scholarly journals Dinâmica Sazonal de Nutrientes em Estuário Amazônico

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 372
Author(s):  
Francianne Vieira Mourão ◽  
Maria de Lourdes Souza Santos ◽  
Pedro Henrique Campos Sousa ◽  
Denise Cristina Souza Ribeiro ◽  
Ewertton Souza Gadelha
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Seasonal Influence ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Abiotic Variables ◽  
Saturation Rate

As variações nos ecossistemas naturais exigem uma atenção da sociedade para a água, pois o risco de desabastecimento não é um problema localizado, é uma questão nacional. Avaliou-se o efeito da sazonalidade na qualidade da água no furo do Muriá, Curuçá, Pará. As coletas de água foram realizadas em 21 pontos distribuídos ao longo do Furo, nos meses de fevereiro, março, outubro e novembro de 2015, durante as marés vazante e enchente. As variáveis abióticas foram determinadas in situ com utilização de sonda. As análises de OD foram determinadas pelo método de Winkler (Strickland e Parsons, 1972), taxa de saturação de OD segundo tabela da UNESCO (1973), os nutrientes conforme descritos em Grasshof et al. (1983), o N-amoniacal segundo APHA (1995) e Clorofila a segundo Teixeira (1973). As variáveis ambientais apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os períodos analisados (p<0,05), tendendo a um padrão sazonal, exceto N-amoniacal (p>0,05) logo não teve influência sazonal. Levando em consideração as marés as concentrações de salinidade, CE e clorofila-a foram significativas durante a maré enchente. A turbidez foi mais elevada durante as marés de vazante (p<0,05). Os parâmetros fosfato e N-amoniacal não apresentaram diferença significativa entre marés (p>0,05). O efeito da sazonalidade pode restringir à variação da qualidade do ambiente, logo indica a relevância do monitoramento do ambiente, assim servir de ferramenta em planos de políticas públicas de melhoria do saneamento da população. Sazonal Dynamics of Nutrients in Amazonian EstuaryA B S T R A C TVariations in natural ecosystems require society's attention to water, as the risk of shortages is not a localized problem, it is a national issue. The effect of seasonality on water quality in the Creek Muriá, Curuçá, Pará, Brazil, was evaluated. Water samples were collected at 21 points along the Creek during February, March, October and November 2015, during Tides and flood. Abiotic variables were determined in situ using probe. The parameters of Dissolved Oxygen (OD), saturation rate of OD (% OD), Chlorophyll a (Cl-a), Phosphate (Fosf), Nitrite (NO2), Nitrate (NO3) and N-ammonical (N- Master). The environmental variables presented significant differences between the analyzed periods (p <0.05), tending to a seasonal pattern, except for N-ammoniacal (p> 0.05), thus not having a seasonal influence. Taking into account the tides the concentrations of salinity, EC and chlorophyll-a were significant during tide flood. The turbidity was higher during tidal ebb tides (p <0.05). The phosphate and N-ammonia parameters showed no significant difference between tides (p> 0.05). The effect of seasonality may restrict the variation of the quality of the environment, thus indicating the relevance of environmental monitoring, thus serving as a tool in public policy plans to improve population sanitation.Keywords: Chlorophyll a; nutrients; tide

A quality of life assessment of military recruits after refractive surgery

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-46
Author(s):  
Jian-He Xiao ◽  
◽  
Shi-Yang Li ◽  
Xing Xing ◽  
Ai-Hong Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
High Myopia ◽  
Refractive Surgery ◽  
Laser In Situ Keratomileusis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Lenticule Extraction ◽  
Postoperative Interval

