scholarly journals PENGARUH FUNGI MIKORIZA ARBUSKULA (FMA) DAN MYCORRHIZAL HELPER BACTERIA (MHB) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN JABON (Anthocepalus cadamba Roxb.) The Effect of Arbuscula Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and Mycorrhizal Helper Bacteria (MHB) on Growth of Jabon

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 147-153
Author(s):  
Hutami Indah Pertiwi ◽  
Sri Wilarso Budi R. ◽  
Arum Sekar Wulandari
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Root Colonization ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
Mycorrhizal Hyphae ◽  
Glomus Sp

Jabon (Anthocepalus cadamba Roxb.) is one of the fast-growing species that naturally spread in some areas of Indonesia. Known as well adapted to some types of soil, and attributes to a quite high of economical prospects value. Interaction of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi (AMF) symbiotic involve not only between fungi and plant’s root but also involving supporting organisms (bacteria). This bacteria capable to stimulating the development of mycorrhizal hyphae namely as Mycorrhiza Helper Bacteria (MHB). The aims of this research was to discover of bacterial isolates that can stimulate the development of AMF in Jabon seedling and to examine the effectiveness of MHB isolate and AMF toward Jabon growth. The experiment was conducted in Completely Randomized-split splot design with two factors. The main plot was AMF with two levels; without AMF (M0) and with AMF respectively. Bacteria as the sub-plot with 19 levels consist of the control (B0), Isolate of Glomus sp with coding B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, B8, B9, B10, B11, B12, B13, B14, B15, B16, B17, and B18 respectively. Our experiment result showed that AMF inoculated of Jabon seedling had significantly effect on root colonization and root dry weight. The average of root colonization was 20.2%. Root dry weight increased 4.69% compared to control. Bacteria were suspected as MHB has not provided significant resultsKey words: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, jabon, mycorrhizal helper bacteria

scholarly journals EFEKTIFITAS FUNGI MIKORIZA ARBUSKULA (FMA) SERTA PUPUK NITROGEN DAN FOSFAT TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN SEMAI JABON (Anthocephallus cadamba Roxb.) Effectiveness of Arbuscula Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) Nitrogen and Phosphate Fertilizer toward Jabon ........

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-25
Author(s):  
Fransisca Yosina Regina Luturmas ◽  
Sri Wilarso Budi R. ◽  
Irdika Mansur
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Phosphate Fertilizer ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
Fast Growing Species ◽  
Glomus Sp ◽  
Plot Design

Jabon (Anthocephallus cadamba Roxb.) is one of fast-growing species with high economical value, and well adapted on some of soil types. The aims of this research were to analyze the effectiveness of AMF species isolated from Samama (Anthocephallus macrophyllus (Roxb.) Havil) and to determine the favorable dose of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer for Jabon growth. The research was conducted CRD-split plot design main plot was Acaulospora sp.1 (M1), Glomus sp.1 (M2), Acaulospora sp.2 (M3), Acaulospora sp.3 (M4), Glomus sp.2 (M5). While the fertilizer as the sub-plot, consist of control (P0), urea 0.5g+rockphosphat 2g (P1), urea 1g+rockphosphat 4g (P2). The result showed that AMF and fertilizer applications effectively improved Jabon grown, especially in height, stem diameter, and shoot dry weight. The interaction (M4P1) increased plant height 154.73%, diameter 75.38% and shoot dry weight 376.09% compared with control. P1 treatment was better for growth of Jabon that was inoculated by mycorrhiza. Acaulospora sp.1 (M1) originally from Samama without fertilizer had the best effectiveness for Jabon growth.Key words: Acaulospora, indigenous

scholarly journals Evaluación de un sistema para la micorrización in vitro en plantas de mora de castilla (Rubus glaucus, Benth)

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Urley Adrian Pérez-Moncada ◽  
María Margarita Ramírez-Gómez ◽  
Víctor Manuel Núñez-Zarante ◽  
Marcela Franco-Correa ◽  
Gabriel Roveda-Hoyos
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Culture System ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Extraradical Mycelium ◽  
Direct Inoculation ◽  
Autotrophic Culture ◽  
Glomus Sp

