Thermal Pyrolysis of Used Lubricant and Cooking Oil Mixtures

Pyrolysis is the one solution to recycle hydrocarbon-based waste material such as used lubricant and cooking oil. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of temperature and sample ratio on the liquid yields of a mixture of used lubricant and cooking oil. The semibatch reactor was used with a constant nitrogen flow rate of 5 mL/min. Three different ratios of sample mixture were applied in this experiment: 0.5:1, 1:1, and 1.5:1, and three different temperatures: 4000C, 4500C, and 5000C. The thermal pyrolysis of a mixture of used lubricant and cooking oil was deemed as the most effective pyrolysis to produce liquid fraction was obtained from reaction condition with the sample mixture ratio of 0.5:1 at 5000C. At this reaction condition, the liquid yields was 58.90% which consist of 64.12% were C1-C3 and 29.54% were C5-C15. Liquid fraction is predicted to increase as the temperature increase and the ratio of used lubricant to cooking oil decrease. When the ratio is increased , more gas fraction is produced.

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Nucleation of Disorder in Fe3Al Alloys

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100061574 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 25 ◽

pp. 312-313

Author(s):

P. R. Swann ◽

W. R. Duff ◽

R. M. Fisher

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽

Annealing Temperature ◽

Antiphase Domain ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Domain Structures ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Domain Boundaries ◽

Higher Temperature ◽

The One

Recently we have investigated the phase equilibria and antiphase domain structures of Fe-Al alloys containing from 18 to 50 at.% Al by transmission electron microscopy and Mössbauer techniques. This study has revealed that none of the published phase diagrams are correct, although the one proposed by Rimlinger agrees most closely with our results to be published separately. In this paper observations by transmission electron microscopy relating to the nucleation of disorder in Fe-24% Al will be described. Figure 1 shows the structure after heating this alloy to 776.6°C and quenching. The white areas are B2 micro-domains corresponding to regions of disorder which form at the annealing temperature and re-order during the quench. By examining specimens heated in a temperature gradient of 2°C/cm it is possible to determine the effect of temperature on the disordering reaction very precisely. It was found that disorder begins at existing antiphase domain boundaries but that at a slightly higher temperature (1°C) it also occurs by homogeneous nucleation within the domains. A small (∼ .01°C) further increase in temperature caused these micro-domains to completely fill the specimen.

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Static and Dynamic Studies of Gasoline in View of its Octane Number and its Toxic Effect

JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY ◽

10.24297/jac.v12i7.2802 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 12 (7) ◽

pp. 451-459

Author(s):

Ashraf Yehia El-Naggar ◽

Mohamed A. Ebiad

Keyword(s):

Toxic Effect ◽

Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽

Octane Number ◽

Liquid Fuel ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Hydrocarbon Composition ◽

Different Temperatures ◽

Different Seasons ◽

The One ◽

The Impact

Gasoline come primarily from petroleum cuts, it is the preferred liquid fuel in our lives. Two gasoline samples of octane numbers 91 and 95 from Saudi Arabia petrol stations were studied. This study was achieved at three different temperatures 20oC, 30oC and 50oC representing the change in temperatures of the different seasons of the year. Both the evaporated gases of light aromatic hydrocarbons (BTEX) of gasoline samples inside the tank were subjected to analyze qualitatively and quantitatively via capillary gas chromatography. The detailed hydrocarbon composition and the octane number of the studied gasoline samples were determined using detailed hydrocarbon analyzer. The idea of research is indicating the impact of light aromatic compounds in gasoline on the toxic effect of human and environment on the one hand, and on octane number of gasoline on the other hand. Although the value of octane number will be reduced but this will have a positive impact on the environment as a way to produce clean fuel.

