EFFECTIVENESS OF ETHANOL EXTRACT AND ETHYL ACETATE FRACTION OF ARECA NUT (ARECA CATECHU L.) ON THE IL-18 SERUM CYTOKINE LEVEL IN MICE (MUS MUSCULUS) INFECTED WITH TRICHURIS MURIS EGG

BACKGROUND: Trichuris trichiura is a soil-transmitted parasitic worm commonly found in humid, tropical to subtropical areas, as well as poor sanitation area. These worms are cosmopolitan, especially in tropical and humid countries like Indonesia. This worm infection is more common in developing countries and more in children than adults due to poorer child self-hygiene. Worm disease is one of the common society diseases with 60% of children in Indonesia which are estimated to be affected. One species of T. trichiura worm that is often used in research on experimental animals is Trichuris muris. The administration of T. muris infective eggs can significantly increase the number of goblet cells in intestinal crypts of colon and cecum. Goblet cell hyperplasia will occur after exposure to high-dose T. muris (acute/200 infective eggs) in resistant mice. Various studies on the development of natural and traditional materials have been developing in the past few years to see the effects of betel nut on the number of goblet cells in the large intestine. AIM: The aim of this research is to determine the effect of ethanol extract and the ethyl acetate fraction of betel nut on the change in the number of goblet cells in male mice given orally T. muris infective eggs. METHODS: This study was an experimental study with a post-test only control group design in male mice (Mus musculus) which were given 200 infective eggs of T. muris. The study sample consisted of 70 mice divided into seven groups. Doses of the ethanol extract of betel nut are 100 mg/kg b.w. and 150 mg/kg b.w., and doses of ethyl acetate fraction are 100 mg/kg b.w. and 150 mg/kg b.w. The independent variable was ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction of betel nut. The dependent variable is the number of goblet cells. Mean differences in groups were tested by Mann–Whitney. RESULTS: Statistical analysis showed a significant difference of p < 0.05 in the colonic crypts and cecum. In Group K (+), there was no increase in the number of goblet cells (54.2000 ± 30.54864) compared to Group K (−) (79.0750 ± 11.79221) in the colon. There was an increase in goblet cells in the 150 mg/kg b.w. of ethanol extract group (64.1000 ± 29.50381), the 150 mg/kg b.w. of ethyl acetate fraction group (56.2250 ± 22.11035), and the 1 mg/20 g of albendazole group (68.3750 ± 11.30956) in the colon. Likewise, there was an increase in the number of goblet cells in the cecum. It can be concluded that 150 mg/kg b.w. of the ethanol extract of betel nut can effectively increase the number of goblet cells in the colon and cecum. CONCLUSION: Ethanol extract of betel nut 150 mg / kg of weight can effectively increase the number of goblet cells in the colon and caecum.

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Effect of Ethanol Extract and Ethylacetate Fraction of Areca Seeds (Areca Catechu L.) on Changes in Worm Intensity in Mice (Mus Musculus) Given Per-Oral Infectious Trichuris Muris Eggs

Strengthening Hospital Competitiveness to Improve Patient Satisfaction and Better Health Outcomes ◽

10.26911/the6thicph.05.12 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Endy Juli Anto ◽

◽

Aznan Lelo ◽

Syafruddin Ilyas ◽

Marline Nainggolan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mus Musculus ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Trichuris Muris ◽

Areca Catechu ◽

Per Oral

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Antioxidant Activity, Inhibition α-Glucosidase of Ethanol Extract of Strychnos nitida G. Don and Identification of Active Compounds

Current Biochemistry ◽

10.29244/cb.5.3.11-20 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 11-20

Author(s):

Stefani Dhale Rale ◽

Hasim Hasim ◽

Syamsul Falah

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Inhibition Activity ◽

Active Compounds ◽

Activity Inhibition ◽

Activity Test ◽

Ic50 Value ◽

Treatment Of Diabetes

This study aims to find the treatment of diabetes using natural materials by exploring plants in the province of East Nusa Tenggara. his research was conducted out by extracting the Strychnos nitida G.Don stem using a method of maceration by ethanol 70%. Ethanol extract was then fractionated using n-hexane and ethyl acetate. Simplicia from maceration and fractionation results were then tested for antioxidant activity, α-glucosidase inhibition activity and identification of active compounds. The results showed that ethyl acetate fraction had the lowest IC50 value of 86.83 μg / ml. Results of the α-glucosidase activity test showed that ethyl acetate fraction and n-heksan fraction at 900 ppm had the highest percentage of inhibition of 34.23% and 33.89%. Identification using LCMS/MS method showed that ethyl acetate fraction consist of Benzenemethamine, N, N-dioctyl- as an antioxidantcompound and compound 24-methyl-5-cholestone-hexol as an antidiabetic compound. From the results of this study, we concluded that the extract of kayu ular Strychnos nitida G.Don stem has inhibition activity toward α-glucosidase enzyme.