AIM: To evaluate the quality of life of recruits after refractive surgery. METHODS: Population-based, cross-sectional study. Using the Quality of Life Impact of Refractive Correction (QIRC) questionnaire, the quality of life in 615 recruits underwent refractive surgery was evaluated. The overall score and each question score of QIRC were compared between subgroups of different strength of preoperative refractive error, postoperative interval, type of surgical procedure and postoperative recovery. RESULTS: The mean overall QIRC score of recruits underwent refractive surgery was 49.15±7.89. Significant difference was found for strength of preoperative refractive error (F=4.16, P<0.05), with the low myopia group (50.67±7.59) had significantly better scores than those with high myopia (47.57±7.52, F=4.16, P<0.05). Recruits after a postoperative interval no more than 6mo (49.18±7.86) scored equally to those of more than 6mo (49.18±8.03). Recruits underwent surface ablation surgery scored lowest (46.68±6.09), but showed no significant difference when compared with all underwent refractive surgery (t=1.99, P>0.05). Scores of recruits underwent mechanical microkeratome laser in situ keratomileusis (MK-LASIK), Sub-Bowman’s keratomileusis (SBK), femtosecond laser-assisted laser in situ keratomileusis (FS-LASIK), femtosecond lenticule extraction (ReLEx flex) or small-incision lenticule extraction (ReLEx SMILE) procedure showed no significant difference too. Recruits had adverse complaints postoperatively (45.85±6.66) scored lower when compared with all underwent refractive surgery (t=5.28, P<0.01). CONCLUSION: The quality of life of recruits after refractive surgery was good except those with postoperative complications. Preoperative low myopia recruits had better quality of life than medium and high myopia ones.

scholarly journals KANDUNGAN KLOROFIL-A DAN FITOPLANKTON DI LOKASI YANG BERBEDA DI SUNGAI WULAN, KABUPATEN DEMAK

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-60
Author(s):  
Hilda Kumala Dewi ◽  
Boedi Hendrarto ◽  
Churun Ain
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Phytoplankton Community ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Environment Variable ◽  
Environment Variables ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Status ◽  
And Cluster Analysis ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRAK Sungai Wulan adalah sungai yang melewati tiga kabupaten yaitu Grobogan, Kudus dan Demak. Sungai Wulan yang terletak di Kabupaten Demak, mempunyai dua percabangan yaitu Wulan Lama dan Wulan Baru. Sungai ini digunakan oleh masyarakat untuk berbagai keperluan seperti kegiatan perikanan, domestik dan transportasi. Di hilir sungai juga terdapat daerah mangrove. Dampak dari kegiatan manusia tersebut kemungkinan akan berpengaruh terhadap kualitas perairan, hal tersebut diduga berdampak terhadap keberadaan fitoplankton serta kandungan klorofil-a. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Maret – April 2016 bertujuan untuk mengetahui kandungan klorofil-a, fitoplankton dan status perairan berdasarkan kandungan klorofil-a dan kelimpahan fitoplankton. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode survei lapangan dengan teknik purposive sampling. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan di tiga lokasi yang berbeda yaitu dekat pemukiman (Stasun 1), Wulan Baru (Stasiun 2), dan Wulan Lama (Stasiun 3). Analisis Kruskal-Wallis untuk mengetahui perbedaan kandungan klorofil-a antar stasiun dan analisis Cluster untuk mengetahui kemiripan berdasarkan komunitas fitoplankton dan variabel lingkungan antar stasiun. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kandungan klorofil-a berkisar antara 0,4955 - 1,3527 mg/l. Tidak ada perbedaan yang nyata kandungan klorofil-a per stasiun pada taraf kepercayaan 95% (0,05). Kelimpahan fitoplankton berkisar antara 9.458 – 12.422 ind/l. Fitoplankton yang didapatkan terdiri dari 35 genera yang terdiri dari 5 kelas yaitu Bacillariophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Dynophyceae, Chlorophyceae dan Euglenophyceae. Stasiun 2 dan Stasiun 3 mempunyai kemiripan komunitas fitoplankton dan variabel lingkungan dibandingkan dengan Stasiun 1. Status perairan Sungai Wulan berdasarkan kandungan klorofil-a tergolong oligotrofik dan berdasarkan kelimpahan fitoplankton tergolong mesotrofik.Kata Kunci: Klorofil-a; Fitoplankton; Sungai Wulan  ABSTRACTWulan River is a river that passes through three regencies there are Grobogan, Kudus and Demak. Wulan River located in Demak Regency, has two branches there are Wulan Lama and Wulan Baru. This river has been used a lot by the residents for many activities such as fishery activities, domestic and transportation. There is also mangrove area in the downstream of Wulan River. The impact of those human activities presumably will affect the quality of the waters, it is also presumed to impact the existence of phytoplankton and the contents of chorophyl-a. This research was conducted on March - April 2016 aimed to know the contents of chlorophyl-a, the type and abundance of phytoplankton and the status of waters based on the content of chlorophyll-a and the abundance of phytoplankton. This research used survey method and purposive a sampling teqnique. The sampling was conducted in three different locations, that is in the nearby people residence (Station 1), Wulan Baru (Station 2) and Wulan Lama (Station 3). The Kruskal-Wallis analysis was used to determine differences of chlorophyll-a between the stations and Cluster analysis was used to determine similarity groups based on the phytoplankton community and environment variables between stations. The results showed chlorophyll-a range between 0,4955 - 1,3527 mg/l. There is no significant difference between the content of chlorophyll-a per station at the level of 95% (P < 0,05). The abundance of phytoplankton ranged between 9.458 – 12.422 ind/l. The phytoplankton was obtained consisting of 35 genus consisted of 5 classes, namely Bacillariophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Dynophyceae, Chlorophyceae and Euglenophyceae. Both Station 2 and Station 3 had a more similarity in the community of phytoplankton and the environment variable compared to the Station 1. The status waters of the Wulan Rivers based on the contents chlorophyll-a was classified into oligotrophic and based on the abundance of phytoplankton was classified into mesotrophic. Keywords: Chlorophyl-a; Phytoplankton; Wulan River 

