scholarly journals The visual meaning of intellectual contemplation in the philosophy of J. G. Fichte

Osvitolohiya ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 70-75
Author(s):  
Halyna Ilina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Transcendental Idealism ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Self ◽  
Visual Perspective ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Classical Philosophy ◽  
New Vision ◽  
Original Concept ◽  
Pure Activity

The article examines the visual perspective of the J. G. Fichte’s philosophy of transcendental idealism. He paid most attention to visual paradigm compared to other representatives of the German classical philosophy. The author notes that J. G. Fichte developed the original concept of a transcendental-phenomenological vision, in which the subject does not contemplate actually existing objects, but their reflection in subject’s consciousness. He does not see things, but the result of his own process of vision, the effects of his acts of contemplation. Because what is seeing, and the subject of the vision are identical, the contemplation of an object by a subject can give rise to adequate images of reality. Self- consciousness of the subject doesn’t dependent on reality,it is a pure activity that lays itself, and laying is simultaneously contemplation of itself. This contemplation, as is shown in the article, is the intellectual contemplation that forms the basis of every knowledge, and is also the main point of view for each philosophy. Intelligent contemplation as a reflection of one's consciousness combines creation and knowledge of oneself. Reliability of the results of intellectual contemplation is based on the authenticity of self-consciousness. The law of the development of the spirit is the self-limitation of the process of self-consciousness, which became the basis for the formation of the idea of historicism, which is a prerequisite for overcoming dogmatism and creating a new vision of the world.

scholarly journals Where was I? Taking alternative visual perspectives can make us (briefly) misplace our own

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 468-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Samuel ◽  
Edward W Legg ◽  
Callum Manchester ◽  
Robert Lurz ◽  
Nicola S Clayton
Keyword(s):  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Self ◽  
Visual Perspective ◽  
Manual Response ◽  
Alternative Perspective ◽  
Manual Responses ◽  
The World

How do we imagine what the world looks like from another visual perspective? The two most common proposals—embodiment and array rotation—imply that we must briefly imagine either movement of the self (embodiment) or movement of the scene (array rotation). What is not clear is what this process might mean for our real, egocentric perspective of the world. We present a novel task in which participants had to locate a target from an alternative perspective but make a manual response consistent with their own. We found that when errors occurred they were usually manual responses that would have been correct from the computed alternative perspective. This was the case both when participants were instructed to find the target from another perspective and when they were asked to imagine the scene itself rotated. We interpret this as direct evidence that perspective-taking leads to the brief adoption of a computed perspective—a new imagined relationship between ourselves and the scene—to the detriment of our own, egocentric point of view.

In Search of the Basis of Conscious Existence (Thinking About a Book)

2020 ◽  
pp. 124-131
Author(s):  
Elena L. Chertkova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Meaning Of Life ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
First Person ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
The World ◽  
Self Knowledge ◽  
Classical Philosophy ◽  
Ideological Perspective ◽  
German Researcher ◽  
Original Concept

The article deals with the original concept of subjectivity, which is developed by the famous German researcher Dieter Henrich and is based on the traditions of German classical philosophy. The peculiarities of this concept are comprehended in the context of modern studies of consciousness and subjectivity and its ideo­logical potential for understanding and for criticizing analytical and phenomeno­logical concepts of consciousness, as well as naturalism in its various modifica­tions, is revealed. D. Henrich offers an alternative to the naturalistic way of studying subjectivity through methods and means of philosophical, speculative thinking itself, which he understands as “categorically disciplined striving be­yond the boundaries of the obvious and convincingly provable”. In fact, he brings us back to metaphysics. The author emphasizes that Henrich seeks to consider subjectivity consistently and comprehensively, from the first person point of view, precisely as the identity of subjectivity. Such ideological perspective specifically clarifies the problems of self-awareness, sociality, moral conscious­ness, the meaning of life and freedom, arising from a person’s self-knowledge and from thoughts perceiving way of thinking. All that, according to Henrich, forms the process of self-understanding of conscious life. The most valuable to the author is Henrich’s understanding of subjectivity as an integral phenomenon and of substantiation of a person’s importance as a subject that creates by his endless efforts the forms of culture and life. In this context, the concept of “the reality of freedom” which was proposed by Henrich and which is realized in the process of overcoming the reappearing dilemma of freedom and the deter­minism of the course of events in the world, looks very promising.