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Antibacterial Activity Test of Extracts and Fractions of Cassava Leaves (Manihot esculenta Crantz) against Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes Causing Acne

International Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1155/2020/1975904 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Resmi Mustarichie ◽

Sulistiyaningsih Sulistyaningsih ◽

Dudi Runadi

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽

Propionibacterium Acnes ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Clinical Isolates ◽

Active Fraction ◽

Cassava Leaves ◽

Ethanol Extracts

This study is aimed at determining antibacterial activity from ethanol extracts and the most active fraction of cassava leaves against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes. Research carried out by the experimental method involved determination of plants, extraction with maceration method, fractionation with liquid-liquid extraction, antibacterial activity testing of extracts and fractions by agar diffusion method, determination of most active fraction from the extract, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) testing of most active fraction by microdilution method. The results showed that ethanol extracts of cassava leaves had antibacterial activity against both bacteria with the most active fraction indicated by ethyl acetate. MIC values of ethyl acetate fraction against S. epidermidis were in the concentration range of 2.5%–5.0% (w/v) and against P. acnes were in the concentration range of 1.25%–2.5% (w/v). The MBC value of ethyl acetate fraction against S. epidermidis was at a concentration of 5% (w/v), while P. acnes was at a concentration of 2.5% (w/v). From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of cassava leaves (Manihot esculenta Crantz) has antibacterial activity against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis as well as on Propionibacterium acnes. The fraction with the best activity from the ethanol extract of cassava leaves to the two test bacteria was shown by ethyl acetate fraction. It is suggested that cassava leaves are possible to be developed into standardized antiacne herbal.

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Effect of Chayote (Sechium Edule Jacq. Swartz) Extract on Level of Interleukin-8 in Wistar Rats with Aspirin-Induced Gastritis

Childhood Stunting, Wasting, and Obesity, as the Critical Global Health Issues: Forging Cross-Sectoral Solutions ◽

10.26911/the7thicph.05.35 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Hendrika Andriana Silitonga ◽

◽

Gontar Alamsyah Siregar ◽

Rosita Juwita Sembiring ◽

Marline Nainggolan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Wistar Rats ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Negative Control Group ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Interleukin 8 ◽

Control Group ◽

Sechium Edule

ABSTRACT Background: Recent studies showed that Interleukin-8 (IL-8), activated cytokine immune response which plays an important role in the development of acute and chronic gastritis. Harmless anti-inflammatory therapeutic alternatives have been proposed, for example, the consumption of Sechium Edule Jacq. Swartz (chayote). Antioxidant (flavonoid) and cell regeneration (alkaloid) agents were found in chayote. This study aimed to determine the effect of chayote Sechium Edule Jacq. Swartz extracts on the level of IL-8 in Wistar rats with aspirin- induced gastritis. Subjects and Method: This was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) conducted at the laboratory of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Sumatra Utara from January to February 2020. A total of 35 male Wistar rats was selected for this study and randomly allocated into 7 groups: (1) Negative control; (2) Positive control; (3) 100 mg/ kg BW chayote ethanol extract ; (4) 200 mg/kg BW chayote ethanol extract; (5) 100 mg/ kg BW chayote ethyl acetate fraction; (6) 200 mg/kg BW chayote ethyl acetate fraction; and (7) 20 mg omeprazole. The rats in positive control and treatment groups were induced with aspirin (200mg/ kg BW). The negative control group received no intervention. The dependent variable was level of IL-8 measured by ELISA. The independent variables were treatment status. The data were analyzed by One Way Anova and post hoc test. Results: The mean differences of IL-8 level were not statistically significant between study groups (p= 0.327). Mean of IL-8 level was higher in positive control group (Mean= 160.80; SD= 6.90) than in negative control group (Mean= 141.20; SD= 10.98). The lowest IL-8 level was in 100mg/ kg BW chayote ethanol extract group (Mean= 149.94; SD= 40.4), followed by 200mg/ kg BW (Mean= 152.4; SD= 30.73) and 100mg/ kg BW (Mean= 164.60; SD= 25.04) chayote ethyl acetate fraction groups, 20 mg omeprazole group (Mean= 170.60; SD= 21.58), and 200 mg/ kg BW chayote ethanol extract group (Mean= 176.80; SD= 10.98). Conclusion: The low dose (100mg/ kg BW) chayote ethanol extract has the most potential antiinflammation effect on in vitro gastritis with the lowest IL-8 level of all doses of chayote ethanol extract, chayote ethyl acetate fraction, and omeprazole. Keywords: antiinflammation, IL-8, chayote ethanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction, omeprazole, aspirin induced gastritis Correspondence: Hendrika Andriana Silitonga. Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Methodist Indonesia. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: +6281361430688. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.05.35