Factors Affecting Reception Range of Ultrasonic Tags in a Georgia Estuary

2010 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 17-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles F. Cotton
Keyword(s):  
Field Test ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Snapping Shrimp ◽  
Large Aggregation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ultrasonic Transmitter

AbstractUltrasonic tags are commonly used for marine biotelemetry, but little or no information exists about the in situ reception range or how different environmental variables affect the reception range of telemetry equipment. In this study, I used active tracking techniques to empirically determine three environmental effects on reception range of ultrasonic tags. Specifically, I examined the effects of (1) tag depth, (2) depth under the hydrophone, and (3) presence of snapping shrimp (Alpheidae) on the reception range of an ultrasonic transmitter (tag) in a Georgia estuary. Placing the tag in deep (8.8‐11.3 m) versus shallow (0.6‐1.5 m) water while the hydrophone was over deep water (3.4‐11.3 m) caused no significant difference in reception range. Placing the hydrophone over shallow (0.6‐2.7 m) versus deep (6.4‐9.1 m) water while the tag was in shallow (1.2‐1.8 m) water caused a significant decrease in reception range. The presence of a large aggregation of snapping shrimp between the hydrophone and the tag also caused a significant decrease in reception range. This study highlights the need for researchers to field-test equipment before conducting telemetry projects.

scholarly journals In situ absorption efficiency processes for the cultured mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis in Ría de Arousa (north-west Spain)

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (5) ◽  
pp. 1059-1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
José M.F. Babarro ◽  
María José Fernández-Reiriz ◽  
Uxío Labarta
Keyword(s):  
Organic Material ◽  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Submerged Culture ◽  
Rocky Shore ◽  
Mytilus Galloprovincialis ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Multiple Model ◽  
North West