Delving into Horror

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 135-150
Keyword(s):  
The Self ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Perception Of Time ◽  
Definition Of

The springboard for this essay is the author’s encounter with the feeling of horror and her attempts to understand what place horror has in philosophy. The inquiry relies upon Leonid Lipavsky’s “Investigation of Horror” and on various textual plunges into the fanged and clawed (and possibly noumenal) abyss of Nick Land’s work. Various experiences of horror are examined in order to build something of a typology, while also distilling the elements characteristic of the experience of horror in general. The essay’s overall hypothesis is that horror arises from a disruption of the usual ways of determining the boundaries between external things and the self, and this leads to a distinction between three subtypes of horror. In the first subtype, horror begins with the indeterminacy at the boundaries of things, a confrontation with something that defeats attempts to define it and thereby calls into question the definition of the self. In the second subtype, horror springs from the inability to determine one’s own boundaries, a process opposed by the crushing determinacy of the world. In the third subtype, horror unfolds by means of a substitution of one determinacy by another which is unexpected and ungrounded. In all three subtypes of horror, the disturbance of determinacy deprives the subject, the thinking entity, of its customary foundation for thought, and even of an explanation of how that foundation was lost; at times this can lead to impairment of the perception of time and space. Understood this way, horror comes within a hair’s breadth of madness - and may well cross over into it.

The Dynamics of Society-in-the-Self

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hubert J. M Hermans
Keyword(s):  
Social Environment ◽  
The Self ◽  
Boundary Crossing ◽  
The World ◽  
Self And Identity ◽  
New Vision ◽  
New Phenomena ◽  
The Relationship

In the field of tension between globalization and localization, a set of new phenomena is emerging showing that society is not simply a social environment of self and identity but works in their deepest regions: self-radicalization, self-government, self-cure, self-nationalization, self-internationalization, and even self-marriage. The consequence is that the self is faced with an unprecedented density of self-parts, called I-positions in this theory. In the field of tension between boundary-crossing developments in the world and the search for an identity in a local niche, a self emerges that is characterized by a great variety of contradicting and heterogeneous I-positions and by large and unexpected jumps between different positions as the result of rapid and unexpected changes in the world. The chapter argues that such developments require a new vision of the relationship between self and society.

scholarly journals THE WORLD OF IMAGES IN SANTTU KARHU’S POETRY

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 248-257
Author(s):  
Natalia Valerievna Chikina
Keyword(s):  
Language Poetry ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Systemic Analysis ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Symbolic Images ◽  
Good And Evil ◽  
Folk Poetry ◽  
Original Concept

The paper analyzes the works of a well-known poet and rock musician S. Karhu, who writes in the Karelian language. The aim of the study is to highlight the author’s artistic system of images. The following tasks were set for the study: to formulate the poet’s original concept, to scrutinize and comment on the images in Karhu’s lyrics. The object is verses from the first and so far only volume. The subject of the study is the specific ethnic traits of Karhu’s poetry, as seen in the system of images. Literary-historical and comparative methods were used in the analysis. The scientific novelty is in the absence of similar studies on the poet’s works. Systemic analysis of the ethnic sources, the evolution and genre choices of the Karelian language literature associated with the changing artistic consciousness are coming to the foreground in this time of global change, when preserving the people’s cultural heritage is especially important. The poet’s personal background has brought him into the sphere of artistic creativity, enabled him to verbalize the world of ethnic life that had been opened up to him. The article points out some specific features of the world of images, language and culture of the Karelian people. Karelian literature shows a tendency to use folklore heritage. The transformation of folk poetic symbolic images is arguably the most characteristic trait of folklorism in contemporary Karelian-language poetry, where folk poetry symbols tend to be equaled with the image of the native land. Karhu’s philosophical verses increasingly pose and confidently resolve the questions of good and evil, happiness and pain, life and death. It is essential for him that the character retains the folklore origins, for he deems it to be the spiritual source of modernity.

scholarly journals The female characters in Branislav Nušić's and Stefan Kostov's selected comedies

Bastina ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 95-109
Author(s):  
Đurđina Isić
Keyword(s):  
Small Town ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Female Characters ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Bereaved Family

The paper presents the results of research that included comparative study of the place and role of female characters in selected and representative comedies by Serbian comedigrapher Branislav Nušić (eng. MP, Suspicious person, Mrs Minister, Bereaved family, Dr, Deceased; srb. Narodni poslanik, Sumnjivo lice, Ožalošćena porodica, Dr, Pokojnik, Vlast) and Bulgarian comedigrapher Stefan Kostov (eng. Gold mine, Golemanov, Grasshoppers, Nameless comedy; blg. Zlamnama mina, Golemanov, Skakalci, Komediâ bez ime) in order to find similarities and differences in the process of comedigraphic shaping of female characters in the work of these two authors. The subject of the research was viewed primarily from a literary-theoretical point of view, and the dominant methods of study were comparative and analytical-synthetic. During the research, there was a differentiation of female characters in accordance with their motivational structures, psychological assemblies and the nature of the place and the role they play in the social environment in which they are located. Therefore, we can distinguish female characters who live in the province and who are fully representative of the small-town spirit, female characters who live in the capital and are a symbol of the modern age and female characters who dwell in the capital, but in fact, deeply down still carry a small-town view of the world. The structure of this paper is in line with this distinction. Conclusions made at the end of the study show that the representation of female characters in analyzed comedies of both comedigaphers is highly similar in its nature.