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Antioxidant activity test of ethyl acetate fraction of binjai (Mangifera Caesia) leaf ethanol extract

Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) ◽

10.20473/j.djmkg.v51.i4.p164-168 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 51 (4) ◽

pp. 164

Author(s):

K. Khairiah ◽

Irham Taufiqurrahman ◽

Deby Kania Tri Putri

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Ascorbic Acid ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Secondary Metabolite ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Linear Connection ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Control Group

Background: Binjai (Mangifera caesia) is a herb derived from South Kalimantan possessing antioxidant properties which promote wound healing inhibiting oxidation radicals. The natural antioxidants present in binjai leaves can be extracted by fractionation. Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the antioxidant activity of ethyl acetate fraction in 96% ethanol extract of binjai leaf. Methods: The study constituted a pure experimental study incorporating a post-test design with only random sampling technique consisting of two groups, namely; an ethyl acetate fraction as the treatment group and ascorbic acid as the positive control group. The leaves were treated in accordance with the soxhlet method and subsequently fractionated to extract ethyl acetate fraction. This was used to measure antioxidant activity with DPPH radical damping method using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. A linear regression calculation was performed with a standard curve to quantify the IC50 value, before the ethyl acetate fraction underwent a qualitative test of secondary metabolite. Results: An independent t-test indicated significant differences between groups, an average value of IC50 in ascorbic acid of 13.812 ppm with 0.996 linearity and a fraction of ethyl acetate 38.526 ppm with a linearity of 0.999. In contrast, at this linearity value ascorbic acid and ethyl fraction acetate demonstrate a very high linear connection between concentration and inhibition. A secondary metabolite test conducted on the ethyl acetate fraction produced positive results for flavonoid, tannins, and phenol. Conclusion: Based on the IC50 parameters, the fraction of ethyl acetate in 96% ethanol extract of binjai leaf produces very strong antioxidant activity in the content of the compounds in the fraction, namely: flavonoid, tannins and phenol.

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The Effect of Ethanol and Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Chayote fruit (Sechium edule Jacq. Swartz) on the Oxidative Stress and Insulin Resistance of Male White Rat Model Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3889/oamjms.2020.4517 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (A) ◽

pp. 962-969

Author(s):

Jekson Martiar Siahaan ◽

Syaffruddin Illyas ◽

Dharma Lindarto ◽

Marline Nainggolan

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Insulin Resistance ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Insulin Level ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Sechium Edule

BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) causes insulin resistance and disordered insulin secretion. Pathomechanisms of T2D consist of dysfunctional pancreatic β-cell and insulin resistance caused by free radical (reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species) that produced from the glucose metabolism pathway. Insulin resistance can be measured using the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Oxidative stress can measure through the activities of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). AIM: This research aims to study the potential of chayote (Sechium edule Jacq. Swartz) to be used as antihyperglycemic in T2D. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This research was conducted with a post-test randomized controlled group design. Eleven groups with four male rats each were used. Normal untreated rats were treated under ad libitum feeding and drinking condition. Meanwhile, the rat models were induced with the combination of 45 mg/kg b.w. streptozotocin, 110 mg/kg b.w. nicotinamide, 40.5 mg/kg b.w. metformin, high-fat diet, and/or chayote extract. The chayote extract was orally administered to the rat in the form of ethanol extract and/or ethyl acetate fraction, with three dosages of 45 mg/kg b.w., 100 mg/kg b.w., and 150 mg/kg b.w. for each extract type. The body weight, glucose level, insulin level, MDA, and SOD activities were measured. The HOMA-IR was used. RESULTS: The lowest body weight of the rat model in week 0 was 145 ± 25.31, founded in Group H that was treated with ethyl acetate fraction of chayote extract (45 mg/kg b.w.). The lowest blood sugar level in the group with 2 h glucose load was 112.5 ± 27.00 on average, found in Group G that was treated with chayote ethanolic extract (150 mg/kg b.w.). The highest SOD in the group treated with chayote extract was 1.27 ± 0.20, founded in Group H treated with ethyl acetate 45 mg/kg b.w. The lowest level of MDA was 0.86 ± 0.70 in Group H treated with ethyl acetate 45 mg/kg b.w. The lowest fasting blood sugar spectrophotometer level was 150.54 ± 17.24 mg/dl in Group K with metformin treatment, followed by 155.16 ± 31.92 mg/dl in Group K treated 45 mg/kg b.w. ethanol treatment. The highest insulin level was 6.14 ± 0.71, founded in Group F that was treated with chayote ethanolic extract 100 mg/kg b.w. The lowest measurement of HOMA-IR was 0.16 ± 0.80 in Group E treated with ethanol extract of chayote 45 mg/kg b.w. CONCLUSION: Ethanol extract and fractionation of chayote work as an antioxidant and anti-insulin resistance.

