THE POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF SILYMARIN ON CEREBRUM WITH EXPERIMENTAL HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY IN RATS

Background: The relationship between liver diseases and neurological defects is well established. Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) has been seen both in people with acute liver failure (ALF) and chronic liver disease (CLF). HE is a complex neuropsychiatric syndrome that is seen in patients suffering from liver dysfunction. Silymarin (Sm) has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic features. In this study, the possible protective effects of silymarin were investigated against dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) damage induced by thioacetamide (TAA). Method: To achieve this, male Sprague Dawley rats (200-250 g) were randomly divided into four groups, with 7 animals comprising each group: the control group, 50 mg/kg TAA group, 50 mg/kg Sm + TAA group, and 100 mg / kg Sm + TAA group. Results: Differences between the groups were determined by performing immunohistochemical analysis of the PFC. Bax, TNF-α, and TUNEL expression increased in the brain tissue of the experimental group where only TAA was administered. Conclusions: It was observed that in high doses in particular (100 mg/kg Sm + TAA group), Sm was effective in preventing PFC damage caused by TAA. It was determined that 100 mg/kg Sm significantly reduces TAA-induced inflammation (TNF-α and H&E) and apoptosis (Bax, TUNEL) in brain tissue.

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Effect of a Lower Limb Restless Period on Expression of Mir-1 and Mir-206 Neural Muscle Genes in Endurance Training Rats

Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences ◽

10.32598/jams.23.4.5947.1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 570-579

Author(s):

Mahboubeh Sheikhan ◽

◽

Mohammad Reza Kordi ◽

Hamid Rajabi ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Muscular Atrophy ◽

Control Group ◽

Protective Effects ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

Medical Sciences ◽

Sprague Dawley Rats ◽

Muscle Genes ◽

Univariate Anova ◽

Pcr Method ◽

Post Hoc

Background and Aim: Several microRNAs are involved in regulating muscle mass, which plays an essential role in hypertrophy and atrophy of skeletal muscle, The present study examined the expression of some genes as regulators of muscular atrophy following a period of inertia in rats. Methods & Materials: For this purpose, 18 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups (Control, Exercise+inactivity, and Inactivity). The exercise+inactivity group run on the treadmill for 18 weeks and five times per week. The hindlimb of the animal was immobilized for seven days with the casting method. Soleus muscle was extracted and the expression of the genes was measured by the RT-PCR method. Univariate ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test was used to determine the differences (α=0.05). Ethical Considerations: The Ethics Committee of the Tehran University of Medical Sciences Research approved this study (Code: IR.SUMS.REC.1396.S 463). Results: Results showed that immobilization in both Exercise+ inactivity and inactivity groups, compare to the control group, increased expression of miR-1 genes (P<0.10), FOXO3a (P<0.001) and decreased expression of miR-206 (P<0.007) and IGF-1 (P<0.001). This difference was statistically significant. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it can be said that changes in the expression of RNAs by chromatography cause changes in the expression of muscle regulating genes, and although endurance exercises have protective effects, they cannot prevent these changes.

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Effect of Qingxin Kaiqiao Fang on Hippocampus mRNA Expression of the Inflammation-Related Genes IL-1β, GFAP, and Aβin an Alzheimer’s Disease Rat Model

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2018/9267653 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dan-Dan Mao ◽

Wen-Yu Yang ◽

Yan Li ◽

Jian-Wei Lin ◽

Shi-Yu Gao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rat Model ◽

Particle Deposition ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Interleukin 1 ◽

Control Group ◽

Model Group ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

Amyloid A ◽

Sprague Dawley Rats ◽

High Doses

Objective. To investigate the effects of QKF on expression of amyloid-beta (Aβ), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) using a rat model of AD.Materials and Methods. Fifty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into seven groups (eight rats each): control group, sham-operated group, AD model group, groups of AD rats administered with low, medium, and high doses of QKF, and the donepezil group. AD was established by bilateral injection ofβ-amyloid (Aβ) 1–40 into the hippocampus. Two days after AD was established, drugs were administered by gavage. After 14 days of treatment, we used RT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry to measure the transcript expression and protein abundance of Aβ, IL-1β, and GFAP, and methenamine silver staining was used to detect amyloid protein particle deposition.Results. Compared to the control group, the rats from the AD model group showed significantly greater expression levels of Aβ, IL-1β, and GFAP. However, these differences in expression were abolished by treatment with QKF or donepezil.Conclusion. QKF possesses therapeutic potential against AD because it downregulated Aβ, IL-1β, and GFAP in the hippocampus of AD rats. Future studies should further examine the mechanisms through which QKF produces its effects and the consequences of long-term QKF administration.