<strong>Objective</strong>. Obtain an in vitro mycorrhization system in autotrophic culture systems of blackberry plants (Rubus glaucus, Benth). <strong>Materials and methods</strong>. We used spores and root fragments with vesicles of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus (AMF) Glomus sp (GEV02). We established an autotrophic culture system of blackberry plantlets comparing two methods of direct inoculation of the AMF. We measured the number of spores produced, the length of the extraradical mycelium as well as the percentage of colonization of the AMF. Additionally, we measured the shoot and root length, and the fresh and dry weight of the leaf and root parts to determine the plant development. <strong>Results</strong>. The autotrophic culture system was successful for blackberry plants (Rubus glaucus, Benth; an optimal shoot and root growth was observed. Additionally, we obtained a system that allowed the development of Glomus sp. in in vitro conditions, with the formation of structures typical of the symbiosis as well as a good intraradical colonization, with the production of arbuscules and vesicles, development of extraradical mycelium with branched hyphae, and formation of new spores. <strong>Conclusion</strong>. For the first time, micropropagated blackberry plants associated successfully with an AMF under in vitro conditions, enabling the development of the symbiotic system AMF Glomus sp. associated to roots of micropropagated blackberry plantlets.<br /><strong>Key words</strong>: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), autotrophic culture, Rubus glaucus Benth, Glomus sp. (GEV02), in vitro mycorrhization.

scholarly journals Relative qPCR to quantify colonization of plant roots by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Mycorrhiza ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-148
Author(s):  
Natacha Bodenhausen ◽  
Gabriel Deslandes-Hérold ◽  
Jan Waelchli ◽  
Alain Held ◽  
Marcel G. A. van der Heijden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Root Colonization ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi ◽  
Qpcr Method ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Very High ◽  
Accurate Quantification

AbstractArbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) are beneficial soil fungi that can promote the growth of their host plants. Accurate quantification of AMF in plant roots is important because the level of colonization is often indicative of the activity of these fungi. Root colonization is traditionally measured with microscopy methods which visualize fungal structures inside roots. Microscopy methods are labor-intensive, and results depend on the observer. In this study, we present a relative qPCR method to quantify AMF in which we normalized the AMF qPCR signal relative to a plant gene. First, we validated the primer pair AMG1F and AM1 in silico, and we show that these primers cover most AMF species present in plant roots without amplifying host DNA. Next, we compared the relative qPCR method with traditional microscopy based on a greenhouse experiment with Petunia plants that ranged from very high to very low levels of AMF root colonization. Finally, by sequencing the qPCR amplicons with MiSeq, we experimentally confirmed that the primer pair excludes plant DNA while amplifying mostly AMF. Most importantly, our relative qPCR approach was capable of discriminating quantitative differences in AMF root colonization and it strongly correlated (Spearman Rho = 0.875) with quantifications by traditional microscopy. Finally, we provide a balanced discussion about the strengths and weaknesses of microscopy and qPCR methods. In conclusion, the tested approach of relative qPCR presents a reliable alternative method to quantify AMF root colonization that is less operator-dependent than traditional microscopy and offers scalability to high-throughput analyses.

Effects of different vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth of Fraxinusamericana

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 589-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentin Furlan ◽  
J. André Fortin ◽  
Christian Plenchette
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Root Colonization ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Growth Enhancement ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Glomus Sp

White ash seedlings (Fraxinusamericana L.) were inoculated with five species of endomycorrhizal fungi. On the 2nd week after transplantation, growth of inoculated plants differed from control plants. Growth also differed between each fungal species used, but the difference decreased after 82 days of culture. Only dry mass remained higher in plants inoculated with Glomusepigaeum Daniels & Trappe, Glomus sp. No. 3, and Glomusmonosporum Gerd. & Trappe. A significant growth enhancement was obtained even with a low level of root colonization.

scholarly journals Delivery of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungus Spores via Seed Coating with Biodegradable Binders for Enhancement of the Spores Viability and Their Beneficial Properties in Maize

