scholarly journals A comparison of haematological and biochemical blood indices between the Žemaitukai and Arabian horses participating in endurance competitions

2021 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-169
Author(s):  
Indrė Poškienė ◽  
Vida Juozaitienė ◽  
Ramūnas Antanaitis
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Muscle Enzymes ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Blood Indices ◽  
Muscle Catabolism ◽  
Exercise Induced

The study was conducted on 30 clinically healthy Arabian horses and 28 Žemaitukai horses that competed in endurance race over the same distance (40 km). Blood samples were taken before and immediately after the exercise. The environmental conditions during the competitions varied, with a mean temperature of 22.5 °C and a mean relative humidity of 73.20%. The Žemaitukai horses showed lower haematological values and increased muscle catabolism after exercise. Arabian horses have higher aerobic capacity compared to the Žemaitukai horses which probably contributes to their superior low- to moderate-intensity exercise performance. Serum activity of muscle enzymes suggested that the muscle tissue of the Arabian horses has higher tolerance for exercise-induced muscle catabolism and lower muscle catabolism than that of muscle tissue of the Žemaitukai horses. Further studies need to be carried out to identify the diferences in muscle tissue of both breeds.

Suppressing lipolysis increases interleukin-6 at rest and during prolonged moderate-intensity exercise in humans

2004 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 689-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna G. Holmes ◽  
Matthew J. Watt ◽  
Mark A. Febbraio
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Cycling Exercise ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Plasma Ffa ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Exercise In Humans

IL-6 induces lipolysis when administered to humans. Consequently, it has been hypothesized that IL-6 is released from skeletal muscle during exercise to act in a “hormonelike” manner and increase lipolysis from adipose tissue to supply the muscle with substrate. In the present study, we hypothesized that suppressing lipolysis, and subsequent free fatty acid (FFA) availability, would result in a compensatory elevation in IL-6 at rest and during exercise. First, we had five healthy men ingest nicotinic acid (NA) at 30-min intervals for 120 min at rest [10 mg/kg body mass (initial dose), 5 mg/kg body mass (subsequent doses)]. Plasma was collected and analyzed for FFA and IL-6. After 120 min, plasma FFA concentration was attenuated (0 min: 0.26 ± 0.05 mmol/l; 120 min: 0.09 ± 0.02 mmol/l; P < 0.01), whereas plasma IL-6 was concomitantly increased approximately eightfold (0 min: 0.75 ± 0.18 pg/ml; 120 min: 6.05 ± 0.89 pg/ml; P < 0.001). To assess the effect of lipolytic suppression on the exercise-induced IL-6 response, seven active, but not specifically trained, men performed two experimental exercise trials with (NA) or without [control (Con)] NA ingestion 60 min before (10 mg/kg body mass) and throughout (5 mg/kg body mass every 30 min) exercise. Blood samples were obtained before ingestion, 60 min after ingestion, and throughout 180 min of cycling exercise at 62 ± 5% of maximal oxygen consumption. IL-6 gene expression, in muscle and adipose tissue sampled at 0, 90, and 180 min, was determined by using semiquantitative real-time PCR. IL-6 mRNA increased in Con (rest vs. 180 min; P < 0.01) ∼13-fold in muscle and ∼42-fold in fat with exercise. NA increased (rest vs. 180 min; P < 0.01) IL-6 mRNA 34-fold in muscle, but the treatment effect was not statistically significant (Con vs. NA, P = 0.1), and 235-fold in fat (Con vs. NA, P < 0.01). Consistent with the study at rest, NA completely suppressed plasma FFA (180 min: Con, 1.42 ± 0.07 mmol/l; NA, 0.10 ± 0.01 mmol/l; P < 0.001) and increased plasma IL-6 (180 min: Con, 9.81 ± 0.98 pg/ml; NA, 19.23 ± 2.50 pg/ml; P < 0.05) during exercise. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that circulating IL-6 is markedly elevated at rest and during prolonged moderate-intensity exercise when lipolysis is suppressed.

scholarly journals Hippocampal Blood Flow Is Increased After 20 min of Moderate-Intensity Exercise

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 525-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
J J Steventon ◽  
C Foster ◽  
H Furby ◽  
D Helme ◽  
R G Wise ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Cerebrovascular Reactivity ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Exercise Interventions ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Exercise Induced