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Sulodexide Protects Contrast-Induced Nephropathy in Sprague-Dawley Rats

Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry ◽

10.1159/000452575 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 40 (3-4) ◽

pp. 621-632 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Qing Zhao ◽

Jianyong Yin ◽

Zeyuan Lu ◽

Yiwei Kong ◽

Guangyuan Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Caspase 3 ◽

Vehicle Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Therapeutic Effects ◽

Protective Effects ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

Contrast Induced Nephropathy ◽

Sprague Dawley Rats ◽

Hk2 Cells

Background: Sulodexide is a powerful antithrombin agent with reno-protective property. However, whether it has beneficial effects on Contrast-Induced Nephropathy (CIN) remained elusive. In the current study, we evaluated the therapeutic effects of Sulodexide on CIN and investigated the potential mechanisms. Methods: CIN model was induced by intravenous injection of indomethacin, followed by Ioversol and L-NAME. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups: control group, CIN group, CIN+vehicle group (CIN rats pretreated with vehicle) and CIN+ Sulodexide (CIN rats pretreated with Sulodexide). Sulodexide or an equivalent volume of vehicle was intravenously delivered 30 min before the induction of CIN. All the animals were sacrificed at 24h after CIN and tissues were harvested to evaluate renal injury, kidney oxidative stress and apoptosis levels. Plasma antithrombin III (ATIII) activities were also measured. Results: Compared to the untreated CIN group, improved renal function, reduced tubular injury, decreased levels of oxidative stress and apoptosis were observed in CIN rats receiving Sulodexide injection. In addition, we also found that ATIII activity was significantly higher in Sulodexide-administered group than that in vehicle-injected CIN rats. For in vitro studies, HK2 cells were exposed to Ioversol and the cyto-protective effects of Sulodexide were also determined. Sulodexide pretreatment protected HK2 cells against the cytotoxicity of Ioversol via inhibiting caspase-3 activity. Preincubation with Sulodexide could also attenuate H2O2-induced increases in ROS, apoptosis and caspase-3 levels. Conclusions: Taken together, Sulodexide could protect against CIN through activating ATIII, and inhibiting oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis.

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Interaction of Manganese and Ammonia in the Brain of Hepatic Encephalopathy Rats

Hepatitis Monthly ◽

10.5812/hepatmon.102208 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (8) ◽

Author(s):

Jingjing Lu ◽

Ying Li ◽

Cui Zhang ◽

Xiuying Yang ◽

Jin Wei Qiang

Keyword(s):

Hepatic Encephalopathy ◽

Glutamine Synthetase ◽

Control Group ◽

Blood Ammonia ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

Rat Models ◽

Functional Changes ◽

Sprague Dawley Rats ◽

Mn Content ◽

The Brain

Background: Both ammonia and manganese (Mn) play a key role in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) and cause similar morphological and functional changes in astrocytes. Objectives: To investigate the interaction between brain Mn and ammonia in HE rats. Methods: Three rat models of minimal HE (MHE), chronic manganism (CHM), and chronic hyperammonemia (CHA) were constructed. A total of 48 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into one control group (n = 6), MHE groups (n = 18, among which six rats were used to evaluate the MHE model), CHM groups (n = 12), and CHA groups (n = 12). The CHM, CHA, and the rest of MHE rats were randomly divided further into two subgroups, according to the MgSO4 treatment (oral administration of 496 mg/kg/day for seven weeks): MHE-7W and MHE + Mg-7W; CHM-7W and CHM + Mg-7W; and CHA-7W and CHA + Mg-7W, respectively. Rats’ blood ammonia, brain Mn, glutamine synthetase (GS), and glutamine (GLN) levels were measured and compared among groups. Results: Significantly higher brain Mn content in MHE-7W and CHM-7W rats, higher blood ammonia levels, brain GS activity, and GLN content were observed in MHE-7W, CHM-7W, and CHA-7W rats than in control rats. After MgSO4 treatment for seven weeks, significantly lower brain Mn content, blood ammonia levels, and GLN content were observed in MHE, CHM, and CHA rats. Conclusions: Our study showed that brain Mn accumulation could increase brain ammonia levels, while the accumulation of brain ammonia had no effect on the content of brain Mn.