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The Respiration of some Planktonic copepods II. The Effect Of Temperature

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom ◽

10.1017/s0025315400011607 ◽

1953 ◽

Vol 31 (3) ◽

pp. 447-460 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

D. T. Gauld ◽

J. E. G. Raymont

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Rate ◽

The Body ◽

The Other ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Acartia Clausi ◽

Temora Longicornis ◽

Different Temperatures ◽

Planktonic Copepods ◽

The Difference ◽

The Relationship

The respiratory rates of three species of planktonic copepods, Acartia clausi, Centropages hamatus and Temora longicornis, were measured at four different temperatures.The relationship between respiratory rate and temperature was found to be similar to that previously found for Calanus, although the slope of the curves differed in the different species.The observations on Centropages at 13 and 170 C. can be divided into two groups and it is suggested that the differences are due to the use of copepods from two different generations.The relationship between the respiratory rates and lengths of Acartia and Centropages agreed very well with that previously found for other species. That for Temora was rather different: the difference is probably due to the distinct difference in the shape of the body of Temora from those of the other species.The application of these measurements to estimates of the food requirements of the copepods is discussed.

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Effect of temperature, CO2 and O2 on motility and mobility of Anisakidae larvae

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-83505-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Aiyan Guan ◽

Inge Van Damme ◽

Frank Devlieghere ◽

Sarah Gabriël

Keyword(s):

Enzymatic Digestion ◽

Infected Fish ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Video Recordings ◽

Different Temperatures ◽

Semi Solid ◽

Zoonotic Parasites ◽

The Impact ◽

Phosphate Buffered Saline

AbstractAnisakidae, marine nematodes, are underrecognized fish-borne zoonotic parasites. Studies on factors that could trigger parasites to actively migrate out of the fish are very limited. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of different environmental conditions (temperature, CO2 and O2) on larval motility (in situ movement) and mobility (migration) in vitro. Larvae were collected by candling or enzymatic digestion from infected fish, identified morphologically and confirmed molecularly. Individual larvae were transferred to a semi-solid Phosphate Buffered Saline agar, and subjected to different temperatures (6 ℃, 12 ℃, 22 ℃, 37 ℃) at air conditions. Moreover, different combinations of CO2 and O2 with N2 as filler were tested, at both 6 °C and 12 °C. Video recordings of larvae were translated into scores for larval motility and mobility. Results showed that temperature had significant influence on larval movements, with the highest motility and mobility observed at 22 ℃ for Anisakis spp. larvae and 37 ℃ for Pseudoterranova spp. larvae. During the first 10 min, the median migration of Anisakis spp. larvae was 10 cm at 22 ℃, and the median migration of Pseudoterranova spp. larvae was 3 cm at 37 ℃. Larval mobility was not significantly different under the different CO2 or O2 conditions at 6 °C and 12 ℃. It was concluded that temperature significantly facilitated larval movement with the optimum temperature being different for Anisakis spp. and Pseudoterranova spp., while CO2 and O2 did not on the short term. This should be further validated in parasite-infected/spiked fish fillets.

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Effect of Temperature during Drying and Storage of Dried Figs on Growth, Gene Expression and Aflatoxin Production

Toxins ◽

10.3390/toxins13020134 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 134

Author(s):

Ana Isabel Galván ◽

Alicia Rodríguez ◽

Alberto Martín ◽

Manuel Joaquín Serradilla ◽

Ana Martínez-Dorado ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Aflatoxin Production ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Mycotoxin Production ◽

Industrial Processing ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Different Temperatures ◽

Major Producer ◽

Main Factors ◽

And Storage

Dried fig is susceptible to infection by Aspergillus flavus, the major producer of the carcinogenic mycotoxins. This fruit may be contaminated by the fungus throughout the entire chain production, especially during natural sun-drying, post-harvest, industrial processing, storage, and fruit retailing. Correct management of such critical stages is necessary to prevent mould growth and mycotoxin accumulation, with temperature being one of the main factors associated with these problems. The effect of different temperatures (5, 16, 25, 30, and 37 °C) related to dried-fig processing on growth, one of the regulatory genes of aflatoxin pathway (aflR) and mycotoxin production by A. flavus, was assessed. Firstly, growth and aflatoxin production of 11 A. flavus strains were checked before selecting two strains (M30 and M144) for in-depth studies. Findings showed that there were enormous differences in aflatoxin amounts and related-gene expression between the two selected strains. Based on the results, mild temperatures, and changes in temperature during drying and storage of dried figs should be avoided. Drying should be conducted at temperatures >30 °C and close to 37 °C, while industry processing, storage, and retailing of dried figs are advisable to perform at refrigeration temperatures (<10 °C) to avoid mycotoxin production.

