DESIGN, BUILD, AND TESTING TRANSPORTATION WHEELS FOR TRANSPORTATION OF PALM OIL FRUIT IN PEATLAND

To increase the collection of oil palm yields on peatlands, the team made a design and tested the fruit vehicle using a double garden jeep. The design that is done is to make an iron wheel equipped with fins made of angled profile iron. To increase the diameter of the wheel, the standard wheels are given spokes from a 0.5 mm strip plate and are welded to the outside of the wheel with fins. The stress analysis results in the critical area show that the stress that occurs is lower than the allowable stress. The shear stress on the strip plate connected to the wheel is much less than the allowable shear stress(3 kg/cm2 ≤300 kg/cm2). Then the compressive stress that occurs is also smaller than the allowable stress (200.5 kg/cm2 ≤ 300 kg/cm2) however, the bending stress that occurs in the fins is much greater than the allowable stress (1413 kg/cm2 ≤ 400 kg/cm2), it is necessary to make additional reinforcement part fins every 10 cm. After the wheels are produced, testing is carried out by transporting 1100 kg of the palm fruit. From the results of these trials, it can be concluded that the wheel design fulfills the needs.

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Improved water footprint of oil palm products using eddy covariance measurements of evapotranspiration

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-1777 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Joris Herz ◽

Ana Meijide ◽

Christian Stiegler ◽

Bunyod Holmatov ◽

Alexander Knohl ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Resources ◽

Eddy Covariance ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽

Water Footprint ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Palm Fruit ◽

Ongoing Research ◽

Palm Oil Biodiesel

The global population growth and changes in human lifestyle and consumption patterns put immense pressure on the limited freshwater resources in the world. Aiming at sustainable use and equitable allocation of the water resources, it becomes crucial to know the water appropriation for the production of different commodities and consumer goods. These days, oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is one of the highest-demanded crops around the globe since the oil of its fruits and kernel is widely used as biofuel and major ingredients in food and cosmetic industries. Given this massive demand, the areas under oil palm cultivation in the tropics have continuously been expanding in the last decades, particularly in Indonesia. With the oil palm boom, not only biodiversity loss, and carbon dioxide emissions from deforestation have been increasing, but also the consumptions of blue and green water resources are of concern.&#160;In this ongoing research, the concept of water footprint (WF) is employed to quantify the green and blue water use of oil palm production in the Bajubang district, Batanghari regency, Jambi province, Sumatra, Indonesia. This is one of the first studies that uses field-measured data of evapotranspiration (ET) from oil palm plantations in different growth stages over seven years for the purpose of WF assessment, compared to the available literature where ET was estimated using modelling approaches. The multi-year measurements were conducted using the eddy covariance technique, which continuously measures water vapor (H2O) fluxes at the ecosystem level over the plantation. Based on these measurements, specifically, the WF assessment is performed on a product basis during the plantation life cycle, per area and time unit, for the oil palm fruit yield and oil palm derived products (palm oil, palm-oil biodiesel). Besides the crop water consumption at the plantation (i.e. ET) as the core element, other water consumptions in the products&#8217; processing chain are included in the WF assessment. Preliminary results indicate a WF of 2440 m3 t-1 for palm oil and 65 m3 GJ-1 for palm-oil biodiesel. This is about 50% lower than the global average estimates. Local WF account of oil palm products has a critical contribution to product transparency while being useful for comparative purposes. Contrasting the WFs of products serving the same function (e.g., palm oil biodiesel, soybean biodiesel) is of essential importance, aiming at conscious product choices in a world of freshwater scarcity.Keywords: water footprint, oil palm, palm oil, Indonesia, eddy covariance, evapotranspiration

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An EMG Study for the Application of New Harvesting Oil Palm Fruit Device to Reduce MSDs

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.786.393 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 786 ◽

pp. 393-397

Author(s):

Roejhan Md Kawi ◽

Z.B. Razali ◽

Muhammad Naufal Mansor ◽

C.D.M. Asyraf

Keyword(s):

Musculoskeletal Disorders ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Farm Workers ◽

Palm Fruit ◽

New Device ◽

Harvesting Process ◽

Oil Palm Industry ◽

Awkward Posture ◽

Conventional Device

Farm workers in the Oil Palm industry in Malaysia are extremely exposed to the risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) which is directly affected to the production outputs. This paper is to discuss the way to reduce the MSDs biomechanical load by using a new design of ergonomic palm oil fruit harvesting device. According to the observation, manual harvesting process by using conventional device or device was highly risk to undergo MSDs due to repetitive awkward posture. Thus, new device is proposed for reducing the effect of MSDs. Electromyography (EMG) evaluation was conducted to determine the reliability and the efficiency of the proposed method to reduce the risk of MSDs. Results of EMG show that the using of the proposed device provides less pain compare to the conventional device.

