Contextual Effect of Village and Other Determinants on Infant Mortality: A Multilevel Analysis from Karanganyar, Central Java

ABSTRACT Background: Rural children face higher mortality rates than their urban counterparts. Although the rural disadvantage in average child survival in developing countries is firmly established, its explanation is less clear. Several studies suggest that household-level factors appear to be important in explaining rural-urban differences in child mortality. This study aimed to examine the contextual effect of village and other determinants on infant mortality in Karanganyar, Central Java. Subjects and Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Karanganyar, Central Java, from February to May 2020. A sample of 200 infants aged 1 to 23 months was selected by fixed disease sampling. The dependent variable was infant mortality. The independent variables were exclusive breastfeeding, nutritional intake, immunization status, maternal education, family income, and contextual effect of village. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by a multiple multilevel logistic regression run on Stata 13. Results: Infant mortality decreased with exclusive breastfeeding (b= -5.10; 95% CI= -9.60 to -0.59; p= 0.026), high family income (b= -5.96; 95% CI= – 9.91 to -2.02; p= 0.003), high maternal education (b= -4.09; 95% CI= -7.79 to -0.38; p= 0.030), and complete immunization (b= -4.67; 95% CI= -8.69 to -0.67; p= 0.022). Infant mortality increased with poor nutritional status (b= 4.99; 95% CI= 1.79 to 8.19; p= 0.002). Village had contextual effect on infant mortality with ICC= 32%. Conclusion: Infant mortality decreases with exclusive breastfeeding, high family income, high maternal education, and complete immunization. Infant mortality increases with poor nutritional status. Village has contextual effect on infant mortality. Keywords: infant mortality, contextual effect of village Correspondence: Endang Palupi. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: +6281331872723. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.114

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KORELASI PENDAPATAN KELUARGA DAN PENDIDIKAN IBU TERHADAP PEMBERIAN ASI EKSKLUSIF

Herb-Medicine Journal ◽

10.30595/hmj.v3i3.7677 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 52

Author(s):

Faricha Kurnia Illahi ◽

Yusuf Alam Romadhon ◽

Yuni Prastyo Kurniati ◽

Tri Agustina

Keyword(s):

Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽

Government Regulation ◽

Family Income ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Income Level ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Central Java ◽

Observational Design ◽

Mother Education ◽

Cluster Random Sampling

Exclusive breastfeeding based on Government Regulation Number 33 of 2012 concerning Exclusive Breastfeeding isbreast milk that is given to babies from birth for six months, without adding and or replacing with other food ordrinks. Coverage of infants gets exclusive breastfeeding nationally at 61.33%. This figure has exceeded the 2017Strategic Plan target of 44%. The percentage of exclusive breastfeeding for infants 0-6 months in Central Java in2017 was 54.4%. Coverage of exclusive breastfeeding in Sukoharjo Regency is 60.36%.Thepurpose of this researchaims to determine whether there is a correlation between the level of family income and level of mother education ofexcluxive breastfeeding. This research use analytic observational design with cross sectional approach. Thepopulation in this study are mothers who have children more than six month in the working area of Gatak SukoharjoPublic Health Center. Sampling technique in this research using cluster random sampling technique. LogisticRegression test data obtained significance of family income level equal to 0.034 and mother education level equal to0.004.The limitation of this study is to collect data on the level of family income based only on interviews withoutany supporting questionnaireBased on these results indicate the correlation of family income level and mothereducation level of excluxive breastfeeding.

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Path Analysis on the Determinants of Complementary Feeding Practice

Childhood Stunting, Wasting, and Obesity, as the Critical Global Health Issues: Forging Cross-Sectoral Solutions ◽

10.26911/the7thicph.03.103 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Renidya Asyura Muttabi’ Deya Fa’ni ◽

◽

Yulia Lanti Retno Dewi ◽

Isna Qadrijati ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Status ◽

Path Analysis ◽

Maternal Education ◽

Family Income ◽

Complementary Feeding ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Feeding Practice ◽

Maternal Knowledge ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Child Nutritional Status