Abstract Long-term exercise interventions have been shown to be a potent trigger for both neurogenesis and vascular plasticity. However, little is known about the underlying temporal dynamics and specifically when exercise-induced vascular adaptations first occur, which is vital for therapeutic applications. In this study, we investigated whether a single session of moderate-intensity exercise was sufficient to induce changes in the cerebral vasculature. We employed arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging to measure global and regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) before and after 20 min of cycling. The blood vessels’ ability to dilate, measured by cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) to CO2 inhalation, was measured at baseline and 25-min postexercise. Our data showed that CBF was selectively increased by 10–12% in the hippocampus 15, 40, and 60 min after exercise cessation, whereas CVR to CO2 was unchanged in all regions. The absence of a corresponding change in hippocampal CVR suggests that the immediate and transient hippocampal adaptations observed after exercise are not driven by a mechanical vascular change and more likely represents an adaptive metabolic change, providing a framework for exploring the therapeutic potential of exercise-induced plasticity (neural, vascular, or both) in clinical and aged populations.

Effect of exercise on acute postprandial glucose concentrations and interleukin-6 responses in sedentary and overweight males

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 1298-1306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Raman ◽  
Jeremiah J. Peiffer ◽  
Gerard F. Hoyne ◽  
Nathan G. Lawler ◽  
Andrew J. Currie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Intermittent Exercise ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Blood Samples

This study examined the effect of 2 forms of exercise on glucose tolerance and the concurrent changes in markers associated with the interleukin (IL)-6 pathways. Fifteen sedentary, overweight males (29.0 ± 3.1 kg/m2) completed 2 separate, 3-day trials in randomised and counterbalanced order. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT; 75 g) was performed at the same time on each day of the trial. Day 2 of each trial consisted of a single 30-min workload-matched bout of either high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE; alternating 100% and 50% of peak oxygen uptake) or continuous moderate-intensity exercise (CME; 60 % of peak oxygen uptake) completed 1 h prior to the OGTT. Venous blood samples were collected before, immediately after, 1 h after, and 25 h after exercise for measurement of insulin, C-peptide, IL-6, and the soluble IL-6 receptors (sIL-6R; soluble glycoprotein 130 (sgp130)). Glucose area under the curve (AUC) was calculated from capillary blood samples collected throughout the OGTT. Exercise resulted in a modest (4.4%; p = 0.003) decrease in the glucose AUC when compared with the pre-exercise AUC; however, no differences were observed between exercise conditions (p = 0.65). IL-6 was elevated immediately after and 1 h after exercise, whilst sgp130 and sIL-6R concentrations were reduced immediately after exercise. In summary, exercise was effective in reducing glucose AUC, which was attributed to improvements that took place between 60 and 120 min into the OGTT, and was in parallel with an increased ratio of IL-6 to sIL-6R, which accords with an increased activation via the “classical” IL-6 signalling pathway. Our findings suggest that acute HIIE did not improve glycaemic response when compared with CME.

scholarly journals The Preventive Role of Regular Physical Training in Ventricular Remodeling, Serum Cardiac Markers, and Exercise Performance Changes in Breast Cancer in Women Undergoing Trastuzumab Therapy—An REH-HER Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 1379
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Hojan ◽  
Danuta Procyk ◽  
Dorota Horyńska-Kęstowicz ◽  
Ewa Leporowska ◽  
Maria Litwiniuk
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Physical Training ◽  
Ventricular Remodeling ◽  
Protective Measure ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Cardiac Markers ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Trastuzumab Therapy

Cardiotoxicity is known as a severe clinical problem in oncological practice that reduces the options for cancer therapy. Physical exercise is recognized as a well-established protective measure for many heart and cancer diseases. In our study, we hypothesized that supervised and moderate-intensity exercise training would prevent heart failure and its consequences induced by trastuzumab therapy. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of physical training on ventricular remodeling, serum cardiac markers, and exercise performance in women with human epidermal growth receptor 2 (HER2+) breast cancer (BC) undergoing trastuzumab therapy. This was a prospective, randomized, clinical controlled trial. Forty-six BC women were randomized into either an intervention group (IG) or a control group (CG). An exercise program (IG) was performed after 3–6 months of trastuzumab therapy at 5 d/week (to 80% maximum heart rate (HRmax)) for 9 weeks. We then evaluated their cardiac function using echocardiography, a 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT), and plasma parameters (C-reactive protein (CRP), myoglobin (MYO), interleukin-6 (IL-6), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and creatine kinase (CK)). After the physical training program, we did not observe any significant changes in the left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (LVEF) and 6MWT (p > 0.05) in the IG compared to the CG (decrease p < 0.05). The differences in the blood parameters were not significant (p < 0.05). To conclude, moderate-intensity exercise training prevented a decrease in the LVEF and physical capacity during trastuzumab therapy in HER2+ BC. Further research is needed to validate our results.

scholarly journals Impact of cocoa flavanol consumption on blood pressure responsiveness to exercise