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Design and Development of an Integrated Small-Scale Oil Palm Fruit Processing Mill

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.367.739 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 367 ◽

pp. 739-743

Author(s):

C.O. Ilechie ◽

A.O. Akii Ibhadode ◽

B.O. Abikoye

Keyword(s):

Vegetable Oil ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Poor Quality ◽

Small Scale ◽

Palm Fruit ◽

Fully Integrated ◽

Oil Crops ◽

Fruit Processing

The oil palm (elaeis guneensis) is a very important economic crop in West Africa where it is native. The fruit bunch contains 23 to 30% oil and is the highest yielding of all vegetable oil crops. Palm oil is the second most important vegetable oil in world consumption and the first to be commercialized internationally. Africa and indeed Nigerian was the world’s highest producer of palm oil prior to 1961. Today, Nigeria is the fourth largest producer after Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. One of the main reasons given for this fall is lack of efficient mechanized processing equipment for the small-scale producers who produce over 80% of the country’s palm oil. Their methods of production are labour intensive, batch, tedious, inefficient, and produce poor quality oil, have low throughput, unable to extract palm kernel alongside palm oil and so productivity is low and products (palm oil and palm kernel) lack competitiveness. This work has developed a mechanized oil palm fruit processing mill with six fully integrated systems for extracting good quality palm oil and palm kernel, while utilizing process wastes as the main source of heat energy. Each system/unit is expected to operate at the best quoted system efficiency. Tests are ongoing to determine and confirm these efficiencies.

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Kontribusi Produksi Cellular Lightweight Concrete Serat Limbah Pelepah Kelapa Ssawit Terhadap Emisi CO2

Dinamika Lingkungan Indonesia ◽

10.31258/dli.6.2.p.104-109 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 104

Author(s):

Zainuri Zainuri ◽

Sujianto Sujianto ◽

Adrianto Ahmad ◽

Feliatra Feliatra

Keyword(s):

Co2 Emissions ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Experimental Approach ◽

Lightweight Concrete ◽

Global Climate ◽

Palm Fruit ◽

Reduction Of Co2 ◽

Palm Fronds ◽

By Products

The vast palm oil plantations in Riau province which are 2,430,500 hectares (BPS Indonesia, 2017) have great potential as a provider of CPO (Crude Palm Oil) and other by-products and include waste. The midrib is always lowered along with the decrease in oil palm fruit bunches at harvest. Handling of waste from the midrib is only by stacking it in the field and letting it dry and self-destruct. Oil palm midribs are still a problem today because they can affect the global climate with greenhouse gas emissions. Carbon emissions can still be minimized by utilizing oil palm midribs. This study aims to measure the reduction of CO2 emissions as an added ingredient in the production of fiber CLC. Presentation of research results using descriptive methods. Research conducted in laboratories with an experimental approach is quantitative. The findings of this study are that the use of oil palm fronds as an added ingredient in producing CLC of solar and electric fuel fibers by 1 m3 can reduce CO2 emissions. The conclusion of this study is that CO2 emissions that can be reduced in the manufacture of 1 m3 of fiber CLC using diesel fuel is 111,582 tons/year and when using an electrically driven engine the CO2 emissions that can be reduced are 120.887 tons/year.

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Rancang Bangun Sistem Pakar Mendiagnosa Penyakit Tanaman Kelapa Sawit Menggunakan Metode Bayes Berbasis Android (Studi Kasus : Perkebunan PTPN 4 Air Batu)

JURNAL TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI ◽

10.36294/jurti.v2i1.403 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 15

Author(s):

Muhammad Dedi Irawan ◽

Muhammad Khairi Ikhsan Nasution

Keyword(s):

Expert System ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Good Method ◽

Training Data ◽

Cellular Phones ◽

Conditional Probabilities ◽

Bayes Method ◽

Palm Fruit ◽

Fruit Oil

Abstract - PT. Perkebunan Nusantara IV Air Batu (PTPN IV) is a government-owned oil palm plantation that is engaged in the production of palm fruit, oil palm plants will grow well and produce optimally if the plant is protected from disease. However, there is an imbalance where every year palm oil needs increase, while oil palm production decreases. This is due to lack of understanding of plantation assistants on the types of diseases found in oil palm plants which can cause continuous damage to oil palm plants. The Bayes method is one method that is suitable for selection, because the Bayes method is a good method in machine learning based on training data using conditional probabilities as the basis. With this expert system it is expected that plantation assistants can find out the type of disease and its solution quickly so that the problem of decreasing oil palm production can be overcome. The results of the research in the form of an expert system diagnose the disease of oil palm plants using the Android-based bayes method thus, this application can be used to analyze diseases using cellular phones. Keywords - Palm Oil Disease, Expert Systems, Bayes Method, Android.