ABSTRACT Background: Complementary feeding practice is needed to be optimized to maximize children’s potential for growth and development. However, there are still many obstacles in provide complementary feeding practice. This study aimed to examine the determinants of complementary feeding practice. Subjects and Method: A cross sectional study was conducted in Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, from October to November 2019. A sample of 200 mothers who had infants aged 6-24 months was selected by probability sampling. The dependent variable was complementary feeding practice. The independent variables were birthweight, child nutritional status, maternal knowledge toward complementary feeding, maternal education, and family income. The data were collected by infant weight scale, infantometer, and questionnaire. The data were analyzed by a multiple logistic regression run on Stata 13. Results: Complementary feeding practice increased with birthweight ≥2500 g (b= 2.67; 95% CI=0.59 to.89; p= 0.008), child nutritional status (WHZ) -2.0 to 2.0 SD (b= 2.72; 95% CI=o.75 to 4.61; p= 0.006), high maternal knowledge toward complementary feeding (b= 2.27; 95% CI= 0.27 to 3.79; p= 0.023), maternal education ≥Senior high school (b= 2.19; 95% CI= 0.23 to 4.25; p= 0.028), and family income ≥Rp 1,571,000 (b= 2.42; 95% CI= 0.39 to 3.77; p= 0.015). Conclusion: Complementary feeding practice increases with birthweight ≥2500 g, good child nutritional status, high maternal knowledge toward complementary feeding, high maternal education, and high family income. Keywords: complementary feeding, path analysis Correspondence: Renidya Asyura Muttabi’ Deya Fa’ni. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: +62 815 3934 0421. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.103

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FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE NUTRITIONAL STATUS IN TODDLERS IN PUBLIC HEALTH CENTER LUBUK KILANGAN

Human Care Journal ◽

10.32883/hcj.v1i3.27 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Okta Vianis

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Status ◽

Health Center ◽

Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽

Significant Relationship ◽

Random Sampling ◽

Family Income ◽

P Value ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Nutritional Status Of Children

Based on monitoring reports nutritional status of children in Lubuk Kilangan Puskesmas Padang in 2014, from 291 infants who weighed by BB / U, known malnutrition by 10 people (3.44%), malnutrition as many as 54 people (18.56%), and good nutrition as much as 222 (76.3%). The purpose of this study to see if Factors Associated with the Nutritional Status In Toddlers in Sub Bandar Buat Padang District of Lubuk Kilangan 2016.Types and methods of this research is analytic survey with cross sectional design. The research was conducted in the village of Lubuk Kilangan Bandar Buat District of Padang in May 2016. The population is all the mothers who have children amounted to 755 people. Samples taken as many as 88 people with cluster random sampling techniques and sample used for the randomization Simple Random Sampling technique. Data collected by using a questionnaire. Processing of data by univariate and bivariate data analysis performed using Chi-Square test.The results were obtained over the majority 51.1% children have malnutrition. Mothers who are knowledgeable low of 3.6%, which the family income <1.615 million as much as 47.7%. Mothers who do not give exclusive breastfeeding much as 52.3%. Of test statistics in get a significant relationship between the nutritional status of children with a mother knowledge (p value 0.000), there was a significant relationship between the nutritional status of children with family incomes (p value 0.000), and no significant correlation between the nutritional status of children with exclusive breastfeeding ( p value 0.034). It was concluded that there is a relationship between the nutritional status of children with the knowledge of the mother, family income and exclusive breastfeeding in Lubuk Kilangan Puskesmas Padang Year 2016. For the Lubuk Kilangan health center in order to do counseling at least 1 time a month on Nutrition in infants in order to improve knowledge of mothers on nutritional status.

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FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI STATUS GIZI BALITA DI PUSKESMAS NELAYAN KOTA CIREBON

JI-KES (Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan) ◽

10.33006/ji-kes.v1i1.41 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Andy Muharry ◽

Isti Kumalasari ◽

Eka Rosmayanti Dewi

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Status ◽

Random Sampling ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Maternal Education ◽

