scholarly journals Analysis of Carbon Tax on Selected European Countries: Does Carbon Tax Reduce Emissions?

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Ali Eren Alper
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Environmental Taxes

Since the first days of its existence, the humanity had been using natural resources to meet its needs. Especially along with the globalization period as a result of the Industrial Revolution and the rapid development of communication technologies within the last fifty years, the production has increased significantly in the world and has created negative effects on the environment. The leading adverse effects involve the emission of greenhouse gases and the global warming, which stem from the energy supply of fossil fuels as the main inputs of production. The global warming can be described as an increase in temperature worldwide. Irreversibility is the most important feature of the global warming. Therefore, in the absence of objective measures, the future costs would be much higher than the current ones. For this reason, governments need to take various measures to reduce the volume of emissions. The most important of these measures is carbon taxes. Carbon taxation encourages individuals to use fewer fossil fuels and to find new sources of energy by increasing the cost of using fossil fuels that cause carbon dioxide emissions through the price mechanism. To this end, the impacts of carbon tax levied in 18 selected European countries on economic growth, urbanization, natural gas and petroleum usage, and CO2 emissions are examined by panel data analysis for the 1995-2015 period. The analysis results indicate that a 1% increase in environmental taxes reduces carbon dioxide emissions by 0.9%. Furthermore, it is reported that a 1% increase in natural gas and petroleum consumption among the variables included in the analysis increased carbon dioxide emissions by 0.1% and 0.7%, respectively; while a 1% increase in urbanization reduced carbon dioxide emissions by 0.9%.

scholarly journals CO2 Mitigation in the Power Sector of Thailand: Analyses of Cleaner Supply-side Options Beyond the Paris Agreement

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyheang Chhay ◽  
Bundit Limmeechokchai
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Power Sector ◽  
Power Development

Background: The drastically increasing share of fossil fuel supply to meet the rapidly growing electricity demand resulting in increasing Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, is the major concern in Thailand. In 2015, fossil fuels used in electricity generation in Thailand accounted for around 85.3% of the total electricity generation. Aim: The aim of the study is to analyze carbon dioxide mitigation options under the cleaner supply-side option beyond the Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) of Thailand. Methods: In this study, the Long-range Energy Planning (LEAP) model is used to analyze the share of electricity generation and CO2 mitigation from four main different scenarios, namely Business-as-Usual (BAU), Renewable Energy (RE), Carbon Capture Storage (CCS), and Carbon Tax (CT) scenarios during 2015 to 2050. The BAU scenario is constructed following the power development targets of the Power Development Plan in 2015. Results: The results illustrate that in the BAU scenario, electricity generation and carbon dioxide emissions from the power sector will increase by 57.7% and 37.3%, respectively in 2050 as compared to 2015. The imposition of carbon tax of $20/tCO2 from 2020 and an increase to $500/t CO2 by 2050 will have a high potential to reduce CO2 emissions from the power sector as compared with other scenarios. Conclusion: Results show that except for the RE scenarios considering the lower share of solar and biomass, all scenarios would help Thailand in achieving the target of INDC by 2030. Results provide that the share of imported electricity is higher with the imposition of carbon tax as compared to the scenarios with the promotion of renewable energy, CCS and EV technology.

scholarly journals Sustainably Produced Hydrogen

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Gribova ◽  
Lutz Giese
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Steam Reforming ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Oil And Natural Gas ◽  
Cracking Process

The fossil fuels used to provide energy, such as coal, crude oil and natural gas, are largely responsible for carbon dioxide emissions and other so-called greenhouse gases. Hydrogen gas (H2) can make a key contribution to decarbonization. It can be produced using various processes. Several processes are available to produce hydrogen, such as (i) steam reforming, (ii) cracking process or (iii) electrolysis. Depending on the source of origin, there is a distinction made between different “colours”. Gray, blue, turquoise, yellow and green hydrogen is avail­able, the latter made using Renewable Energies. However, items such as (i) possible variants of hydrogen, (ii) leading export countries or (iii) provision paths to be preferred in the future will be discussed in this paper.