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Preparing Households for the Oil Palm Replanting Program: Is an Empowerment Program Needed?

Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University ◽

10.35741/issn.0258-2724.56.3.15 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 56 (3) ◽

pp. 179-195

Author(s):

Ardi Novra ◽

Fatati ◽

Adriani

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Household Income ◽

Regional Economy ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Research Result ◽

Community Empowerment ◽

Intensity Level ◽

Palm Fruit ◽

The Impact

This article describes a new idea of how the level of intervention in household empowerment policies is based on an empirical study of the magnitude of the negative impact of the smallholder palm oil replanting (SPR) program. One of the negative impacts is the temporary loss of income (TLI) for farmer households due to the cessation of production of oil palm fruit bunches. This study aims to analyze the magnitude of the impact of the SPR program on household and regional economies as a basis for making decisions on the intensity level of community empowerment programs. The household survey research was conducted in three village centers for smallholder rubber plantations in Jambi Province, Indonesia: Purwodadi Village, Dataran Kempas, and Sungai Keruh. The research result shows that the average potential TLI in each household is IDR 2,364,644/month (equivalent to 74.55% of the oil palm household income or 39.78% of the regional economy) if replanting palm oil is carried out. Purwodadi Village is the village most vulnerable to regional economic disturbances due to the high potential for TLI, reaching 99.43% of the oil palm household income and 67.06% of the regional economy. The level of TLI is influenced by factors of age and area of old oil palm plants, the proportion of households that will undergo the replanting process of oil palm, and the level of dependence of regions on oil palm farming. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that there is still a need for innovation and expansion of empowerment programs to encourage household readiness in facing the community oil palm rejuvenation program.

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The Mechanical Properties of Oil Palm by Using Semi-Damp Dryer

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202130201013 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 302 ◽

pp. 01013

Author(s):

Sakultala Wannapakhe ◽

Khridsadakhon Booddachan

Keyword(s):

Relative Humidity ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Mechanical Characteristics ◽

Hot Water ◽

Compression Force ◽

Hot Air Drying ◽

Palm Fruit ◽

Air Drying ◽

Hot Air

Hot air drying of palm fruit is a simple method but results in low grade palm oil. The steaming of palm fruit results in high grade palm oil but it requires a wastewater treatment process. Both methods have both advantages and disadvantages, therefore if they were combined, it can result in the better grades of oil, which should be encouraged for farmers in Thailand to apply. This research aimed to determine mechanical characteristics of semi-damp dryer for oil palm. The results of a compression and relative humidity tests were used as the criteria for the tests. The oil palm semi-damp dryer was used in this research. The oil palm semi-damp dryer used the aerosolized technique with 100 °C hot water as a sprayer and a humidifier for the oil palm in the dryer. The purpose was to reduced palm fruit hardness. The study use tenera palm from Prachinburi province and neighborhood of Thailand. The drying time for testing was 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours. The temperature for testing was 70, 90 and more than 100 °C. The results of the compression force of oil palm by using a semi-damp dryer were lower than using a hot air drying. The compression was lower than using hot air drying. The best of mechanical characteristics palm was baking with semi-damp dry at 90 °C in 3 hours. Compression force was 0.675 kN and relative humidity value was 57.18%. The palm oil was tested for the %FFA and DOBI and showed that the grade of palm oil by using semi-damp drying was fair but still edible grade.

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STUDY OF THE UTILIZATION OF PALM OIL INDUSTRY LIQUID WASTE

Konversi ◽

10.20527/k.v10i1.10146 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

An Nisa Fitria ◽

Vandhie Satyawira Gunawan ◽

Mardiah Mardiah

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Economic Value ◽

Liquid Waste ◽

Oil Industry ◽

Fresh Fruit ◽

Added Value ◽

Palm Fruit ◽

Fresh Fruit Bunches ◽

Plantation Crops

Palm oil is one of the plantation crops that have high economic value and is growing rapidly. The wider the area of oil palm plantations in Indonesia, the more palm oil mills will process palm fresh fruit marks and produce waste from processed palm oil, namely solid waste and liquid waste. Each tonne of fresh fruit bunches (FFB) processed at the plant will potentially leave waste of about 23% empty palm oil, 4% wet decanter solid, 6.5% shell, 13% fiber, and 50% liquid waste. This review will discuss the utilization of palm oil mill liquid waste (LCPKS) which is organic material that still contains many benefits such as nutrients, therefore the application of liquid waste is an effort to recycle some of the nutrients (recycling nutrients) which is followed by harvesting fresh fruit bunches (FFB) from oil palm so that it will reduce the cost of fertilization which is classified as very high for oil palm cultivation. During the processing of oil palm fruit into palm oil in the palm oil industry, the remaining process is obtained in the form of liquid waste. If done properly, the liquid waste of the palm oil industry is considerable potential and can increase the added value of waste itself.Keywords: liquid waste industry, palm oil, utilization