Mussel seed Mytilus galloprovincialis from two origins (rocky shore and collector ropes) was cultivated on a raft (submerged culture) in the Ría de Arousa (north-west Spain) from approximately 20 mm to 60 mm shell length. Absorption efficiencies (AEs) and absorption rates (ARs) of the individuals were recorded in situ throughout cultivation time from November to July (1995–1996). Absorption efficiencies varied according to a multiple model that highlighted the significant effect of quality of natural seston (f as relative organic content), time of culture and origin of mussel seed. Initial AE values were 42 and 34% of the ingested organic material for collector ropes and rocky shore mussels (P<0.01), respectively. These differences remained significant for the first two months of the culture with higher values for collector ropes mussels. A significant relationship AE vs quality of natural seston (f) was observed according to an asymptotic equation: AE=0.82[1[minus sign]e−5.01(f−0.21)] for both sources of seed (r2=0.90). Absorption rate (mg organic matter g−1 h−1) followed a seasonal pattern with low values in winter and higher values in spring–summer as a consequence of better nutritional quality of food resources. Nevertheless, exceptional peaks of organic material from sedimentary origin in January caused an increase of ingested/absorbed organic material despite its low nutritional quality. Differences in AR values between origins of mussel seed referred to the first month under culture, with higher values for collector ropes individuals. Original habitat of mussel seed usually employed in mussel culture in Galicia is responsible for long-lasting effects through physiological changes that the individuals from the rocky shore habitat presented when placed under raft-submerged culture.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Water Suitability for Sustainable Seaweed (Kappaphycus Alvarezii) Cultivation to Support Science Technopark in North Kalimantan

2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 490-503
Author(s):  
Ermawaty Maradhy ◽  
Rizal Syarief Nazriel ◽  
Surjono Hadi Sutjahjo ◽  
Meika Syahbana Rusli ◽  
Widiatmaka Widiatmaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Kappaphycus Alvarezii ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Seaweed Cultivation ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Planting Method

Tarakan dry seaweed production increased during 2012-2018 for the cultivation of Kappaphycus alvarezii with the longline planting method. This study aims to assess the quality of the waters and their suitability for seaweed cultivation on the coast of Tarakan Island. The environmental parameters of water quality measured were chlorophyll-a, water temperature, salinity, pH, DO, TDS, turbidity, nitrate, phosphate, water depth, current velocity, protection, research location, and distance between settlements. The study was conducted with in-situ and ex-situ measurements based on APHA (2012). Water samples were taken using the multi-parameter Horiba U51. chlorophyll-a was analyzed using spectrophotometric methods, nitrate levels were analyzed using SNI 06-6989.79-2011, while phosphates were analyzed using SNI 06-6989.31-2005. The suitability of the waters is divided into 4 classes, S1 (very suitable), S2 (suitable), S3 (marginally suitable), and N (not suitable). The results showed that the coast of Tarakan Island has 3 categories, namely marginally suitable (S3) 13.20%, suitable (S2) 86.50%, and very suitable (S1) 0.30%. The existing condition of the coastal waters of Tarakan Island supports the cultivation of K. alvarezii seaweed. Tarakan Island coastal existing condition as an areal support seaweed cultivation K. alvarezii with the potential to be developed land area of 33896.73 ha.

scholarly journals Phytoplankton in relation to water quality of Tanguar Haor ecosystem, Bangladesh: 2. Watch tower station

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-18
Author(s):  
Mohammad Azmal Hossain Bhuiyan ◽  
Abu Kowser ◽  
Sam Shariar Islam ◽  
Md Rasikul Islam ◽  
Mahin Mohid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Phytoplankton Population ◽  
A Value ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Two Parameters

