scholarly journals Estimating the effectiveness of protection against UV radiation with extracts of lichen Hypogymnia physodes in biological systems in vivo

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 747-754
Author(s):  
S. V. Goncharov ◽  
A. E. Kozlov ◽  
M. V. Маtveyenkov ◽  
I. A. Cheshik
Keyword(s):  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Biological Systems ◽  
Control Level ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Morphometric Parameters ◽  
Hypogymnia Physodes ◽  
Sh Groups ◽  
Oxidative Processes ◽  
Acetone Extracts

The reactivity of biological systems to UV-A/B and the photoprotective potential of skin applications of lichen extracts Hypogymnia physodes according to the biochemical parameters of blood and morphometric parameters of the skin were evaluated in vivo in laboratory mice. Ethanol, acetone and hexane–acetone extracts (1 % in dimethylsulfoxide) effectively absorb the UV range inducing the most erythema. On the 4th day after UV-A/Вirradiation, severe brown burns of the back skin, severe erythema and edema, scab formation were observed. In serum, there were significantly changed biochemical parameters – the prooxidant capacity, the level of nitrate/nitrite-ions NOx, advanced oxidation protein products AOPP, glutathioneperoxidase activity GPx increased, the level of SH-groups reduced. Solutions of extracts (5 %) in dimethylsulfoxide at a different degree exhibited the photoprotective effect: morphologically – in minimizing the burn symptoms of the skin (edema, erythema, scab); biochemically – in the regulation of these parameters at the control level. According to the set of biochemical and morphometric parameters, the most promising photoprotectors were acetone extracts. The prooxidant capacity, GPx, AOРР (in all cases reduced) and NOx showed a non-specificity and rather high sensitivity and are more suitable for estimating inflammatory and oxidative processes. The highest efficiency and the adequacy to the tasks and the specifications are shown by the level of protein SH-groups.

scholarly journals Towards quantitative mass spectrometry-based metabolomics in microbial and mammalian systems

2016 ◽  
Vol 374 (2079) ◽  
pp. 20150363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahul Vijay Kapoore ◽  
Seetharaman Vaidyanathan
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Biological Systems ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Quantitative Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Small Molecular Weight ◽  
Quantitative Changes ◽  
Analytical Approaches

Metabolome analyses are a suite of analytical approaches that enable us to capture changes in the metabolome (small molecular weight components, typically less than 1500 Da) in biological systems. Mass spectrometry (MS) has been widely used for this purpose. The key challenge here is to be able to capture changes in a reproducible and reliant manner that is representative of the events that take place in vivo . Typically, the analysis is carried out in vitro , by isolating the system and extracting the metabolome. MS-based approaches enable us to capture metabolomic changes with high sensitivity and resolution. When developing the technique for different biological systems, there are similarities in challenges and differences that are specific to the system under investigation. Here, we review some of the challenges in capturing quantitative changes in the metabolome with MS based approaches, primarily in microbial and mammalian systems. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Quantitative mass spectrometry’.

In-vivo anti-oxidant screening of Tectona grandis extract

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Tamilarasi G P ◽  
Sabarees G
Keyword(s):  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Tectona Grandis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Synthetic Drugs ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Anti Oxidant ◽  
Radical Generation

Oxidation is an essential reaction in the human body, which determines the expression of proteins in the body. This results in the altered expression like rapid growth resulting in cancers and other disorders. Many synthetic drugs are available in the market that is effective in limiting the free radical generation and the reaction of radicals with cells. Unfortunately, all those synthetic drugs were found to cause side effects and adverse effects in the body. But given the accuracy of the predictability of the results and administration, this research focuses on testing the anti-oxidant efficiency in rat models testing the biochemical parameters. Investigations have also been done on the anti-oxidant activity of Tectona, but every research was concentrated to prove the anti-oxidant activity only. extract had been tested for anti-oxidant activity by estimating various tissue parameters and it showed better activity. As predicted, there is a significant difference in the and results which can be explained are due to the physiological conditions that exist inside the body.

Development of Synchrotron Footprinting at NSLS and NSLS-II

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jen Bohon
Keyword(s):  
Solvent Accessibility ◽  
Biological Systems ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Aqueous Samples ◽  
Biological Mechanisms ◽  
Macromolecular Assembly ◽  
Structure And Dynamics ◽  
Synchrotron Light ◽  
Ideal Technique

Background: First developed in the 1990’s at the National Synchrotron Light Source, xray synchrotron footprinting is an ideal technique for the analysis of solution-state structure and dynamics of macromolecules. Hydroxyl radicals generated in aqueous samples by intense x-ray beams serve as fine probes of solvent accessibility, rapidly and irreversibly reacting with solvent exposed residues to provide a “snapshot” of the sample state at the time of exposure. Over the last few decades, improvements in instrumentation to expand the technology have continuously pushed the boundaries of biological systems that can be studied using the technique. Conclusion: Dedicated synchrotron beamlines provide important resources for examining fundamental biological mechanisms of folding, ligand binding, catalysis, transcription, translation, and macromolecular assembly. The legacy of synchrotron footprinting at NSLS has led to significant improvement in our understanding of many biological systems, from identifying key structural components in enzymes and transporters to in vivo studies of ribosome assembly. This work continues at the XFP (17-BM) beamline at NSLS-II and facilities at ALS, which are currently accepting proposals for use.

