scholarly journals Kurdistan’s role in European energy security

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hemin Ismael
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Fuel Economy ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Central Government ◽  
International Markets ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Ukraine Crisis

The paper analyzes the Kurdistan Regional Government’s (KRG) natural resource strategies, such as how it deals with huge reserves of many trillion cubic feet of its natural gas as significant energy. Because natural gas belongs to the cleanest burning fossil fuels, with 30 percent less carbon than oil, it plays a role in the global fuel economy. As KRG transports its natural gas to international markets, like European countries, via Turkey it means they also participate in energy security as a new actor. Because the KRG is landlocked, strong factors may affect Kurdish natural gas strategies because KRG is surrounded by today’s partners and yesterday’s enemies politically and economically. Turkey, the neighbor of KRG, also buys its gas and has an influence on these strategies after the Ukraine crisis that pushed European countries to make a turn towards Caspian natural gas. Kurdistan is part of the best option for European energy security as it plans to diversify natural gas imports. While the KRG benefits from selling its natural gas directly to international markets, this will come with some struggles. Many of these obstacles can be classified into two types: internal and external obstacles, such as a conflict with the central government regarding how to share gas revenues. Others problems include Iranian neighbor interest on natural resources in Kurdistan and Russia that looks to Kurdish gas as its ally if Kurdistan joins the southern gas corridor pipeline.

No taxation, no representation: An investigation of the relationship between natural resources and fiscal decentralization

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
pp. 1234-1255
Author(s):  
Mohammad Arzaghi ◽  
Andrew Balthrop
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Fiscal Decentralization ◽  
Government Expenditures ◽  
Government Control ◽  
Resource Rents ◽  
Natural Resource Rents ◽  
The Relationship

Rents from natural resources can alter the relationship between central and local governments by providing a new source of government financing. We develop a model to explore the relationship between fiscal decentralization and resource abundance. Our model indicates that natural resource rents can detach central government expenditures from the tax base so that the central government can spend more to persuade a fractious periphery to remain under central government control. Thus, other things being equal, higher natural resource rents can result in less decentralized government expenditures. We empirically explore the relationship between fiscal decentralization and natural resource rents using a panel of 60 countries over the past 40 years. Empirical results support our economic model: A 1% increase in natural resource rents as a fraction of gross domestic product results in government expenditures that are 0.53% less decentralized.

Strategia energetyczna Federacji Rosyjskiej wobec państw Grupy Wyszechradzkiej

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (15) ◽  
pp. 278-294
Author(s):  
Robert Kłaczyński
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Energy Strategy ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Visegrad Group

The Russian Federation is the big biggest petrol and natural gas exporter to the European petrol market. The V4 countries are a part of this market. They have various energy potential, various foreign policy making conceptions and finally they have different opinions about UE`s role on the European petrol market. What they share is dependency on the Russian Federation in the natural gas and petroleum import, and energy security concerns. All this together overlaps with Russian “energy hegemony” strategy aimed at using the natural resources as a tool to create foreign and domestic policies and influencing ongoing events in Europe. Thus a paper entitled “Russian Federation`s energy strategy towards Visegrad Group Countries” aims to characterize relations between Russian Federation and V4 Countries within the energy policies conducted by this international relations players.

scholarly journals Analysis of Carbon Tax on Selected European Countries: Does Carbon Tax Reduce Emissions?

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Ali Eren Alper
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Environmental Taxes

Since the first days of its existence, the humanity had been using natural resources to meet its needs. Especially along with the globalization period as a result of the Industrial Revolution and the rapid development of communication technologies within the last fifty years, the production has increased significantly in the world and has created negative effects on the environment. The leading adverse effects involve the emission of greenhouse gases and the global warming, which stem from the energy supply of fossil fuels as the main inputs of production. The global warming can be described as an increase in temperature worldwide. Irreversibility is the most important feature of the global warming. Therefore, in the absence of objective measures, the future costs would be much higher than the current ones. For this reason, governments need to take various measures to reduce the volume of emissions. The most important of these measures is carbon taxes. Carbon taxation encourages individuals to use fewer fossil fuels and to find new sources of energy by increasing the cost of using fossil fuels that cause carbon dioxide emissions through the price mechanism. To this end, the impacts of carbon tax levied in 18 selected European countries on economic growth, urbanization, natural gas and petroleum usage, and CO2 emissions are examined by panel data analysis for the 1995-2015 period. The analysis results indicate that a 1% increase in environmental taxes reduces carbon dioxide emissions by 0.9%. Furthermore, it is reported that a 1% increase in natural gas and petroleum consumption among the variables included in the analysis increased carbon dioxide emissions by 0.1% and 0.7%, respectively; while a 1% increase in urbanization reduced carbon dioxide emissions by 0.9%.