Phytoplankton biomass in relation to some environmental and nutritional parameters at Watch Tower Station of Tanguar and Rauar Station has been studied. Since the Haor is a Ramsar Site, it is a globally important aquatic ecosystem. In the present investigation, the structure of the phytoplankton and the water quality factors were worked out and the data were compared Rauar Station with having the same ecosystem. Though weaker, a difference among alkalinity, total dissolved solids (TDS), conductivity, dissolved oxygen (DO), Secchi disc transparency, soluble reactive phosphorous (SRP), soluble reactive silicate (SRS), NO3-N, NH4+, chlorophyll-a and phytoplankton population density was found between the Watch Tower and the Rauar Station of Tanguar Haor. The mean values of the aforsaid parameters were found to some extent higher in the Watch Tower Station. The Watch Tower Station was deeper and perennial, where the depth of water varied from 3.0 - 9.5 m annually with a mean of 6.72 m. In the studied station, air and water temperature varied from 22.6 - 30.6 and 22.7 - 30.3°C, respectively. Water transparency ranged from 2.08 - 3.0 m. From December to March the pH remained 8.1-9.7 and alkalinity from 0.73 - 1.35 meq/l. However, from April to September these two parameters ranged from 7.5 - 7.7 and 0.33 - 1.35 meq/l, respectively. Dissolved oxygen (DO) and free CO2 concentration ranged from 2.5 - 6.09 and 0.084 - 0.087 mg/l, respectively. During April to September the Chlorophyll-a value ranged from 5.5 - 7.5 μg/l while the range of SRP was 24.23 - 30.05 μg/l during the same period. At the latter part of the study year i.e., during the dry period (December to March) those two parameters were relatively low in concentration. In April a high concentration of NH4+ (1380 μg/l) was reported from the haor, at other times this parameter ranged from 690 - 820 μg/l. The NO3-N ranged from 0.25 - 0.75 mg/l. High density of phytoplankton population (2690 ind./l) was reported at the time of high concentration of SRP (30.05 μg/l ) of the haor water. The chlorophyll-a value (7.5 μg/l) was also highest at that time. So, it could be said that SRP concentration in Tanguar haor has been playing a vital role in regulating the standing crop of phytoplankton. To find the variation on a spatial scale, the data of the present investigation were compared with another study station of the haor namely, Rauar Station. No significant difference was observed among the concentrations of different parameters. However, a slight increasing trend in the concentrations of DO, alkalinity, SRP, NO3-N, SRS, NH4+ and total phytoplankton density was observed in the Watch Tower Station compared to Rauar Station. Watch Tower Station is also relatively deeper with an improved light climate as it had been revealed by the mean value of the Secchi depth. The water quality of Tanguar Haor has been classified as mesotrophic. Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 29(1): 9-18, 2020 (January)

scholarly journals Higher Order Aberrations (HOA) Changes after Femto-LASIK in Topography and Wavefrontguided Treatments

Folia Medica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-337
Author(s):  
Georgi Taskov ◽  
Todor Taskov
Keyword(s):  
Higher Order ◽  
Higher Order Aberrations ◽  
Quality Of Vision ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Ablation Profile ◽  
Myopic Astigmatism ◽  
Postoperative Quality

Background: Publications have focused on comparing the effect of various methods of refractive surgery or ablation profiles on higher order aberrations (HOA), yet the effect of WG compared to TG ablation in femtosecond laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis femto-LASIK on HOAs has not been studied adequately. Materials and methods: We reviewed the changes of HOAs before and after femto-LASIK for simple myopia or compound myopic astigmatism after topography-guided (TG) and wavefront-guided (WG) ablation profiles. In this retrospective study, 42 eyes underwent TG and 31 WG femto-LASIK. Results: The total HOAs increased from 0.41&plusmn;0.16 &mu;m pre-operatively to 0.66&plusmn;0.30 &mu;m post-operatively in the TG group and from 0.42&plusmn;0.13 &mu;m pre-operatively to 0.59&plusmn;0.27 &mu;m post-operatively in the WG group without statistically significant difference between the two groups. However, the postoperative change of secondary astigmatism showed a statistically significant difference between the two groups [0.20 (0.0-0.53) vs. 0.0 (0.0-0.20) for TG and WG groups, respectively; p=0.009]. Conclusions: The total HOAs increased compared to pre-operative data, in both the TG and WG ablation profile groups. The extent of increase of secondary astigmatism was significantly lower in the WG group, which might favour the postoperative quality of vision.