2010 ◽  
Vol 103 (10) ◽  
pp. 1480-1484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Narelle M. Berry ◽  
Kade Davison ◽  
Alison M. Coates ◽  
Jonathan D. Buckley ◽  
Peter R. C. Howe
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Flow Mediated Dilatation ◽  
Dependent Flow ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Response To Exercise ◽  
Cocoa Flavanols

Impaired endothelial vasodilatation may contribute to the exaggerated blood pressure (BP) responses to exercise in individuals who are overweight/obese. The present study investigated whether consumption of cocoa flavanols, which improve endothelium-dependent flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), can modify BP responsiveness to exercise. Twenty-one volunteers (eight females and thirteen males, 54·9 (se2·2) years, BMI 31·6 (se0·8) kg/m2, systolic BP 134 (se2) mmHg, diastolic BP (DBP) 87 (se2) mmHg) were randomised to consume single servings of either a high-flavanol (HF, 701 mg) or a low-flavanol (LF, 22 mg) cocoa beverage in a double-blind, cross-over design with 3–7-d washout between treatments. Two hours after cocoa consumption, FMD was measured, followed by continuous beat-to-beat assessment (Finapres™) of BP before and during 10 min of cycling at 75 % of age-predicted maximum heart rate. Averaged data from two assessments on each type of beverage were compared by analysis of covariance using pre-exercise BP as the covariate. Pre-exercise BP was similar after taking LF and HF (153 (se3)/88 (se3)v. 153 (se4)/87 (se2) mmHg, respectively,P>0·05). However, the BP response to exercise (area under BP curve) was attenuated by HF compared with LF. BP increases were 68 % lower for DBP (P = 0·03) and 14 % lower for mean BP (P = 0·05). FMD measurements were higher after taking HF than after taking LF (6·1 (se0·6) %v. 3·4 (se0·5) %,P < 0·001). By facilitating vasodilation and attenuating exercise-induced increases in BP, cocoa flavanols may decrease cardiovascular risk and enhance the cardiovascular benefits of moderate intensity exercise in at-risk individuals.

Physical Activity, Exercise, and the Immune System: Three Lines of Research That Have Driven the Field

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-125
Author(s):  
Jeffrey A. Woods ◽  
Brandt D. Pence
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Prolonged Exercise ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Exercise Immunology ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Exercise Induced

Exercise immunology is a relatively new discipline in the exercise sciences that seeks to understand how exercise affects the immune system and susceptibility to infectious and chronic diseases. This brief review will focus on three major observations that have driven the field to date including: (1) acute exercise-induced leukocytosis, (2) the observation that intense, prolonged exercise results in upper respiratory tract symptoms, and (3) the paradoxical effect of acute and chronic exercise on inflammation. This framework will be used to examine the mechanisms and implications behind these seminal observations. Data generally support the conclusion that moderate intensity exercise enhances immune function, whereas prolonged, intense exercise diminishes immune function.

scholarly journals Impact of type 2 diabetes on cardiorespiratory function and exercise performance

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanie Caron ◽  
Gregory R. duManoir ◽  
Lawrence Labrecque ◽  
Audrey Chouinard ◽  
Annie Ferland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Ventilatory Threshold ◽  
Exponential Model ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Function ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine the impact of well-controlled uncomplicated type 2 diabetes (T2D) on exercise performance. Six obese sedentary men with T2D and 7 control participants without diabetes matched for age, sex and body mass index were recruited. Anthropometric characteristics, blood samples, resting cardiac and pulmonary functions and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and ventilatory threshold were measured on a first visit. On the four subsequent visits, participants performed step transitions (6 min) of moderate-intensity exercise on an upright cycle ergometer from unloaded pedaling to 80 % of ventilatory threshold. VO2(τVO2) and HR (τHR) kinetics were characterized with a mono-exponential model. VO2max (27.8±4.0 vs. 27.5±5.3 ml kg-1min-1; p=0.95), τVO2(43±6 vs. 43±10 s; p=0.73) and τHR (42±17 vs. 43±13 s; p=0.94) were similar between diabetics and controls respectively. The remaining variables were also similar between groups. These results suggest that well-controlled T2D is not associated with a reduction in VO2max or slower τVO2and τHR.