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Anti-inflammatory activity of palmitoylethanolamide ameliorates osteoarthritis induced by monosodium iodoacetate in Sprague–Dawley rats

Inflammopharmacology ◽

10.1007/s10787-021-00870-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 29 (5) ◽

pp. 1475-1486

Author(s):

Jae In Jung ◽

Hyun Sook Lee ◽

Young Eun Jeon ◽

So Mi Kim ◽

Su Hee Hong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mrna Expression ◽

Acid Amide ◽

Treatment Strategies ◽

Leukotriene B4 ◽

Control Group ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

Sprague Dawley Rats ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Monosodium Iodoacetate ◽

Anti Inflammatory

AbstractNovel treatment strategies are urgently required for osteoarthritis (OA). Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is a naturally occurring fatty acid amide with analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. We aimed to examine its effect on OA and elucidate the molecular mechanism of actions in monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced OA Sprague–Dawley rats. The experimental animals were divided into normal control group (injected with saline + treated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), NOR), control group (injected with MIA + treated with PBS, CON), 50 or 100 mg/kg body weight (BW)/day PEA-treated group (injected with MIA + treated with 50 or 100 mg of PEA/kg BW/day, PEA50 or PEA100), and positive control group (injected with MIA + treated with 6 mg of diclofenac/kg BW/day, DiC). The changes in blood parameters, body parameters, gene expression of inflammatory mediators and cytokines, knee thickness, and joint tissue were observed. Oral administration of PEA had no adverse effects on the BW, liver, or kidneys. PEA reduced knee joint swelling and cartilage degradation in MIA-induced OA rats. The serum levels of leukotriene B4, nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and prostaglandin E2 considerably reduced in the PEA100 group compared with those in the CON group. In the synovia of knee joints, the mRNA expression of iNOS, 5-Lox, Cox-2, Il-1β, Tnf-α, and Mmp-2, -3, -9, and -13 apparently increased with MIA administration. Meanwhile, Timp-1 mRNA expression apparently decreased in the CON group but increased to the normal level with PEA treatment. Thus, PEA can be an effective therapeutic agent for OA.

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Evaluation of clinical, histology, TNF-α, and collagen expressions on oral ulcer in rats after treatment with areca nut and chrysanthemum oral gel

F1000Research ◽

10.12688/f1000research.54887.1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

pp. 623

Author(s):

Liza Meutia Sari ◽

Zaki Mubarak ◽

Dina Keumala Sari

Keyword(s):

Triamcinolone Acetonide ◽

Positive Control ◽

Flowering Plant ◽

Positive Control Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Areca Nut ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