scholarly journals Persistent luminescence nanoparticles for cancer theranostics application

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nian Liu ◽  
Xiao Chen ◽  
Xia Sun ◽  
Xiaolian Sun ◽  
Junpeng Shi
Keyword(s):  
Uv Light ◽  
Combined Therapy ◽  
Tumor Therapy ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Persistent Luminescence ◽  
Therapeutic Drugs ◽  
High Penetration ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Cancer Theranostics

AbstractPersistent luminescence nanoparticles (PLNPs) are unique optical materials that emit afterglow luminescence after ceasing excitation. They exhibit unexpected advantages for in vivo optical imaging of tumors, such as autofluorescence-free, high sensitivity, high penetration depth, and multiple excitation sources (UV light, LED, NIR laser, X-ray, and radiopharmaceuticals). Besides, by incorporating other functional molecules, such as photosensitizers, photothermal agents, or therapeutic drugs, PLNPs are also widely used in persistent luminescence (PersL) imaging-guided tumor therapy. In this review, we first summarize the recent developments in the synthesis and surface functionalization of PLNPs, as well as their toxicity studies. We then discuss the in vivo PersL imaging and multimodal imaging from different excitation sources. Furthermore, we highlight PLNPs-based cancer theranostics applications, such as fluorescence-guided surgery, photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, drug/gene delivery and combined therapy. Finally, future prospects and challenges of PLNPs in the research of translational medicine are also discussed.

scholarly journals Ubiquitylome Analysis Reveals a Central Role for the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System in Plant Innate Immunity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiyu Ma ◽  
Chao Zhang ◽  
Do Young Kim ◽  
Yanyan Huang ◽  
Elizabeth Chatt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Immunity ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Ubiquitin Proteasome System ◽  
Immune Recognition ◽  
Atpase Subunit ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Network Analyses ◽  
Affinity Enrichment ◽  
Regulatory Loop

Abstract Protein ubiquitylation profoundly expands proteome functionality and diversifies cellular signaling processes, with recent studies providing ample evidence for its importance to plant immunity. To gain a proteome-wide appreciation of ubiquitylome dynamics during immune recognition, we employed a two-step affinity enrichment protocol based on a 6His-tagged ubiquitin (Ub) variant coupled with high sensitivity mass spectrometry to identify Arabidopsis proteins rapidly ubiquitylated upon plant perception of the microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) peptide flg22. The catalog from 2-week-old seedlings treated for 30 minutes with flg22 contained 690 conjugates, 64 Ub footprints, and all seven types of Ub linkages, and included previously uncharacterized conjugates of immune components. In vivo ubiquitylation assays confirmed modification of several candidates upon immune elicitation, and revealed distinct modification patterns and dynamics for key immune components, including poly- and monoubiquitylation, as well as induced or reduced levels of ubiquitylation. Gene ontology and network analyses of the collection also uncovered rapid modification of the Ub-proteasome system itself, suggesting a critical auto-regulatory loop necessary for an effective MAMP-triggered immune response and subsequent disease resistance. Included targets were UBIQUITIN-CONJUGATING ENZYME 13 (UBC13) and proteasome component REGULATORY PARTICLE NON-ATPASE SUBUNIT 8b (RPN8b), whose subsequent biochemical and genetic analyses implied negative roles in immune elicitation. Collectively, our proteomic analyses further strengthened the connection between ubiquitylation and flg22-based immune signaling, identified components and pathways regulating plant immunity, and increased the database of ubiquitylated substrates in plants.

scholarly journals Detection of metal ions in biological systems: A review

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 231-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xian Zheng ◽  
Wenyu Cheng ◽  
Chendong Ji ◽  
Jin Zhang ◽  
Meizhen Yin
Keyword(s):  
Metal Ions ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Metabolic Regulation ◽  
Organic Dyes ◽  
Biological Systems ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Transportation Energy ◽  
Material Transportation ◽  
High Fluorescence ◽  
Metal Ion Detection

Abstract Metal ions are widely present in biological systems and participate in many critical biochemical processes such as material transportation, energy conversion, information transmission and metabolic regulation, making them indispensable substance in our body. They can cause health problems when deficiency or excess occurs. To understand various metabolic processes and facilitate diseases diagnosis, it is very important to measure the content and monitor the distribution of metal ions in individual cells, tissues and whole organisms. Among the various methods for metal ion detection, fluorescent sensors with organic dyes have attracted tremendous attention due to many advantages such as high fluorescence quantum yield, facile modification approaches and biocompatibility in addition to operation ease, high sensitivity, fast detection speed, and real-time detection. This review summarizes the recent progress on the detection and imaging of the metal ions in biological systems including Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+/Fe3+, Zn2+, and Cu2+ provides an opinion on remaining challenges to be addressed in this field.

scholarly journals A novel method for visualizing and tracking endogenous mRNA in a specific cell population in pathological neovascularization