Human lung density is not altered following normoxic and hypoxic moderate-intensity exercise: implications for transient edema

2007 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alastair N. H. Hodges ◽  
A. William Sheel ◽  
John R. Mayo ◽  
Donald C. McKenzie
Keyword(s):  
Arterial Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Lung Water ◽  
Lung Density ◽  
Cycling Exercise ◽  
Pulmonary Capillary ◽  
Interstitial Pulmonary Edema ◽  
Exercise Induced

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of exercise on extravascular lung water as it may relate to pulmonary gas exchange. Ten male humans underwent measures of maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2 max) in two conditions: normoxia (N) and normobaric hypoxia of 15% O2 (H). Lung density was measured by quantified MRI before and 48.0 ± 7.4 and 100.7 ± 15.1 min following 60 min of cycling exercise in N (intensity = 61.6 ± 9.5% V̇o2 max) and 55.5 ± 9.8 and 104.3 ± 9.1 min following 60 min cycling exercise in H (intensity = 65.4 ± 7.1% hypoxic V̇o2 max), where V̇o2 max = 65.0 ± 7.5 ml·kg−1·min−1 (N) and 54.1 ± 7.0 ml·kg−1·min−1 (H). Two subjects demonstrated mild exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia (EIAH) [minimum arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2 min) = 94.5% and 93.8%], and seven subjects demonstrated moderate EIAH (SaO2 min = 91.4 ± 1.1%) as measured noninvasively during the V̇o2 max test in N. Mean lung densities, measured once preexercise and twice postexercise, were 0.177 ± 0.019, 0.181 ± 0.019, and 0.173 ± 0.019 g/ml (N) and 0.178 ± 0.021, 0.174 ± 0.022, and 0.176 ± 0.019 g/ml (H), respectively. No significant differences ( P > 0.05) were found in lung density following exercise in either condition or between conditions. Transient interstitial pulmonary edema did not occur following sustained steady-state cycling exercise in N or H, indicating that transient edema does not result from pulmonary capillary leakage during sustained submaximal exercise.

scholarly journals Red Blood Cell Aging as a Homeostatic Response to Exercise-Induced Stress

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (22) ◽  
pp. 4827 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joames K. Freitas Leal ◽  
Dan Lazari ◽  
Coen C.W.G. Bongers ◽  
Maria T.E. Hopman ◽  
Roland Brock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Cell Aging ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Induced Stress ◽  
Exercise Induced

Our knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of red blood cell aging is mostly derived from in vitro studies. The Four Days Marches of Nijmegen in the Netherlands, the world’s largest yearly walking event, constitutes a unique possibility to study the effect of mechanical and biochemical stressors occurring during moderate-intensity exercise on red blood cell aging in vivo. Therefore, longitudinal measurements were performed of biophysical, immunological, and functional red blood cell characteristics that are known to change during aging. Our data show that moderate-intensity exercise induces the generation of a functionally improved red blood cell population with a higher deformability and a decreased tendency to aggregate. This is likely to be associated with an early removal of the oldest red blood cells from the circulation, as deduced from the (dis)appearance of removal signals. Thus, the physiological red blood cell aging process maintains homeostasis in times of moderate-intensity exercise-induced stress, probably by accelerated aging and subsequent removal of the oldest, most vulnerable red blood cells.

scholarly journals Acute Effects of Energy Deficit Induced by Moderate-Intensity Exercise or Energy-Intake Restriction on Postprandial Lipemia in Healthy Girls

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Emily Thackray ◽  
Laura Ann Barrett ◽  
Keith Tolfrey
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Postprandial Lipemia ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Fasting Plasma ◽  
Exercise Effect ◽  
Exercise Induced

Eleven healthy girls (mean ± SD: age 12.1 ± 0.6 years) completed three 2-day conditions in a counterbalanced, crossover design. On day 1, participants either walked at 60 (2)% peak oxygen uptake (energy deficit 1.55[0.20] MJ), restricted food energy intake (energy deficit 1.51[0.25] MJ) or rested. On day 2, capillary blood samples were taken at predetermined intervals throughout the 6.5 hr postprandial period before, and following, the ingestion of standardized breakfast and lunch meals. Fasting plasma triacylglycerol concentrations (TAG) was 29% and 13% lower than rest control in moderate-intensity exercise (effect size [ES] = 1.39, p = .01) and energy-intake restriction (ES = 0.57, p = .02) respectively; moderate-intensity exercise was 19% lower than energy-intake restriction (ES = 0.82, p = .06). The moderate-intensity exercise total area under the TAG versus time curve was 21% and 13% lower than rest control (ES = 0.71, p = .004) and energy-intake restriction (ES = 0.39, p = .06) respectively; energy-intake restriction was marginally lower than rest control (-10%; ES = 0.32, p = .12). An exercise-induced energy deficit elicited a greater reduction in fasting plasma TAG with a trend for a larger attenuation in postprandial plasma TAG than an isoenergetic diet-induced energy deficit in healthy girls.

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