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Liquid Hot Water Pretreatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis as a Valorization Route of Italian Green Pepper Waste to Delivery Free Sugars

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods9111640 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 1640

Author(s):

M.A. Martín-Lara ◽

L. Chica-Redecillas ◽

A. Pérez ◽

G. Blázquez ◽

G. Garcia-Garcia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽

Liquid Fraction ◽

Hot Water ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Green Pepper ◽

Free Sugars ◽

Liquid Hot Water Pretreatment ◽

Liquid Hot Water ◽

Water Pretreatment ◽

Hot Water Pretreatment

In this work, liquid hot water pretreatment (autohydrolysis) was used to improve enzymatic hydrolysis of a commonly consumed vegetable waste in Spain, Italian green pepper, to finally produce fermentable sugars. Firstly, the effect of temperature and contact time on sugar recovery during pretreatment (in insoluble solid and liquid fraction) was studied in detail. Then, enzymatic hydrolysis using commercial cellulase was performed with the insoluble solid resulting from pretreatment. The objective was to compare results with and without pretreatment. The results showed that the pretreatment step was effective to facilitate the sugars release in enzymatic hydrolysis, increasing the global sugar yield. This was especially notable when pretreatment was carried out at 180 °C for 40 min for glucose yields. In these conditions a global glucose yield of 61.02% was obtained. In addition, very low concentrations of phenolic compounds (ranging from 69.12 to 82.24 mg/L) were found in the liquid fraction from enzymatic hydrolysis, decreasing the possibility of fermentation inhibition produced by these components. Results showed that Italian green pepper is an interesting feedstock to obtain free sugars and prevent the enormous quantity of this food waste discarded annually.

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Effect of microbial isolates on microbial yield estimation in RUSITEC system

BSAP Occasional Publication ◽

10.1017/s0263967x0003295x ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 22 ◽

pp. 306-308

Author(s):

M. D. Carro ◽

E. L. Miller

Keyword(s):

Protein Synthesis ◽

Liquid Phase ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Liquid Fraction ◽

Microbial Protein ◽

Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽

Continuous Culture System ◽

The One

The estimation of rumen microbial protein synthesis is one of the main points in the nitrogen (N)-rationing systems for ruminants, as microbial protein provides proportionately 0.4 to 0.9 of amino acids entering the small intestine in ruminants receiving conventional diets (Russell et al., 1992). Methods of estimating microbial protein synthesis rely on marker techniques in which a particular microbial constituent is related to the microbial N content. Marker : N values have generally been established in mixed bacteria isolated from the liquid fraction of rumen digesta and it has been assumed that the same relationship holds in the total population leaving the rumen (Merry and McAllan, 1983). However, several studies have demonstrated differences in composition between solid-associated (SAB) and fluid-associated bacteria in vivo (Legay-Carmier and Bauchart, 1989) and in vitro (Molina Alcaide et al, 1996), as well in marker : N values (Pérez et al., 1996). This problem could be more pronounced in the in vitro semi-continuous culture system RUSITEC, in which there are three well defined components (a free liquid phase, a liquid phase associated with the solid phase and a solid phase), each one having associated microbial populations.The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of using different bacterial isolates (BI) on the estimation of microbial production of four different diets in RUSITEC (Czerkawski and Breckenridge, 1977), using (15NH4)2 SO4 as microbial marker, and to assess what effects any differences would have on the comparison of microbial protein synthesis between diets.This study was conducted in conjunction with an in vitro experiment described by Carro and Miller (1997). Two 14-day incubation trials were carried out with the rumen simulation technique RUSITEC (Czerkawski and Breckenridge, 1977). The general incubation procedure was the one described by Czerkawski and Breckenridge (1977) and more details about the procedures of this experiment are given elsewhere (Carro and Miller, 1997).