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Imam Uddin ◽  
Tyler C. Kilburn ◽  
Sara Z. Jamal ◽  
Craig L. Duvall ◽  
John S. Penn
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Fluorescence Emission ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Living Systems ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Potential Marker

AbstractDiabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity and retinal vein occlusion are potentially blinding conditions largely due to their respective neovascular components. The development of real-time in vivo molecular imaging methods, to assess levels of retinal neovascularization (NV), would greatly benefit patients afflicted with these conditions. mRNA hybridization techniques offer a potential method to image retinal NV. The success of these techniques hinges on the selection of a target mRNA whose tissue levels and spatial expression patterns correlate closely with disease burden. Using a model of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR), we previously observed dramatic increases in retinal endoglin that localized to neovascular structures (NV), directly correlating with levels of neovascular pathology. Based on these findings, we have investigated Endoglin mRNA as a potential marker for imaging retinal NV in OIR mice. Also of critical importance, is the application of innovative technologies capable of detecting mRNAs in living systems with high sensitivity and specificity. To detect and visualize endoglin mRNA in OIR mice, we have designed and synthesized a novel imaging probe composed of short-hairpin anti-sense (AS) endoglin RNA coupled to a fluorophore and black hole quencher (AS-Eng shRNA). This assembly allows highly sensitive fluorescence emission upon hybridization of the AS-Eng shRNA to cellular endoglin mRNA. The AS-Eng shRNA is further conjugated to a diacyl-lipid (AS-Eng shRNA–lipid referred to as probe). The lipid moiety binds to serum albumin facilitating enhanced systemic circulation of the probe. OIR mice received intraperitoneal injections of AS-Eng shRNA–lipid. Ex vivo imaging of their retinas revealed specific endoglin mRNA dependent fluorescence superimposed on neovascular structures. Room air mice receiving AS-Eng shRNA–lipid and OIR mice receiving a non-sense control probe showed little fluorescence activity. In addition, we found that cells in neovascular lesions labelled with endoglin mRNA dependent fluorescence, co-labelled with the macrophage/microglia-associated marker IBA1. Others have shown that cells expressing macrophage/microglia markers associate with retinal neovascular structures in proportion to disease burden. Hence we propose that our probe may be used to image and to estimate the levels of retinal neovascular disease in real-time in living systems.

Optically pumped magnetometers enable a new level of biomagnetic measurements

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 247-251
Author(s):  
Tilmann Sander ◽  
Anna Jodko-Władzińska ◽  
Stefan Hartwig ◽  
Rüdiger Brühl ◽  
Thomas Middelmann
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Interference ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Optically Pumped ◽  
New Class ◽  
Magnetic Shields ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Electric And Magnetic Fields ◽  
Auditory Evoked Fields

AbstractThe electrophysiological activities in the human body generate electric and magnetic fields that can be measured noninvasively by electrodes on the skin, or even, not requiring any contact, by magnetometers. This includes the measurement of electrical activity of brain, heart, muscles and nerves that can be measured in vivo and allows to analyze functional processes with high temporal resolution. To measure these extremely small magnetic biosignals, traditionally highly sensitive superconducting quantum-interference devices have been used, together with advanced magnetic shields. Recently, they have been complemented in usability by a new class of sensors, optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs). These quantum sensors offer a high sensitivity without requiring cryogenic temperatures, allowing the design of small and flexible sensors for clinical applications. In this letter, we describe the advantages of these upcoming OPMs in two exemplary applications that were recently carried out at Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB): (1) magnetocardiography (MCG) recorded during exercise and (2) auditory-evoked fields registered by magnetoencephalography.

scholarly journals Biological nanoscale fluorescent probes: From structure and performance to bioimaging

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-221
Author(s):  
Jiafeng Wan ◽  
Xiaoyuan Zhang ◽  
Kai Zhang ◽  
Zhiqiang Su
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescent Probes ◽  
Organic Dyes ◽  
Resonance Energy Transfer ◽  
Resonance Energy ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Biological Imaging ◽  
Fluorescent Materials ◽  
And Performance

Abstract In recent years, nanomaterials have attracted lots of attention from researchers due to their unique properties. Nanometer fluorescent materials, such as organic dyes, semiconductor quantum dots (QDs), metal nano-clusters (MNCs), carbon dots (CDs), etc., are widely used in biological imaging due to their high sensitivity, short response time, and excellent accuracy. Nanometer fluorescent probes can not only perform in vitro imaging of organisms but also achieve in vivo imaging. This provides medical staff with great convenience in cancer treatment. Combined with contemporary medical methods, faster and more effective treatment of cancer is achievable. This article explains the response mechanism of three-nanometer fluorescent probes: the principle of induced electron transfer (PET), the principle of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), and the principle of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT), showing the semiconductor QDs, precious MNCs, and CDs. The excellent performance of the three kinds of nano fluorescent materials in biological imaging is highlighted, and the application of these three kinds of nano fluorescent probes in targeted biological imaging is also introduced. Nanometer fluorescent materials will show their significance in the field of biomedicine.

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