scholarly journals Dampak Desentralisasi Fiskal di Indonesia terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi dan Disparitas Antar Daerah: Analisa Model Makro Ekonometrik Simultan

2003 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teguh Dartanto ◽  
Bambang P.S. Brodjonegoro
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Fiscal Decentralization ◽  
Revenue Sharing ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Block Grant ◽  
Transfer Scheme ◽  
Tax Sharing

From January 1, 2001, when new autonomy laws were implemented, lndonesia began to move toward decentralization of what had been a highly decentralized. This policy adopts two complimentary laws. Law No.22/1999, which basically the devolution policy, has been accompanied by La No.25/1999, which basically reflect that decentralization policy in Indonesia has adopted the concept of ”money follows function”. Law No.25/1999 describe the fiscal decentralization process that will create a new intergovernmental transfer scheme between the central government and local government. Some of items in the law were really new ones such as the natural resources revenue sharing, income tax sharing, general allocation fund (OAF) and specifics allocation fund (SAF). The policies oftax and natural resource revenue sharing can result in fiscal imbalance among regions. Tax and natural resources revenue sharing will benefit only to urbanized and natural resources rich regions Because of it, Central Government created General Allocation Funds. This fund has block grant characteristic and will be given to regions by fiscal gap conception. The purpose is to equalize fiscal capacity among regions that in turn also can reduce disparity among them. The Simultaneous Macro Econometric Model is made for analyzing the fiscal decentralization impact to economic growth and region disparity. The policy simulation in this model used transfer fund from central government such as Tax Revenue Sharing, Natural Resource Revenue Sharing and General Allocation Fund. The simulation is carried out to see the optimality of various possible existing policies. The optimality is measured by evaluating the high rate of economic growth and low disparity.

scholarly journals Distribution of Resource Revenues in Balochistan: A Gap in Pakistan's Policy Making

2017 ◽  
Vol II (I) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Sadia Sohail ◽  
Sohail Ahmad ◽  
Noor Jehan
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Mineral Deposits ◽  
Foreign Companies ◽  
The Stability

Since the discovery of oil and gas in Balochistan and Sindh, Punjab has remained the primary consumer. The gas reserves that were found in 1952 reached the consumers of Baluchistan in 1986 in 14 urban townships. Other than natural gas and oil the mineral deposits, their exploration and extraction through foreign companies is raising eyebrows on the issue of the revenue distribution. This paper is based on the MS thesis of the author, Mismanagement of Natural Resources: Challenges to the stability of Pakistan and its implications of Foreign Direct Investment (2005-2017). It discusses, why there is lack of consensus between the central government and Balochistan on the issue of minerals extraction and revenue distribution? It also addresses, how mal-administration played a role in widening the gap between Balochistan and Central government and it suggests measures to improve the situation.

Exhaustion of Fossil Fuels and Energy Security

Energy ◽  
2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Goldemberg
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel

Are fossil fuels being exhausted? Although fossil fuel reserves are very large, they are, by nature, exhaustible. As we have discussed previously, the expected life of presently identified reserves is 41 years for oil, 63 years for natural gas, and 147 years for coal....

scholarly journals IS THE CURSE OF NATURAL RESOURCES OCCURING IN INDONESIA?

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-27
Author(s):  
Joko Tri Haryanto
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Resource Curse ◽  
Quadrant Analysis ◽  
Natural Resource Curse ◽  
Mining Areas ◽  
East Kalimantan ◽  
Massive Number ◽  
Early Indication

Theories explain the occurrence of natural resource curse phenomenon as a the conditions in a country has an abundance of mining sector but unsustainable patterns of development. In case of Indonesia, several studies conducted to measure natural resource curse also occurs during decentralization era. Therefore, this research conducted by analyze the performance of APBD in mining areas. By using share analysis, the highest area is East Kalimantan Province, while the lowest is NTT Province. Meanwhile, from growth, the highest area is West Java and the lowest category is Banten Province. From the quadrant analysis, four areas are in the quadrant I, seven areas in quadrant II, six areas in quadrant III and most areas in quadrant IV. This massive number of mining areas in quadrant IV shall inflict a serious note for the Central Government, could be an early indication of the emergence of natural resource curse in Indonesia.  