Akta Agrosia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Marwanto Marwanto ◽  
Hendri Bustaman ◽  
Merakati Handajaningsih ◽  
Supanjani Supanjani ◽  
Bambang Gonggo Murcitro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Root Colonization ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Seed Coating ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Spore Population ◽  
Experimental Treatments

biodegradable polymer such as PVA is considered the most promising candidates for developing the sustainable sticker. The objective of this study was to determine the most suitable PVA + TS blends as adhesives agent for AMF spores inoculation via seed coating which can enhance the spores viability and their beneficial properties in maize. The polythene bag experiment was performed in a screen house of the Department of Plant Protection Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bengkulu Indonesia in 2015. Six adhesive blends were employed: 100% PVA + 0% TS, 75% PVA + 25% TS, 50% PVA + 50% TS, 25% PVA + 75% TS, 0% PVA + 100% TS, and no coating. The six experimental treatments were laid out in a completely randomized design with three replications. The results show that root colonization, AMF spore population, and shoot dry weight in 75% PVA + 25% TS were equal to those in 100% PVA. Root colonization, AMF spore population, shoot P content, and shoot P concentration were greater for 50% PVA + 50% TS than 100% PVA, 100% TS, and no coating. A mixture of 50% PVA + 50% TS was considered the preferred sticker. Thus, the tapioca starch can be used to substitute 25 - 50% of the PVA used without reducing AMF inoculant adhering to seed.Keywords: polymeric seed coating, seed coating formulation, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, sustainable coating adhesive, seed inoculation, seed inoculant

scholarly journals Asosiasi Glomus sp. dan Gigaspora margarita pada bibit Aquilaria malaccensis

2019 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Endah Susilowati ◽  
Melya Riniarti ◽  
Maria Viva Rini
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Gigaspora Margarita ◽  
Seed Technology ◽  
Aquilaria Malaccensis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Glomus Sp

AbstractAgarwood (Aquilaria malaccensis) is one of the non-timber forest products that has high economic value. However, this plant grows very slowly.  Therefore, seed technology input is needed, such as addition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The objectives of this research were to study the effect of AMF inoculum i.e. Glomus sp., Gigaspora margarita and mixture of both species on agarwood growth and to determine the best AMF type for agarwood seedlings growth. The experimental research design used was a completely randomized design with three treatments, namely Glomus sp. (G), G. margarita (Gi) and a mixture of Glomus sp. and G. margarita (GGi) and without AMF inoculation (K) with each treatment repeated 8 times. The number of AMF spores used was ± 300 spores/seedling, and applied at the time of transplanting from germination tray to the polybag. Data were processed using analysis of variance and least significant difference test (LSD). The results showed there was AMF colonization in agarwood roots after 12 weeks of inoculation with the highest percentage at 20.50% on G. margarita treatment. Overall, AMF improved the growth of agarwood seedlings. The best seedlings growth was in the treatment of mixed AMF (GGi). Increased growth was found in plant height (14.68 cm), seedling diameter (2.16 mm), leaf area (119.30 cm2), root volume (1.15 mL), total dry weight (0.83 g), and shoot root ratio (4.99).[Keywords: agarwood, A. malaccensis,AMF, G. margarita,Glomussp.]AbstrakGaharu (Aquilariamalaccensis) adalah salah satu hasil hutan bukan kayu yang memiliki nilai ekonomis tinggi. Namun tanaman ini memiliki pertumbuhan yang lambat, sehingga diperlukan input teknologi pembibitan berupa penambahan fungi mikoriza arbuskular (FMA). Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian FMA tunggal Glomussp., Gigaspora margaritadan campuran keduanya (Glomussp. dan G. margarita)terhadap pertumbuhan gaharu serta menentukan isolatyang menghasilkan pertumbuhan bibit gaharu yang lebih baik.  Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak lengkap untuk menguji tiga perlakuan yaitu Glomussp. (G), G. margarita (Gi) dan campuran Glomus sp. dan G. margarita(GGi) serta satu kontrol (K) dengan  masing – masing perlakuan diulang 8 kali. Inokulum FMA yang digunakan memiliki kepadatan ±300 spora/bibit dan diinokulasikan saat bibit dipindahkan dari persemaian ke polybag. Data diolah menggunakan analisis varians dan uji beda nyata terkecil (BNT). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ditemukan adanya kolonisasi FMA dalam akar gaharu setelah 12 minggu inokulasi dengan persentase kolonisasi tertinggi 20,50% oleh G. margarita.  Secara keseluruhan, pemberian FMA mampu meningkatkan pertumbuhan bibit gaharu. Pertumbuhan terbaik terjadi pada perlakuan FMA campuran (GGi).  Peningkatan pertumbuhan secara nyata dapat dilihat pada tinggi tanaman (14,68 cm), diameter bibit (2,16 mm), luas daun (119,30 cm2), volume akar (1,15 mL), bobot kering total (0,83 g) dan nisbah tajuk akar (4,99).[Kata kunci: A. malaccensis, FMA, gaharu, G. margarita, Glomus sp.]