Control Groups ◽

Sprague Dawley Rats ◽

Tnf Α

Background: Areca nut (Areca catechu Linn.) is the seed of the fruit of the oriental palm that is commonly used among Southeast Asian communities. Chrysanthemum (Dendrathema grandiflora) is a flowering plant originating from East Asia and dominantly grows in China. Both of these plants have strong antioxidant activities. To investigate the mechanism of their wound healing activities, we prepared areca nut and chrysanthemum polyethylene oral gel and performed several in vivo assays using Sprague–Dawley rats. Methods: Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into five groups: Negative control group (rats with base gel treatment), positive control group (rats treated with triamcinolone acetonide), F1 (treatment with 20% areca nut:80% chrysanthemum), F2 (treatment with 50% areca nut:50% chrysanthemum), and F3 (treatment with 80% areca nut:20% chrysanthemum). Traumatic ulcers were performed on the buccal mucosa of all experimental animals that received topical oral gel and triamcinolone acetonide twice a day for seven days. The clinical and histological characteristics were analyzed and scored. Results: During the six days, the ulcerated area receded linearly over time and was completely cicatrized in F2 and positive control group (Dependent t-test, p<0.05). There were significant increases in body weight in F2 and positive control groups. There were no significant differences between groups in histology examination (Kruskal Wallis test, p<0.05). The moderate score of TNF-α levels was seen in F2 and positive control groups (ANOVA/Tukey test). Similar results were seen in the collagenases assay. Conclusions: A balanced combination of areca nut and chrysanthemum extract in the oral gel can optimize the healing of traumatic oral ulcers in rats through the increase of TNF-α and collagen deposition.

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Chronotropic, Inotropic and Dromotropic Parameters of the Heart and Oxidative Stress in Rats Receiving High Doses of Fructose

10.31661/gmj.v8i0.1250 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. 1250

Author(s):

Esmat Radmanesh ◽

Mahin Dianat ◽

Narges Atefipour

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Control Group ◽

Free Access ◽

Qtc Interval ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Sprague Dawley Rats ◽

High Doses

Background: Many risk factors, including nutritional ones, contribute to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Increased fructose consumption, for example, can lead to an increase in CVD risk factors, i.e. an increase in blood lipids and the development of insulin resistance. Materials and Methods: In the present study, Sprague Dawley rats were divided into two groups: control group (free access to tap drinking water for seven weeks), and a group that received fructose 10% in drinking water for seven weeks, (n ═8 per each group). In all groups, before starting the test period and seven weeks after it, electrocardiogram was recorded by Power lab system. Unpaired t-test and two-way ANOVA were used for data analysis. Also, oxidative stress parameters were measured. Results: In the group received high doses of fructose, a significant reduction (P <0.05) was observed in the PR interval (P<0.001) and a significant increase (P<0.05) in the QTc interval. However, there was no significant change in the RR interval and the voltage of the QRS complex. A significant decrease in catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase (P<0.05) and a significant increase (P<0.05) in malondialdehyde and lactate dehydrogenase were observed in the group that received fructose in comparison with the control group at the end of the experiment. Conclusion: According to our results, the chance of arrhythmias in the rats receiving high doses of fructose was possibly due to the increased oxidative stress in the healthy rats. [GMJ.2019;8:e1250]

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Cacao powder supplementation attenuates oxidative stress, cholinergic impairment, and apoptosis in d-galactose-induced aging rat brain

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-96800-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hyoeun Yoo ◽

Hyun-Sook Kim

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Control Group ◽

Protective Effects ◽

Aging Male ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

Advanced Glycation ◽

Age Related ◽

Sprague Dawley Rats ◽

Glycation End Products ◽

Aging Rat

AbstractAging, a critical risk factor of several diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, affects an ever-growing number of people. Cacao supplementation has been suggested to improve age-related neuronal deficits. Therefore, this study investigated the protective effects of raw cacao powder on oxidative stress-induced aging. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups: Control (C), d-galactose-induced aging (G), d-galactose injection with 10% (LC), and 16% (HC) cacao powder mixed diet. d-galactose (300 mg/3 mL/kg) was intraperitoneally injected into all but the control group for 12 weeks. Cacao supplemented diets were provided for 8 weeks. The levels of serum Malondialdehyde (MDA), Advanced Glycation End-products (AGEs), brain and liver MDA, the indicators of the d-galactose induced oxidative stress were significantly decreased in LC and HC but increased in G. The Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity of brain showed that the cholinergic impairment was significantly lower in LC, and HC than G. Furthermore, the expression levels of catalase (CAT), phospho-Akt/Akt, and procaspase-3 were significantly increased in LC and HC. In conclusion, cacao consumption attenuated the effects of oxidative stress, cholinergic impairment and apoptosis, indicating its potential in future clinical studies.

