appears in order and especially so in the lower income or higher crime areas, which are significantly more affected by crime and in particular property crime than those in high income or low crime areas. Originality/value The estimates for Hamburg provide the first detailed results of the impact of crime on real estate prices in Germany. It is also the first study for Continental Europe using panel data.

The Negative Impact of Uncertainty on R&D Investment: International Evidence

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13052746 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 2746

Author(s):

Yuchen Lin ◽

Daxin Dong ◽

Jiaxin Wang

Keyword(s):

Fixed Effects ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Country Level ◽

Global Innovation ◽

Uncertainty Index ◽

The Impact ◽

D Investment ◽

Positive Effect ◽

High Uncertainty

Previous studies have not provided consistent conclusions regarding the impact of uncertainty on research and development (R&D) investment. While most of the previous literature has focused only on one or a small group of countries, this study examines the effect of uncertainty on R&D on the basis of a sample covering 109 countries from 1996 to 2018. The country-level uncertainty is measured using the “World Uncertainty Index”, which has recently been developed by Ahir et al. (2018). By estimating a panel data fixed-effects regression model, it is found that uncertainty has a significantly negative impact on R&D investment at the country-level aggregate scale. We also find that uncertainty depresses the number of R&D personnel and patent applications, although the effect on R&D personnel is not statistically significant. These findings imply that high uncertainty poses a considerable threat to global innovation and technological progress. Heterogeneity analyses across different country groups demonstrate that, although the impact of uncertainty on R&D is not statistically significant in some country groups, its effect is always negative and no positive effect is observed.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the psychosocial condition of students in Poland and Ukraine

10.31234/osf.io/wz8s7 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Piotr Długosz ◽

Yana

Keyword(s):

Distance Learning ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Well Being ◽

Survey Method ◽

Psychosocial Condition ◽

On Line ◽

Line Survey ◽

The Impact ◽

Emotional Condition ◽

Double Measurement

The article presents the results of research on psychosocial condition among Polish and Ukrainian students during the quarantine. The aim of the research was to verify the impact of the pandemic and its accompanying phenomena on the well-being of youth. In order to achieve this goal, the CAWI on-line survey method with double measurement was used. The first measurement carried out at the beginning of the quarantine resulted in 3659 filled out surveys in Poland and 739 in Ukraine. The second measurement conducted at the end of distance learning brought 1978 filled out surveys in Poland and 411 in Ukraine. The results of research indicate that the quarantine had a negative impact on the psychosocial condition of youth. The deterioration of emotional condition and the increase in mental disorders has been observed. Due to the pandemic and distance learning, the mental health of youth deteriorated significantly. Polish youth were negatively influenced by the pandemic to a greater extent than young Ukrainians.

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Working Conditions, Employment, Career Development and Well-Being of Refugee Researchers

Societies ◽

10.3390/soc11030071 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 71

Author(s):

Ourania Tzoraki ◽

Svetlana Dimitrova ◽

Marin Barzakov ◽

Saad Yaseen ◽

Vasilis Gavalas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Online Survey ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Well Being ◽

Appropriate Technology ◽

Public Authorities ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Home Setting ◽

The Public ◽

Work From Home ◽

The ongoing ‘refugee crisis’ of the past years has led to the migration of refugee researchers (RRs) to European countries. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, RRs often had to work from home and/or to continue their social, cultural and economic integration process under new conditions. An online survey carried out to explore the impact of the pandemic on the refugee researchers showed that RRs found it difficult to adapt their everyday working life to the ‘home’ setting. The majority have had neither a suitable work environment at home nor the appropriate technology. Although they stated that they are rather pleased with the measures taken by the public authorities, they expressed concern about their vulnerability due to their precarious contracts and the bureaucratic asylum procedures, as the pandemic has had a negative impact on these major issues. The majority of RRs working in academia seem not to have been affected at all as far as their income is concerned, while the majority of those employed in other sectors became unemployed during the pandemic (58%). Recommendations are provided to the public authorities and policy makers to assist RRs to mitigate the consequences of the pandemic on their life.