scholarly journals Impact of Crude Oil on Functional Groups of Culturable Bacteria and Colonization of Symbiotic Microorganisms in the Clitoria-Brachiaria Rhizosphere Grown in Mesocosms

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Alarcón ◽  
Mariano García Díaz ◽  
Laura Verónica Hernández Cuevas ◽  
Rosalba Esquivel Cote ◽  
Ronald Ferrera-Cerrato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Root Colonization ◽  
Root Nodules ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Culturable Bacteria ◽  
Brachiaria Brizantha ◽  
Oil Concentration

This research evaluated the changes on populations of culturable N-fixing free bacteria (NFFB) and P-solubilizing bacteria (PSB), as well as on the root nodulation by native rhizobia, the root colonization and spore number of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), in the rhizosphere of Clitoria ternatea and Brachiaria brizantha grown in mesocosms contaminated with crude oil (0, 3000, 6000, 9000, and 12000 mg kg-1), for 240 days. After 24 h of soil contamination, the highest populations of NFFB and PSB (5.5 and 4.9 LogUFC, respectively) were found in control, and the lowest populations were obtained at 12000 mg kg-1 (5.1 and 4.2 LogUFC, respectively). In contrast, at 60 and 240 days, the control showed lower populations of NFFB and PSB (5.4 and 4.8 LogUFC, respectively) than contaminated treatments. The highest number or root nodules in C. ternatea was quantified in control at 60 and 240 days (25 and 27 nodules, respectively) in comparison to those observed at the treatment with 12000 mg kg-1 (7 and 1 nodule, respectively). At 60 days, AMF colonization in both plant species, and the number of spores significantly decreased as the crude oil concentration increased; however, at 240 days, the highest number of AMF spores was recorded at treatments with 6000 and 12000 mg kg-1. The dry weight of both plant species significantly decreased as crude oil concentrations increased. Although C. ternatea was more susceptible to the toxic effects of crude oil, this plant species showed greater content of total chlorophyll than B. brizantha.

scholarly journals Efektivitas Inokulasi Cendawan Mikoriza Arbuskula (CMA) terhadap Produksi Bawang Merah dengan Teknik Pengairan Berbeda

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 120
Author(s):  
Ismail Saleh ◽  
Wahyu Atmaja
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Regression Test ◽  
Water Logging ◽  
Split Plot ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
Amf Inoculation