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Time and Motion Studies of Manual Harvesting Methods for Oil Palm Fruit Bunches: A Malaysian Case Study

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v74.4555 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 74 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Nizaroyani Saibani ◽

Ariff Azly Muhamed ◽

Mohd Faizal Maliami ◽

Rasyidah Ahmad

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Time Study ◽

Time Data ◽

Palm Fruit ◽

Time And Motion Studies ◽

Time And Motion ◽

Harvesting Technique ◽

Motion Studies ◽

Harvesting Process

In optimizing the yield of oil palm fruit bunches collection, the mechanization of the collection process is very important. However, before the analysis of the cost benefits of any mechanization development can be utilized, this study has to be carried out. Time and Motion Studies (TMS) is used to identify and measure the efficiency of the oil palm fruit bunches’ manual harvesting technique. The Direct Time Study Technique has been selected to determine and record the time taken by the harvester to harvest the oil palm fruit bunches, where the tool used in this technique is a stopwatch, alongside the Time Study Observation Sheet. Meanwhile, to examine the motions used by the harvester in the harvesting process, the Therblig’s Motion Principle is applied to identify effective and non- effective motions. A field work study has been conducted by monitoring two harvesters and all the real time data is recorded in the time study observation sheet and analyzed to get a value of Normal Time (NT) and also Standard Time (ST) for each work element involved in the manual harvesting process of palm oil. There are seven work elements that have been identified to have been used by the harvester to complete the process, the first element is searching for the mature palm oil tree (NT= 40.73 seconds), the second element is adjusting the Aluminium Pole and Knife (APK) cutter (NT= 23.36 seconds), the third element is cutting the oil palm’s frond (NT= 51.30 seconds), the fourth element is cutting the mature oil palm’s bunches (NT= 60.26 seconds), the fifth element is collecting the oil palm’s frond that has been cut (NT= 21.69 seconds), the sixth element is putting the oil palm’s bunches that have been cut into the wheel barrow (NT= 34.25 seconds) and the seventh element is collecting the loose oil palm fruits or called fruitlets (NT= 77.49 seconds). The study also categorized a few non-effective work elements carried out during the manual harvesting process. The elements are: searching for the oil palm trees that have mature oil palm bunches, adjusting the APK cutter and also collecting the loose oil palm fruitlets off the ground.

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Influence of Fresh Palm Fruit Sterilization in the Production of Carotenoid-Rich Virgin Palm Oil

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10112838 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 2838

Author(s):

Nik Suhaimi Mat Hassan ◽

Md. Sohrab Hossain ◽

Venugopal Balakrishnan ◽

Mark Harris Zuknik ◽

Muliadi Mustaner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

High Heat ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Palm Fruit ◽

Nutrient Contents ◽

Palm Fruits ◽

Cold Pressed

Palm oil is known to be rich in carotenoids and other phytonutrients. However, the carotenoids and phytonutrients degrade due to high heat sterilization of oil palm fruits. The present study was conducted to produce carotenoid-rich virgin palm oil (VPO) using cold-press extraction. Herein, the influence of sterilization of oil palm fresh fruits in the production of cold-pressed VPO was determined with varying sterilization temperatures, times, and amounts of palm fruits in sterilization. The experimental sterilization conditions were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) based on the maximum VPO yield and minimum FFAs in cold-pressed VPO. The optimal sterilization experimental conditions of oil palm fruits were determined to be a sterilization temperature of 62 °C, a time of 90 min, and an amount of oil palm fruits of 8 kg. Under these experimental conditions, the maximum cold-pressed VPO yield and the minimal content of free fatty acids (FFAs) obtained were 27.94 wt.% and 1.32 wt.%, respectively. Several analytic methods were employed to determine cold-pressed VPO quality and fatty acids compositions and compared with the crude palm oil. It was found that cold-pressed VPO contains higher carotenoids (708 mg/g) and unsaturated fatty acids compared with the carotenoid (343 mg/g) and fatty acid compositions in CPO. The findings of the present study reveal that the sterilization temperature potentially influences the carotenoid and nutrient contents in VPO; therefore, the optimization of the sterilization conditions is crucial to producing carotenoid- and phytonutrient-rich VPO.

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