Pengaruh Jenis Co-Solvent terhadap Rendemen dan Mutu Biodiesel secara Transesterifikasi In Situ Menggunakan Radiasi Gelombang Mikro

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-126
Author(s):  
Mahlinda Mahlinda ◽  
Fitriana Djafar
Keyword(s):  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Experimental Result ◽  
In Situ Transesterification ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Solvent Type ◽  
Biodiesel Quality

The main purpose of this research was to observer effect co-solvent type (n-Hexane, chloroform and without co-solvent)  toward yield and quality of biodiesel via in situ transesterification process using microwave irradiation. The process was studied at microwave power 450 watt, reaction time 4 minutes, methanol to seed ratio 25:1 and catalyst concentration 5%. The physicochemical parameters of the biodiesel produced such as viscosity, density and acid value were analysed and compared with the SNI 7182-2012 standard. The experimental result showed the maximum yield biodiesel 78,32% obtained by using co-solvent chloroform.Test result of physicochemical properties (viscosity, density and acid value) of biodiesel products using co solvent n-Hexane, chloroform and without co solvent showed that these products conform to the SNI 7182-2012 standars. The type of co-solvent only affectedon biodiesel yield dan not affected on biodiesel quality (viscosity, density and acid value).  ABSTRAKTujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari pengaruh jenis co-solvent (n-Hexane, chloroform dan tanpa co-solvent) terhadap rendemen dan mutu biodiesel secara trasesterifikasi in situ menggunakan radiasi gelombang mikro. Proses dilakukan pada daya gelombang mikro 450 watt, waktu reaksi 4 menit, perbandingan berat metanol terhadap bahan baku 25:1 dan jumlah katalis 5%. Parameter fisiko kimia dari produk biodiesel seperti viskositas, densitas dan angka asam di analisa dan dibandingkan dengan standar SNI 7182-2012 tentang biodiesel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rendemen maksimum biodiesel sebesar 78,32% diperoleh dengan menggunakan co-solvent chloroform. Hasil pengujian  karakteristik fisiko kimia (viskositas, densitas dan angka asam) dari produk biodiesel menggunakan co-solvent n-Hexane, chloroform dan tanpa co-solvent menunjukkan bahwa semua parameter ini masih memenuhi standar SNI 1782-2012 tentang biodiesel. Jenis co-solvent hanya berpengaruh pada rendemen biodiesel dan tidak berpengaruh terhadap mutu biodiesel (viskositas, densitas dan bilangan asam).Kata kunci: co-solvent, in situ transesterifikasi, microwave, rendemen, mutu   

Antecedents And Outcomes Of Qwl Among Employees In Banks

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 (7) ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Geethanjali N ◽  
Parveen Roja M ◽  
Lavanya D
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Climate ◽  
Job Stress ◽  
Work Life ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
Quality Of Work Life ◽  
Quality Of Work ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Service Productivity ◽  
The Impact

Quality of work life is the major factor to be considered in working environment of any organization. The performance of employees and the organization lies on the ability of the employees based on working environment. The QWL leads to better working environment which improves the performance of organization. The present study has made an attempt to find the level of factors causing QWL and the impact of outcome of QWL in banks. Since the profile of the banks may be associated with the level of outcomes of QWL, the present study has made an attempt to examine it with the help of one way analysis of variance and t-test. The included outcomes of QWL are job satisfaction, job stress, organizational climate, organizational commitment, employees retention behaviour, service quality employees and service productivity of employees. The highly associated determinants of QWL and the significant difference among the PUSBs and PRSBs have been noticed. The significantly associating important profiles of the banks regarding the existence of outcome of QWL are identified.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document