scholarly journals Affective Pre-Givenness and Accumulation of Oneself

2021 ◽  
pp. 45-49
Author(s):  
Anatolii S. Sharov
Keyword(s):  
Effective Communication ◽  
The Self ◽  
Genetic Phenomenology ◽  
Passive Synthesis ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject

Based on the analysis of the previously unpublished heritage of Eh. Husserl, the so-called “Bernau-manuscripts” in the horizon of genetic phenomenology, a holistic consideration of subjectivity from the affectively pre-given to the Self as a collection of the self is outlined. Passive synthesis and passive genesis are analysed at the level of sensuality, which refers to the pre-predicative experience of affеction and genetically precedes the thematic correlation between the subject and the world. The accumulation of one’s own Self takes place in onto-reflexive processes through effective communication. Where the Self itself is the identical center, the pole with which the entire content of the stream of experiences is correlated.

scholarly journals To the Question of the Relevance of Updating School Environmental Education

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-120
Author(s):  
Sabrekova Maria S. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Environmental Education ◽  
General Education ◽  
Primary School ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Education Development ◽  
School Subjects ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Ecological Culture

The article is devoted to the analysis of the scientific and philosophical thought development, which served as a challenge to the renewal of the content of environmental education at the beginning of the XXI century. The analysis of the stages of domestic environmental education development, its content from the point of view of reflection in it of relations between society and nature is carried out. A new stage in the environmental education development in the 21st century is associated with the spread of ideas of sustainable development, which determine the transformation of all spheres of human culture. The article provides examples of tasks that currently exist in the educational literature for one of the primary school subjects, and a variant of their change from the standpoint of environmental education in the interests of sustainable development is proposed. The modern literature on the methodology of teaching the subject “The World Around” in primary school is considered from the point of view of the representation of the content of environmental education in it. The author comes to the conclusion about the insufficiency of the natural science orientation of environmental education for the formation of students’ ideas about the environmental imperative – a key category for understanding the conditions for harmonizing nature, society and the world of things. Based on the analysis performed, a conclusion was made about the relevance of updating the content of school environmental education. It is substantiated that this will contribute to the achievement of its planned result – the formation of a modern ecological culture among students. Keywords: general education, environmental education, educational content, environmental imperative, environmental culture

James and Hume

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yumiko Inukai
Keyword(s):  
Critical Point ◽  
The Self ◽  
Ordinary Sense ◽  
Discrete Elements ◽  
Temporal Continuity ◽  
The World ◽  
Subject And Object ◽  
Pure Experience ◽  
The Subject

James contends that the rejection of conjunctive relations in experience leads Hume to the empirically groundless notion of discrete elements of experience, which James takes as the critical point that differentiates his empiricism from Hume’s. In this chapter, I argue that James is not right about this: Hume not only allows but employs experienced conjunctive relations in his explanations for the generation of our naturally held beliefs about the self and the world. There are indeed striking similarities between their accounts: they both use the relations of resemblance, temporal continuity, constancy, coherence, and regularity, and the self. Also, objects are constructed out of basic elements in their systems—pure experience and perceptions, respectively. Although collapsing the inner and outer worlds of the subject and object into one world (of pure experience for James and of perceptions for Hume) may seem unintuitive, this is exactly what allows them to preserve our ordinary sense of our experiences of objects.

Ethics of security: A genealogical introduction

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-71
Author(s):  
Andrea Rossi
Keyword(s):  
Michel Foucault ◽  
Thomas Hobbes ◽  
The Self ◽  
Economic Governance ◽  
Ethical Dimension ◽  
Western Thought ◽  
Modern Politics ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Pierre Hadot

This article analyses the set of ethical questions underlying the emergence of the modern politics of security, as articulated, in particular, in the work of Thomas Hobbes. An ethic is here understood – in line with its ancient philosophical use and the interpretation advanced by authors such as Michel Foucault and Pierre Hadot – as a domain of reflections and practices related to the cultivation and conversion of the self ( askēsis, metanoia). The article aims to demonstrate that, besides attending to the physical safety of the state and its citizens, modern apparatuses of security are also crucially implicated in the formation of their subjects as ethical and autonomous individuals. To substantiate this thesis, the article first illustrates how, since the first appearance of the term in the vocabulary of Western thought – and in Seneca’s work in particular – theories of security have been intimately tied to the cultivation of the self. It thus interprets Hobbes’s reflections on the subject as the upshot of a substantive, if implicit, re-articulation of Seneca’s ethic of security, by focusing on the two authors’ respective understandings of (a) autonomy, (b) the world, (c) ascesis, and (d) politics. Overall, it is suggested that the differences between the two authors testify to a wider political-historical shift: in modern regimes of governmentality, the ethical dimension of security no longer defines the rightful exercise of political power, but rather appears as an object of social and economic governance.

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