Family Income ◽

Influential Factor ◽

Physical Growth ◽

Nutrition Status ◽

Maternal Knowledge ◽

Cross Sectional

AbstrakBalita merupakan kelompok usia yang memerlukan asupan gizi yang cukup baik karena pada masa ini terjadi proses pertumbuhan dan perkembangan yang sangat pesat. Kekurangan gizi pada masa ini akan menyebabkan kegagalan pertumbuhan fisik dan perkembangan kecerdasan. Beberapa faktor yang terkait dengan status gizi balita yaitu kondisi sosial ekonomi, pendidikan ibu, jumlah anak dan pengetahuan ibu. Adapun prevalensi gizi kurang di wilayah kerja Puseksmas Nelayan lebih tinggi dari rata-rata prevalensi gizi kurang di Kota Cirebon yaitu sebesar 10,9%. Tujuan penelitian yaitu menganalisis faktor yang mempengaruhi status gizi balita usia 12-24 tahun. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Populasi adalah balita usia 12-24 bulan. Sampel berjumlah 93 orang diambil dengan teknik proportional random sampling. Instrumen penelitian berupa lembar kuesioner. Analisis data dilakukan dengan analisis univariabel, bivariabel dan multivariabel. Hasil analisis dengan chi square didapatkan variabel yang hubungan dengan status gizi balita yaitu pengetahuan ibu (p=0,003; OR=3,68) pendapatan keluarga (p=0,003; OR=3,702). Faktor yang paling berpengaruh terhadap status gizi balita yaitu keaktifan posyandu. Pengetahuan ibu yang kurang tentang gizi balita, pendapatan keluarga yang rendah dan keaktifan posyandu yang tidak aktif merupakan faktor yang mempengaruhi status gizi balita usia 12-24 bulan. Ibu agar tetap aktif mebawa balita ke posyandu dan meningkatkan pengetahuan tentang gizi balita. Kata kunci: pengetahuan, pendapatan keluarga, keaktifan posyandu, status gizi, balita AbstractToddlers are the age group that needs a good enough nutritional intake because there is a process of growth and development very rapidly. Malnutrition will lead to failure of physical growth and development of intelligence. Several factors related to the nutritional status of toddlers are socio-economic conditions, maternal education, number of children and mother's knowledge. The prevalence of less nutrition in the working area of Nelayan Public Health Centers is higher than the average prevalence of malnutrition in Cirebon City. The purpose of this research to analyze factors that influence the nutritional status of toddlers. This research uses analytic design with cross sectional approach. The population is children aged 12-24 months. A sample of 93 people was taken with proportional random sampling technique. The research instrument is a questionnaire. Data were analized by univariable, bivariable and multivariable. The result showed that the correlation between nutrition status of toddler was maternal knowledge (p = 0,003; OR = 3,68), family income (p = 0,003; OR = 3,702). The most influential factor on the nutritional status of toddlers is the activeness of posyandu. Mother to remain active to bring toddlers to posyandu and improve knowledge about child nutrition. Keywords: knowledge, family income, activeness of posyandu, nutritional status, toddler

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Determinants of Complete Infant Immunization and Contextual Effect of Community Health Centers: A Multilevel Evidence from Karanganyar, Central Java

Journal of Maternal and Child Health ◽

10.26911/thejmch.2020.05.05.01 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (5) ◽

pp. 456-466

Author(s):

Maharani Ulfah ◽

◽

upriyadi Hari Respati ◽

Bhisma Murti ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Center ◽

Multilevel Analysis ◽

Maternal Education ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Health Centers ◽

Contextual Effect ◽

Good Knowledge ◽

Perceived Benefits ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Central Java

Background: Immunization aims to reduce morbidity, mortality, and disability due to vaccine-preventable diseases. Many children in Indonesia have not received any immunization, or their immunization status is incomplete. Efforts should be made to raise awareness of parents to participate in completing their child's immunization. This study aimed to analyze the behavioral factors that influence the completeness of immunization in infants Subjects and Method: A cross-sectional study conducted at 21 health centers in Karanganyar, Central Java, from January to March 2020. Subjects were 200 mothers with children aged 12-23 months that were selected using a fixed disease sampling technique. The dependent variable was the completeness of immunization. The independent variables at level 1 were education, knowledge, information and education, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, intentions, subjective norms, and attitudes. The independent variables at level 2 were the contextual health center. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed using a multilevel analysis. Results: Complete immunization in infants probably occurred with high maternal education (OR = 24.02; 95% CI = 1.61 to 359.17; p = 0.021), information obtained (OR = 52.31; 95% CI = 1.35 to 2021.69; p = 0.034), good knowledge (OR = 49.20; 95% CI = 71.54 to 1574.62; p = 0.028), high perceived benefit (OR= 31.26; 95% CI= 1.28 to 762.77; p= 0.035), strong intention (OR= 17.84; 95% CI= 1.59 to 199.83; p= 0.019), supportive subjective norm (OR = 94.69; 95% CI = 1.91 to 4683.14; p = 0.022), positive attitude (OR= 68.71; 95% CI= 2.40 to 1967.08; p= 0.013). Completeness of immunization in infants decreased with big perceived barrier (OR= 0.02; 95% CI= 0.01 to 0.67; p= 0.028). Health center accreditation showed a contextual effect on the level of completeness of immunization with Intra-Class Correlation (ICC)= 20.42%. Conclusion: Immunization completeness in infants increases with high maternal education, good knowledge, high perceived benefits, strong intentions, supportive subjective norms, positive attitudes. Completeness of immunization decreased with a big perceived barrier. Health centers have a large contextual influence on the completeness of immunization in infants. Keywords: immunization completeness, health center context, multilevel analysis Correspondence: Maharani Ulfah. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: maharaniulf[email protected]. Mobile: +628213558003557.