FEATURES OF REDISTRIBUTION OF RENTAL PAYMENTS THROUGH LAND TAXATION AND REAL ESTATE

2021 ◽  
pp. 88-94
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Chumachenko
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Real Estate ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
The State ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Nature Management ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Favorable Conditions

The article provides a comparative analysis of the structure of taxes and fees on the use of real estate in European countries. An analysis of the redistribution of fiscal payments of EU member states and some post-Soviet countries. The fiscal system is an important tool for the state redistribution of natural resource rent payments. As you know, the tax system is one of the main levers for creating favorable conditions for socio-economic development of the state and the greening of the environment. Research related to the study of the rental phenomenon has a long history. The concept of rent began to take shape long before the active discussion in economics. The article reveals the essence of the concept of rent and investigates the mechanisms of redistribution of rent payments from the use of natural resources. As you know, the taxation system, along with the legal and judicial systems, is one of the main levers for creating favorable conditions for socio-economic development of the state and the greening of the environment. The structure of real estate includes land resources (land plots), which form the basis of further economic activity. Owners or users of natural resources in the course of economic activity receive rent or income from the use of real estate. Rent payments from the use of natural resources (nature use) affect the filling of the budgets of many countries through the system of taxation of individuals and legal entities. In this way, local budgets, the state treasury, stabilization funds and funding for environmental protection and natural resources formed. Analyzing the state and intensity of nature management was found that the economic efficiency of use and redistribution of natural resource payments of European countries is significantly heterogeneous. In European countries, with a high level of development, the share of rent payments from the use of natural resources is insignificant, without the disadvantages of resource-oriented economies. The structure of budget revenues from the use of real estate, including land tax analyzed. The redistribution of fiscal payments for land in European countries on payments from sale (gift, inheritance), from use (actually land tax), from registration (registration fee) and other payments provided by the legislation of the country.

scholarly journals Geopolitical aspects of energy security and environmental security in the Republic of Serbia

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-38
Author(s):  
Ljubomir Stajić ◽  
Nenad Radivojević ◽  
Vladan Mirković
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Environmental Security ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Western Balkans ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Oil And Natural Gas ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Coal Reserves

Endangering of the environment today is largely due to the pursuit of energy security, respectively the need for a large amount of it. In this regard, the subject of our research is to determine the interdependence and impact of energy security on environmental security, and vice versa, as well as identifying the sources, forms and carriers of endangering energy security and environment security. In order to determine this, bearing in mind that "race for remaining resources" in the world in the last few decades has been particularly intensified; it is necessary to consider contemporary geopolitical trends and their impact on the security of small countries, including the Republic of Serbia. Namely, the key factors of energy security are the existence, production (exploitation), transit and use of fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas). The Republic of Serbia has significant quantities of coal reserves, while in the case of oil and natural gas, its energy needs are largely met by imports. The geographical and geo-strategic positions of the Republic of Serbia in the area of Southeastern Europe (and the Western Balkans) indicate its extremely favorable position as a transit country. Achieving its energy security depends largely on viewing and understanding contemporary geopolitical trends. The geopolitical (and hegemonic) aspirations of large countries have often led (and still do) to provoking certain conflicts, crises, and even open armed conflicts that, among other things, have impact on endangering the environment.

scholarly journals LADM-Based Model for Natural Resource Administration in China

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 456
Author(s):  
Zhongguo Xu ◽  
Yuefei Zhuo ◽  
Rong Liao ◽  
Cifang Wu ◽  
Yuzhe Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Water Area ◽  
Domain Model ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Public Rights ◽  
The Right

China’s rapid urbanization and industrialization have continually placed massive pressure on the country’s natural resources. The fragmented departmental administration of natural resources also intensifies the problem of sustainable use. Accordingly, China’s central government has launched natural resource administration reform from decentralization to unification. This study systematically analyzes the reform requirements from legal, organizational, and technical aspects. The right structure of China’s natural resource assets for fulfilling such requirements is examined in this work through a review of relevant legal text, and such a right structure is converted into a draft national technical standard of China’s natural resource administration on the basis of the land administration domain model (LADM). Results show that China’s natural resource administration covers lands, buildings, structures, forests, grasslands, waters, beaches, sea areas, minerals, and other fields. The types of private rights over natural resources include ownerships, land-contracted management rights (cultivated land, forest land, grassland, and water area), rights to use construction land (state-owned and collective-owned), rights to use agricultural land, rights to use homestead land, breeding rights on water areas and beaches, rights to use sea areas, rights to use uninhabited islands, and mining rights. The types of public rights over natural resources include comprehensive land use, urban and rural, sea use, and territory space planning. Furthermore, various types of these property rights can be converted into corresponding classes in LADM on the basis of the analysis of the property subject, object, and rights.

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