scholarly journals THE POSSIBILITY OF IMPLEMENTING CARBON LEVIES IN INDONESIA USING EXISTING LAW

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-62
Author(s):  
Muhammad Sutartib ◽  
Muh Nurkhamid
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Excise Taxes ◽  
Tax State ◽  
Mitigate Climate Change

This qualitative research method aims to prove that without making new laws, Indonesia can still fulfill what is mandated in the Paris Agreement. Indonesia has ratified this agreement since 2016, so it must immediately take appropriate and concrete steps for reducing carbon dioxide emissions. A carbon tax is one of the most powerful tools to mitigate climate change, so many experts have suggested that Indonesia has to immediately implements a carbon tax  as well. We suggest replacing the term of a carbon tax with carbon levy, to make it more flexible in its collection without having to enact new laws. A carbon tax is a corrective tax on goods that have a negative impact on their use, so there is a similarity between the philosophy of the carbon tax and the philosophy of excise. The weakness of the existing Excise Law is that it is only intended for tangible goods  so that this Law cannot adopt carbon levies on activities that create a carbon footprint. This paper concludes that carbon levies in the form of excise taxes can be used to tax fossil fuels, while for activities that emit carbon dioxide, the levy uses the non-tax state levy mechanism.

scholarly journals Estimating Causal Effects When the Treatment Affects All Subjects Simultaneously: An Application

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Chiara Binelli
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Average Global Temperature ◽  
Causal Impact ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Robust Evidence

Several important questions cannot be answered with the standard toolkit of causal inference since all subjects are treated for a given period and thus there is no control group. One example of this type of questions is the impact of carbon dioxide emissions on global warming. In this paper, we address this question using a machine learning method, which allows estimating causal impacts in settings when a randomized experiment is not feasible. We discuss the conditions under which this method can identify a causal impact, and we find that carbon dioxide emissions are responsible for an increase in average global temperature of about 0.3 degrees Celsius between 1961 and 2011. We offer two main contributions. First, we provide one additional application of Machine Learning to answer causal questions of policy relevance. Second, by applying a methodology that relies on few directly testable assumptions and is easy to replicate, we provide robust evidence of the man-made nature of global warming, which could reduce incentives to turn to biased sources of information that fuels climate change skepticism.

Electricity production and its effects on carbon dioxide emissions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: إنتاج الكهرباء وآثاره في انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون في المملكة العربية السعودية

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 134-108
Author(s):  
Zakiah Radhi Alhajji, Mohamed Elsayed Hafez Ali Zakiah Radhi Alhajji, Mohamed Elsayed Hafez Ali
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Energy Productivity ◽  
Gulf Region ◽  
Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia

Because of increased demand for electrical energy in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, which has resulted in an increase in carbon dioxide emissions, the electricity system in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is the largest in the Gulf region and the Arab world, with approximately 61.7 gigatons (GW) of peak demand and 89.2 gigatons (GW) of available capacity in 2018 of electricity power. It has grown rapidly over more than 20 years and has almost doubled in size since 2000. Where we observe that the total carbon dioxide emissions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from 1990 to 2020; where shows rapid growth in emissions of carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases, as it was found that CO2 emissions in 1990 amounted to 151 million metric tons compared to 2011 when it reached about 435 million metric tons, and the increase continued until 2020 when it reached about 530 million metric tons. The comprehensive study relied on time series analysis to carefully analyze the electric energy productivity rate from fossil fuels and the significant amount of carbon dioxide emissions typically resulting from promptly burning fossil fuels to naturally produce electric energy. Therefore, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, through Vision 2030 and the Paris Agreement on Climate Change, looks to reduce the rate of carbon dioxide emissions in the field of electric power generation by diversifying the fuels used or replacing them with clean and renewable energy such as solar and wind energy.

The pathway toward pollution mitigation in EU28 region: does bioenergy growth make a difference?