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THE Effects of Nutrition Status and Breastfeeding on Child Development Aged 3-6 Years: Evidence From Tanjung Jabung Timur, Jambi

Childhood Stunting, Wasting, and Obesity, as the Critical Global Health Issues: Forging Cross-Sectoral Solutions ◽

10.26911/the7thicph.03.88 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Dinda Septiani Hardilla ◽

◽

Harsono Salimo ◽

Eti Poncorini Pamungkasari ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Child Development ◽

Nutritional Status ◽

Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽

Dietary Pattern ◽

Maternal Education ◽

Family Income ◽

Senior High School ◽

Nutrition Status ◽

Essential Components

ABSTRACT Background: Good nutrition and adequate stimulation for early learning are estimated as essential components for child development. The purpose of this study was to determine nutritional factors associated with child development aged 3-6 years. Subjects and Method: A cross sectional study was carried out at 25 preschools in Tanjung Jabung Timur, Jambi, Indonesia, from September to October 2019. A sample of 200 children aged 3-6 years was selected by stratified random sampling. The dependent variable was child development. The independent variables were child nutritional status, dietary pattern, exclusive breastfeeding, maternal education, maternal employment, and family income. Child development was measured by early childhood developmental screening. The other variables were collected by questionnaire. The data were analyzed by a multiple logistic regression. Results: Child development improved with good nutritional status (b= 1.86; 95% CI= 0.54 to 3.19; p= 0.006), exclusive breastfeeding (b= 0.58; 95% CI= -0.67 to 1.84; p= 0.363), good dietary pattern (b= 1.55; 95% CI= 0.31 to 2.79; p= 0.014), maternal education ≥Senior high school (b= 2.27; 95% CI= 0.98 to 3.55; p= 0.001), and family income ≥Rp 2,840,000 (b= 1.84; 95% CI= 0.34 to 3.33; p= 0.016). Child development decreased with mother working outside the house (b= -1.31; 95% CI= -2.42 to -0.19; p=0.021). Conclusion: Child development improves with good nutritional status, exclusive breastfeeding, good dietary pattern, maternal education ≥Senior high school, and family income ≥Rp 2,840,000. Child development decreases with mother working outside the house Keywords: child development, nutritional status, exclusive breastfeeding Correspondence: Dinda Septiani Hardilla. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: 082373568987 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.88

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Biological, Social, and Economic Risk Factors of Child Tuberculosis in Surakarta Central Java: A Multiple Logistic Regression

Childhood Stunting, Wasting, and Obesity, as the Critical Global Health Issues: Forging Cross-Sectoral Solutions ◽

10.26911/the7thicph.01.45 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Dyah Ayu Saputri ◽

◽

Yulia Lanti Retno Dewi ◽

Bhisma Murti ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Nutritional Status ◽

Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽

Family Income ◽

Smoke Exposure ◽

Multiple Logistic Regression ◽

Central Java ◽

History Of

ABSTRACT Background: Tuberculosis (TB) disease in children under 15 years (pediatric TB) is a public health problem of special significance because it is a marker for recent transmission of TB. This study aimed to analyze biological, social, and economic risk factors of child TB. Subjects and Method: A case control study was carried out at 25 villages in Surakarta, from August to September 2019. A sample of 200 chilren aged 0-18 years was selected by fixed disease sampling. The dependent variable was TB. The independent variables were birthweight, BCG immunization, exclusive breastfeeding, nutritional status, family income, smoke exposure, family history of TB. Data on TB cases were obtained from medical record. The other variables were collected by questionnaire. The data were analyzed by a multiple logistic regression. Results: The risk of TB increased with poor house sanitation (OR= 4.50; 95% CI= 1.18 to 17.12; p= 0.027), smoke exposure (OR= 4.13; 95% CI= 1.05 to 16.22; p= 0.042), and had history of TB (OR= 5.54; 95% CI= 1.49 to 20.61; p= 0.011). The risk of TB decreased with normal birthweight ≥2,500 g (OR= 0.18; 95% CI= 0.05 to 0.57; p= 0.003), BCG immunization (OR= 0.18; 95% CI= 0.06 to 0.58 p= 0.004), exclusive breastfeeding (OR= 0.11; 95% CI= 0.02 to 0.55; p= 0.006), good nutritional status (OR= 0.10; 95% CI= 0.02 to 0.48; p= 0.004), and family income ≥Rp1,802,700 (OR= 0.09; 95% CI= 0.02 to 0.36; p= 0.001). Conclusion: The risk of TB increases with poor house sanitation, smoke exposure, and had history of TB. The risk of TB decreases with normal birthweight ≥2,500 g, BCG immunization, exclusive breastfeeding, good nutritional status, and high family income. Keywords: Tuberkulosis, biological, sosial dan ekonomi. Correspondence: Dyah Ayu Saputri. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: 081353236388. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.01.45