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Evaluation of clinical, histology, TNF-α, and collagen expressions on oral ulcer in rats after treatment with areca nut and chrysanthemum oral gel

F1000Research ◽

10.12688/f1000research.54887.2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

pp. 623

Author(s):

Liza Meutia Sari ◽

Zaki Mubarak ◽

Dina Keumala Sari

Keyword(s):

Triamcinolone Acetonide ◽

Positive Control ◽

Flowering Plant ◽

Positive Control Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Areca Nut ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

Control Groups ◽

Sprague Dawley Rats ◽

Tnf Α

Background: Areca nut (Areca catechu Linn.) is the seed of the fruit of the oriental palm that is commonly used among Southeast Asian communities. Chrysanthemum (Dendrathema grandiflora) is a flowering plant originating from East Asia and dominantly grows in China. Both of these plants have strong antioxidant activities. To investigate the mechanism of their wound healing activities, we prepared areca nut and chrysanthemum polyethylene oral gel and performed several in vivo assays using Sprague–Dawley rats. Methods: Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into five groups: Negative control group (rats with base gel treatment), positive control group (rats treated with triamcinolone acetonide), F1 (treatment with 20% areca nut:80% chrysanthemum), F2 (treatment with 50% areca nut:50% chrysanthemum), and F3 (treatment with 80% areca nut:20% chrysanthemum). Traumatic ulcers were performed on the buccal mucosa of all experimental animals that received topical oral gel and triamcinolone acetonide twice a day for seven days. The clinical and histological characteristics were analyzed and scored. Results: During the six days, the ulcerated area receded linearly over time and was completely cicatrized in F2, F3, and positive control group (Dependent t-test, p<0.05). There were significant increases in body weight in F2 and positive control groups. There were no significant differences between groups in histology examination (Kruskal Wallis test, p<0.05). The moderate score of TNF-α levels was seen in F2 and positive control groups (ANOVA/Tukey test, p<0.05). In the collagenases assay, a high concentration of areca nut (F3) induced the abundance of collagen during the ulcer healing process. Conclusions: The combination of areca nut and chrysanthemum extract in the oral gel can optimize the healing of traumatic oral ulcers in Sprague-Dawley rats through the increase of TNF-α and collagen deposition.

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The Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Palmitoylethanolamide Ameliorates Osteoarthritis Induced by Monosodium Iodoacetate in Sprague Dawley Rats

10.21203/rs.3.rs-629822/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jae In Jung ◽

Hyun Sook Lee ◽

Young Eun Jeon ◽

So Mi Kim ◽

Su Hee Hong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mrna Expression ◽

Acid Amide ◽

Leukotriene B4 ◽

Joint Disease ◽

Control Group ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

Sprague Dawley Rats ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Monosodium Iodoacetate ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Abstract Novel treatment strategies are urgently required for osteoarthritis (OA), a degenerative joint disease. Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is a naturally occurring fatty acid amide with analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. We aimed to examine its effect on OA and molecular mechanism of actions in monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced OA Sprague Dawley rats. The experimental animals were divided into five groups: normal control group (injected with saline + treated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), NOR), control group (injected with MIA + treated with PBS, CON), 50 or 100 mg/kg body weight (BW)/day PEA-treated group (injected with MIA + treated with 50 or 100 mg of PEA/kg BW/day, PEA50 or PEA 100), and positive control group (injected with MIA + treated with 6 mg of diclofenac/kg BW/day, DiC). Changes in blood and body parameters, gene expression of inflammatory mediators and cytokines, knee thickness, and joint tissue were observed. We found no adverse effects of oral administration of PEA on BW, liver, or kidneys. PEA reduced knee joint swelling and cartilage degradation in MIA-induced OA rats. The serum levels of leukotriene B4, nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and prostaglandin E2 considerably reduced in the PEA100 group compared to those in the CON group. In the synovia of knee joints, mRNA expression of iNOS, 5-Lox, Cox-2, Il-1β, Tnf-α, Mmp-2, -3, -9, and − 13 noticeably reduced with MIA administration. Meanwhile, Timp-1 mRNA expression noticeably decreased in the CON group but increased to the normal level with PEA treatment. Thus, we demonstrated that PEA can be used as an effective therapeutic agent for OA.

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