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AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK ETANOL DAN FRAKSI KULIT BATANG BELIMBING WULUH (Averrhoa bilimbi Linn.) TERHADAP BAKTERI Klebsiella pneumoniae DAN Staphylococcus epidermidis BESERTA BIOAUTOGRAFINYA

Biomedika ◽

10.23917/biomedika.v4i2.252 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Dr. Muhtadi , MSi. ◽

Ria Ambarwati ◽

Ratna Yuliani

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽

Antibacterial Properties ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Water Fraction

Belimbing wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi Linn.) is a tropical plant that has antibacterial properties. The purpose of this study was to test the antibacterial activity of bark Belimbing wuluh against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus epidermidis and their bioautography. Extraction methods used to research is method maceration with a solvent ethanol 96 %. Fractinations done by method partition liquid-liquid with a separating funnel. Test performed in this research covering identi� cation bacteria, the sensitivity bacteria, antibacterial activity, thin layer chromatography, bioautography. The result of antibacterial activity ethanol extract of disk diffusion method with concentrations 400 μg/disk, 800 μg/disk, 1600 μg/disk is 8±0,5; 10,34±0,58; 12,17±0,76 on Klebsiella pneumoniae, 10,17±0,29; 11±0; 11.5±0 on Staphylococcus epidermidis, n-hexane fraction with concentration 400 μg/disk, 800 μg/disk, 1600 μg/disk is 8,34±0,29; 9,34±0,29; 10,84±0,76 on Klebsialla pneumoniae, 8,5±0,5; 9,34±0,29; 10,67±0,29 on Staphylococcus epidermidis, ethyl acetate fraction with concentration 400 μg/disk, 800 μg/disk, 1600 μg/disk is 9,17±0,29; 10,34±0,29; 11,17±0,29 on Klebsiella pneumoniae and 9,5±0,5; 10,67±0,29; 12,67±1,26 on Staphylococcus epidermidis, ethanol-water fractions with concentration 400 μg/disk, 800 μg/ disk, 1600 μg/disk is 8,17±0,29; 9,17±0,29; 10±0 on Klebsiella pneumoniae, 9±0; 9,67±0,29; 10,34±0,29 on Staphylococcus epidermidis. The TLC show chemical compounds contained in the ethanol extract, n-heksan fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and ethanol-water fraction is a compound of the saponins, alkaloids, � avonoids and phenolic. Bioautography showed that ethanol extracts, n-heksan faction, ethyl acetate fraction, and etanol-airfaction Belimbing wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi Linn.) bark have not antibacterial activity because there is no clear area around on plate TLC.Keywords: Belimbing wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi Linn.), ethanol extract, fractination, antibacterial, bioautogra� .

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Antidiabetic Activities and Identification of Chemical Compound from Samama (Anthocephalus macrophyllus (Roxb) Havil)

Indonesian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.22146/ijc.25492 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 66 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Laela Nur Anisah ◽

Wasrin Syafii ◽

Gustan Pari ◽

Rita Kartika Sari

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Antidiabetic Activity ◽

Isopropyl Myristate ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Triterpenoid Saponin ◽

Ic50 Value ◽

High Contribution ◽

Ethanol Extracts

Samama (Anthocephalus macrophyllus) is one of a pioneer indigenous fast growing species in Indonesia which have been used as traditional medicine for various diseases. The objectives were to determine the yield extract, to analyze their antidiabetic activity by inhibition assay for α-glucosidase enzyme activity and chemical analysis with GCMS. Extraction of leaves, bark and wood samples were done by using ethanol 95%. Fractionation the most active ethanol extract was conducted by using n-hexane and ethyl acetate. The yield of ethanol extracts in leaves, bark and wood were 13.90%, 12.87%, and 2.18% respectively. Based on antidiabetic activity assay, the bark ethanol extract was the most active extract by the IC50 value of 5.86 μg mL-1. Phytochemical analysis on bark ethanol extracts showed that they contained flavonoid, quinon, triterpenoid, saponin and tannin which were assumed have high contribution in antidiabetic activities. The result of fractionation ethanol extract bark showed that the ethyl acetate fraction was the most active fraction (IC50 6.82 μg mL-1). GCMS analysis indicated the presence of dominant phenolic compounds such as pyrocatechol, antiarol, isopropyl myristate and phenol in which were suspected have antidiabetic activity. These results strongly suggested that ethyl acetate fraction of Samama bark was a potential natural source for antidiabetic agents.

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