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Determinants of Complete Infant Immunization and Contextual Effect of Community Health Centers: A Multilevel Evidence from Karanganyar, Central Java

Journal of Maternal and Child Health ◽

10.26911/thejmch.2020.05.05.01. ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (5) ◽

pp. 456-466

Author(s):

Maharani Ulfah ◽

◽

Supriyadi Hari Respati ◽

Bhisma Murti ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Center ◽

Multilevel Analysis ◽

Maternal Education ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Health Centers ◽

Contextual Effect ◽

Good Knowledge ◽

Perceived Benefits ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Central Java

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HUBUNGAN TINGKAT PENDAPATAN KELUARGA DENGAN STATUS GIZI BALITA DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS KALIJAMBE

Biomedika ◽

10.23917/biomedika.v5i2.263 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Dian Handini ◽

Burhannudin Ichsan ◽

Dona Dewi Nirlawati

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Status ◽

Family Income ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Sample Distribution ◽

Central Java ◽

Good Nutrition ◽

Nutritional Status Of Children ◽

Index Weight ◽

Height For Age

The state of nutritional status of children in Central Java based on index of height for age data obtained 16.9% of children who have growth in a very short, short 17.0% of infants and 66.1% of normal infants. Economic growth in Sragen in 2000 was 2.85%, decreased in 2001 to 2.26%, and increased in 2002-2003, respectively 2.93% and 3.26%. Research methode was observational cross sectional analytic approach. The number of samples was 65 toddlers. Data analysis using Chi Square. The nutritional status of children by index weight for age (W/A) were experiencing malnutrition while the remaining 13.8% as having good nutrition as much as 86.2%, and the index based on height for age (H/A) which had malnutrition as much as 46.2% while the rest had good nutrition as much as 53.8%, while the index by weight according to height (W/H) were experiencing malnutrition while the remaining 13.8% as having good nutrition as much as 86.2% . The results of the analysis obtained p count is 0.009 to the sample distribution based on W/A, and 0.010 for sample distribution based H/A, and 0.009 for the distribution of the sample by W/H. There is a relationship between the level of family income to the nutritional status of children in the working area Public Health Center Kalijambe.Keywords: Family Income, Nutritional Status of Children

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Determinants of Nutritional Status Among Pregnant Women: a Transcultural Nursing Approach

Jurnal NERS ◽

10.20473/jn.v15i2.21388 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 214

Author(s):

Ni Ketut Alit Armini ◽

Nurul Hidayati ◽

Tiyas Kusumaningrum

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Status ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Family Support ◽

Cultural Values ◽

Family Income ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Transcultural Nursing ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Number Of Children ◽

Poor Nutritional Status

Introduction: Pregnant women experiencing poor nutritional status remains a problem which is still commonly found in Surabaya. Poor nutritional status is one of the causes of increased mortality in pregnant women. The mother's education and occupation, family income, number of children, and family shape are associated with the incidence of nutritional status in pregnant women. The purpose of this study was to explain the factors related to the nutritional status of pregnant women based on transcultural nursing theory.Methods: his study uses a cross-sectional design. The population were pregnant women at the Public Health Center Tanah Kali Kedinding Surabaya Indonesia, 104 respondents were selected using a consecutive sampling technique. The independent variables were technological, religious, family support, cultural values, political & legal, economic, and educational, while the dependent variable was the incidence of nutritional status in pregnant women. The data was obtained using questionnaires and mid upper arm circumstance (MUAC) measurements. The data was analyzed using the Spearman rho test.Results: There was a relationship between technological (p=0.001 ; r=0.332), family support (p=0.000 ; r=0.379), cultural values (p=0.000 ; r=0.702), political & legal (p=0.000 ; r=0.387), economic (p=0.031 ; r=0.212), and educational (p=0.020 ; r=0.228) factors with nutritional status in pregnant women.Discussion: Technological, family support, cultural values, political & legal, economic, and educational factors influenced the nutritional status of pregnant women. The cultural factor was the most dominant in influencing the nutritional status of pregnant women.

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