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Alsaleh ◽  
A.S. Abdul-Rahim
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
The Body ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Improved Model

PurposeThis research explores the effect of bioenergy use on carbon dioxide releases in 28 European Union (EU-28) affiliated members starting from 1990 to 2018.Design/methodology/approachApplying panels' fixed effect (FE) estimator and random effect (RE) estimator, the regressed findings are highly validated as they were robust by panel least square dummy variable corrected (LSDVC) and pooled ordinary least square (Pooled OLS) estimators.FindingsThe findings claimed that carbon dioxide releases decrease with an incline in bioenergy use and trade openness. On the other hand, fossil-fuel and economic growth indicators mounting carbon dioxide releases. The result implies that carbon dioxide releases in EU-28 region members can be mitigated significantly by mounting the quantity bioenergy use in generation channel. This will mostly participate in combating environmental pollution.Practical implicationsThe study suggests for EU28 region members to enhance the portion of bioenergy in their fuel access to decrease emitted carbon dioxide. Governors in EU28 members should mainly encourage bioenergy expansion to raise its security and availability. The politicians of the EU28 members must assert on efficacy and productivity of bioenergy production to achieve energy accessibility and decrease dependency on conventional energy.Originality/valueThis research applies the recently improved model, the panel data analysis approach, which considered for the first-class impacts of estimators on the dependent variable and deals with the several problems of the common Pooled OLS estimator's manner and performance. Finally, this research contributes to the previous studies on ecological sustainability by examining the presence correlation among carbon dioxide emissions, bioenergy sustainability, trade openness, fossil fuel and gross domestic product in the EU28 region. Hence, it proves our research novelty, originality and contribution to the body of knowledge.

Global Effects of Atmospheric Emissions

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 35-42
Author(s):  
Abdullah A. Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Element Carbon ◽  
Climatic Environment ◽  
Long Time

The element carbon Carbon dioxide emissions are increasing primarily as a result of people's use of fossil fuels for electricity. Coal and oil are fossil fuels that contain carbon that plants removed from the atmosphere by photosynthesis over millions of years; and in just a few hundred years we've returned carbon to the atmosphere. The element carbon Carbon dioxide concentrations rise primarily as a result of the burning of fossil fuels and Freon for electricity. Fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas produce carbon plants that were photosynthesized from the atmosphere over many years, since in just two centuries, carbon was returned to the atmosphere. Climate alter could be a noteworthy time variety in weather designs happening over periods ranging from decades to millions of a long time. The permanent change in climatic conditions, or in the time period of long-term natural conditions, indicates irregularity in climatic conditions. Discuss toxins are pollutants that have an adverse impact on the ecosystem through interferometry's with the climatic environment, plant physiology, creature organisms, complete biological systems and human property in the form of agricultural or human crops. We list the best climate to represent the fact that global climate change has been identified as one of the major environmental problems facing humanity in the 21st century. In this context, the list of "classic" poisons must be included alongside substances such as oxides of nitrogen or sulfide. Certain environment limiting agents – the most crucial of them being carbon dioxide – which otherwise do not damage life formations. On the other hand, climate research has linked some compounds that have long been known to discuss toxin (occasionally dark CO2) with the warming of the climate.

So You Want a Carbon Tax: How Do You Design It?

2019 ◽  
pp. 99-114
Author(s):  
Gilbert E. Metcalf
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Trade ◽  
Design Features ◽  
Practical Advice ◽  
Traded Goods ◽  
The Government

This chapter reviews the nuts and bolts of implementing a carbon tax. Invoking principles of administrative simplicity, ease of compliance, and avoidance of design features that dilute the price signal, it gives practical advice on who should be responsible for collecting the tax and remitting it to the government. It explains how the tax should handle the possibility that we can capture and permanently store carbon dioxide emissions and how we should tax emissions related to internationally traded goods so the United States is not disadvantaged in global trade. Finally, it identifies, and warns policymakers away from, various pitfalls in carbon tax design.

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