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An enquiry concerning the nature of heat, and the mode of its communication

Abstracts of the Papers Printed in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London ◽

10.1098/rspl.1800.0082 ◽

1832 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

pp. 139-147

Keyword(s):

Principal Part ◽

Cylindrical Vessel ◽

The Other ◽

Metallic Surface ◽

Previous Trial ◽

Flat Surfaces ◽

Different Temperatures ◽

The One ◽

Quantity Of Heat

The importance of the investigation here entered into,—inasmuch as it applies to most of the operations of nature as well as art,—appears so manifest, that we shall not recapitulate what the author advances on that subject. Before he proceeds to the detail of his experiments for the purpose of computing the emissions of heat from various bodies under a variety of circumstances, he finds it necessary to premise a minute description of the principal part of the apparatus he contrived for his purpose. This instrument consists of a hollow cylindrical vessel of brass, four inches long, and as many in diameter. It is closed at both ends; but has at one end a cylindrical neck about eight-tenths of an inch in diameter, by which it is occasionally filled with water of different temperatures, and through which also a thermometer, constructed for the purpose, is occasionally introduced, in order to ascertain the changes of temperature in the fluid. As it was in the first instance only meant to observe the quantity of heat that escapes through the sides of the vessel, two boxes were contrived, filled and covered with non-conducting substances, such as eiderdown, fur, &c., which were fitted to the two ends or flat surfaces of the cylinder. Six of these instruments, with proper stands, and auxiliary implements of obvious construction, were prepared for the sake of comparative experiments. A previous trial was made with two of the cylinders, the vertical polished sides of the one being naked, and those of the other covered with one thickness of fine white Irish linen, strained over the metallic surface. Here it was found, contrary to expectation, that in a certain space of time the covered cylinder had lost considerably more heat than the naked one.

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Corrosion Behaviour of 316L Stainless Steel in CNTs–Water Nanofluid: Effect of Temperature

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14010119 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 119

Author(s):

Dana H. Abdeen ◽

Muataz A. Atieh ◽

Belabbes Merzougui

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

316L Stainless Steel ◽

Corrosion Behaviour ◽

Gum Arabic ◽

Steel Sample ◽

Open Circuit ◽

Deionized Water ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Different Temperatures ◽

In Series

The inhibition behavior of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and Gum Arabic (GA) on the corrosion of 316L stainless steel in CNTs–water nanofluid under the effect of different temperatures was investigated by electrochemical methods and surface analysis techniques. Thereby, 316L stainless steel samples were exposed to CNTs–water nanofluid under temperatures of 22, 40, 60 and 80 °C. Two concentrations of the CNTs (0.1 and 1.0 wt.% CNTs) were homogenously dispersed in deionized water using the surfactant GA and tested using three corrosion tests conducted in series: open circuit test, polarization resistance test, and potentiodynamic scans. These tests were also conducted on the same steel but in solutions of GA-deionized water only. Tests revealed that corrosion increases with temperature and concentration of the CNTs–water nanofluids, having the highest corrosion rate of 32.66 milli-mpy (milli-mil per year) for the 1.0 wt.% CNT nanofluid at 80 °C. In addition, SEM observations showed pits formation around areas of accumulated CNTs that added extra roughness to the steel sample. The activation energy analysis and optical surface observations have revealed that CNTs can desorb at higher temperatures, which makes the surface more vulnerable to corrosion attack.

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Effect of temperature on composite films made with activated carbon, graphite, or graphene oxide (GO) in a gelatin matrix

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.16.1.77-95 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 77-95

Author(s):

Siqiao Yang ◽

Haichao Li

Keyword(s):

Contact Angle ◽

Activated Carbon ◽

Water Absorption ◽

Composite Films ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Gelatin Matrix ◽

Vapour Permeability ◽

Blending Method ◽

The Matrix ◽

Different Temperatures

Activated carbon, graphite, and GO/gelatin composite films were prepared by the blending method. The properties of composites were characterized by tensile strength (TS), elongation at break (EB), water vapour permeability (WVP), water-absorption ability, contact angle, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and moisture at different temperatures. The properties of GO/gelatin composite films were better when each of three kinds of carbon materials were used as reinforcement phases and added into the matrix gelatin. The results showed that EB and TS of GO/gelatin composite films were both excellent. The moisture of GO/gelatin composite films was greater than the others. SEM micrographs showed that GO had better compatibility and dispersibility with gelatin than activated carbon and graphite. The water absorption of GO/gelatin composite films were low, at 15 °C and 25 °C, and the WVP was low at 35 °C. The WVP of GO/gelatin composite films was lower than the others at different temperatures. The contact angle of GO/gelatin composite films was larger than the others.

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