<p align="center"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong><strong> </strong></p><p><em>The purpose of this research was to investigate the effectivity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation on shallot yield with three techniques of irrigation. This research was conducted at Gagasari Village, Cirebon from May to August 2016. This research was arranged in split plot design with two factors. Irrigation technique as main plot consisted of three levels i.e. without water logging, intermittent, and using water logging. Rates of AMF as sub plot consisted of three levels i.e., 0, 10, and 15 g per plant. The result showed that rates of AMF affected water content of plant. The rates 15 g per plant of AMF gave the highest of water content of plant (65%). Furthermore, the highest of biomass was resulted by water logging treatment. Phosphorus content of plant was not affected by AMF inoculation.  Inoculation of AMF increased shallot bulb weight per plant when it was combined to intermittent and water logging treatment. Based on regression test to AMF rates at water logging treatment, the optimum rates to increase weight of shallot bulb was 6.71 g AMF per plant. That rates potentially gave 23.53 g per plant of shallot bulb.</em></p><p><em>Keywords: intermittent, phosphorus content, water content, water logging </em></p><p align="center"><strong> </strong><strong> </strong></p><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong> </p><p>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas dari inokulasi cendawan mikoriza arbuskula (CMA) terhadap produksi bawang merah dengan tiga teknik pengairan yang berbeda. Hifa CMA dapat membantu proses penyerapan air dan unsur hara pada tanaman terutama fosfor (P). Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Desa Gagasari, Kabupaten Cirebon dari bulan Mei sampai Agustus 2016. Terdapat dua faktor perlakuan yang disusun dengan rancangan <em>split plot. </em>Petak utama adalah teknik pengairan yang terdiri atas tiga taraf yaitu selalu tergenang, <em>intermittent</em>, dan tidak tergenang. Anak petak adalah dosis CMA yang terdiri atas tiga taraf yaitu tanpa CMA, 10 g per tanaman, dan 15 g per tanaman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh yang nyata dosis CMA terhadap kadar air tanaman. Kadar air tanaman tertinggi (65%) diperoleh dari pemberian dosis 15 g per tanaman. Serapan P tanaman tidak dipengaruhi oleh penambahan CMA. Bobot kering tanaman tertinggi (20.23 g per tanaman) diperoleh dari perlakuan teknik pengairan dengan penggenangan. Inokulasi CMA efektif meningkatkan bobot umbi per tanaman pada teknik pengairan <em>intermittent </em>dan selalu tergenang. Berdasarkan hasil uji regresi terhadap dosis CMA pada kondisi selalu tergenang, dosis optimum untuk meningkatkan bobot umbi per tanaman yaitu 6.71 g CMA per tanaman. Dari dosis tersebut diperoleh potensi bobot umbi per tanaman 23.53 g per tanaman.</p>Kata kunci: <em>intermittent</em>, kadar air, penggenangan, serapan P

scholarly journals Interaction Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Different Phosphate Levels on Growth Performance of Catharanthus roseus Linn.

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 75-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd AYOOB ◽  
Irfan AZIZ ◽  
Paramjit Kaur JITE
Keyword(s):  
Catharanthus Roseus ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Root Colonization ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Glomus Fasciculatum ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Therapeutic Value

Catharanthus roseus L. (Apocynaceae), a valuable medicinal plant with potential therapeutic value was inoculated with AM fungi Glomus fasciculatum under three different phosphate conditions. Catharanthus roseus plants raised in presence of the AM fungi showed increased growth in terms of (shoot length, root length, leaf number, fresh weight and dry weight). Total chlorophyll content and phosphate content of the shoot was found to be significantly higher in AM inoculated plants as compared to non AM Catharanthus plants. The activities of phosphatase enzymes were found to be increased in AM inoculated plants as compared to non AM plants. Root colonization percent was significantly higher in AM inoculated plants at zero and at all three phosphate levels after 60, 90 and 120 days of AM inoculation, but decreased at third phosphate level after 120 days of AM inoculation. The study suggests that Catharanthus roseus is dependent on the mycorrhizal fungi to a large extent for its growth and survival and also shows the potential of AM fungi Glomus fasciculatum in increasing growth and biomass of Catharanthus roseus L.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Wadah Semai Berbahan Dasar Organik dan Fungi Mikoriza Arbuskula (FMA) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Semai Balsa (Ochroma bicolor Rowlee)

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 148-153
Author(s):  
Sri Wilarso Budi ◽  
Rahmawati Rahmawati
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Single Treatment ◽  
Diameter Increment ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Total Dry Weight

Balsa (Ochroma bicolor Rowlee) are generally sown using a polybag. Polybag made from plastic that is not easily destroyed or degraded so that it can cause problems for the environment. As an alternative, polybag can be replaced by using organic pot. This research aims to analyze the effect of the treatment of raw materials of organic pot and inoculation Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) towards growth of balsa (O. bicolor). This study used Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two factors. The results showed that treatment of organic pot composition and interaction of addition of AMF has significant effect of height of balsa. A single treatment of organic pot composition has significant effect of total dry weight and diameter increment of balsa. A single treatment by adding AMF has significant effectfor increment of diameter, total dry weight, and percentage of mycorrhiza colonizationat the root ofbalsa. Keyword: Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF), Balsa (O. bicolor), organic pot

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