scholarly journals A clerical error provides a unique opportunity to study the effect of previously seen exam questions on exam results

2016 ◽  
pp. 49-52
Author(s):  
T J Prior ◽  
M Lorch
Keyword(s):  
Prior Knowledge ◽  
Working Through ◽  
Short Survey ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Better Than

Due to a clerical error identical chemistry exam papers were set two years running. In the second year that the paper was used it was distributed as a ‘past paper’ for use as a revision aid, and lecturers worked through all the questions during classes. The students were also provided with model answers. Despite this, the cohort of students that had seen and reviewed the questions (n=50) performed no better than the previous year’s students (n=68) who had no prior knowledge of the questions. After the mistake was discovered the students were given a short survey to assess their reactions to the paper. Most thought the practice paper had helped them revise, furthermore they did not notice that they had already seen the exam paper. The students’ results and reactions shed doubt on the value of working through exam questions in lessons.

EFFECTS OF LANGUAGE AND PRIOR KNOWLEDGE LEVELS ON HYPERTEXT READING COMPREHENSION

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kshema Jose
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Prior Knowledge ◽  
Language Proficiency ◽  
Language Competence ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Reading Order ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Online Texts ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Better Than

<p>This study observed how two hypertext features – absence of a linear or author-specified order and availability of multiple reading aids – influence reading comprehension processes of ESL readers. Studies with native or highly proficient users of English, have suggested that readers reading hypertexts comprehend better than readers reading print texts. This was attributed to (i) presence of hyperlinks that provide access to additional information that can potentially help overcome comprehension obstacles and (ii) the absence of an author-imposed reading order that helps readers exercise cognitive flexibility. An aspect that remains largely un-researched is how well readers with low language competence comprehend hypertexts. This research sought to initiate research in the area by exploring the question: Do all ESL readers comprehend a hypertext better than a print text?</p> <p>Keeping in mind the fact that a majority of readers reading online texts in English can be hindered by three types of comprehension deficits – low levels of language proficiency, non-availability of prior knowledge, or both – this study investigated how two characteristic features of hypertext, viz., linking to additional information and non-linearity in presentation of information, affect reading comprehension of ESL readers. </p> <p>Two types of texts that occur in the electronic medium – linear or pre-structured texts and non-linear or self-navigating texts, were used in this study. Based on a comparison of subjects’ comprehension outcomes and free recalls, text factors and reader factors that can influence hypertext reading comprehension of ESL readers are identified. </p> Contradictory to what many researchers believe, results indicate that self-navigating hypertexts might not promote deep comprehension in all ESL readers.

Are Future Doctors Prepared to Address Patients’ Nutritional Needs? Cooking and Nutritional Knowledge and Habits in Medical Students

2021 ◽  
pp. 155982762110181
Author(s):  
Sam Sugimoto ◽  
Drew Recker ◽  
Elizabeth E. Halvorson ◽  
Joseph A. Skelton
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Prior Knowledge ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Year ◽  
Nutritional Knowledge ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Nutritional Needs ◽  
Second Year ◽  
First Year Medical Students

Background. Many diseases are linked to lifestyle in the United States, yet physicians receive little training in nutrition. Medical students’ prior knowledge of nutrition and cooking is unknown. Objective. To determine incoming medical students’ prior nutrition knowledge, culinary skills, and nutrition habits. Methods. A dual-methods study of first-year medical students. Cross-sectional survey assessing prior knowledge, self-efficacy, and previous education of cooking and nutrition. Interviews of second-year medical students explored cooking and nutrition in greater depth. Results. A total of 142 first-year medical students participated; 16% had taken a nutrition course, with majority (66%) learning outside classroom settings. Students had a mean score of 87% on the Nutritional Knowledge Questionnaire versus comparison group (64.9%). Mean cooking and food skills score were lower than comparison scores. Overall, students did not meet guidelines for fiber, fruit, vegetables, and whole grains. Interviews with second-year students revealed most learned to cook from their families; all believed it important for physicians to have this knowledge. Conclusions. Medical students were knowledgeable about nutrition, but typically self-taught. They were not as confident or skilled in cooking, and mostly learned from their family. They expressed interest in learning more about nutrition and cooking.

Developing Habits and Knowing What Habits to Develop: A Look at the Role of Virtue in Ethics

1997 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erich H. Loewy
Keyword(s):  
Medical Ethics ◽  
Virtue Ethics ◽  
Conventional Method ◽  
Greek Philosophy ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
Working Through ◽  
Traditional Approaches ◽  
Better Than

Virtue ethics attempts to identify certain commonly agreed-upon dispositions to act in certain ways, dispositions that would be accepted as ‘good’ by those affected, and to locate the goodness or badness of an act internal to the agent. Basically, virtue ethics is said to date back to Aristotle, but as Alisdair MacIntyre has pointed out, the whole idea of ‘virtue ethics’ would have been unintelligible in Greek philosophy for “a virtue (arete) was an excellence and ethics concerned excellence of character; all ethics was virtue ethics.” Virtue ethics as a method to approach problems in medical ethics is said by some to lend itself to working through cases at the bedside or, at least, is better than the conventional method of handling ethical problems. In this paper I want to explore some of the shortcomings of this approach, examine other traditional approaches, indicate some of their limitations, and suggest a different conceptualization of the approach.

scholarly journals Evaluation of glassy frits as micronutrient fertilizers. II. Manganese frits.

1967 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-30
Author(s):  
C.H. Henkens ◽  
K.W. Smilde
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Sugar Production ◽  
Mn Deficiency ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Foliar Treatment ◽  
Marsh Spot ◽  
Mn Content ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Better Than

In pot and field tests MnSO4 and the frits FTE Z 4 (13 % Mn), HZ 1 (15.9 % Mn) and HZ 17 (21 % Mn) increased reducible soil Mn for at least 1 1/2-2 years. Mn content of pasture increased four-fold in the first cut after application of 400 kg/ha MnSO4 but sharply decreased in later cuts and became negligible by the second year. 400 kg/ha HZ 17 did not affect pasture Mn. In peas 400 kg of soil- or foliar applied MnSO4 controlled marsh spot better than 800 kg HZ 1; spraying at the middle and again at the end of the blooming stage gave the best control. With sugar beet, soil dressings of MnSO4, HZ 1 and HZ 17 equally increased yield, sugar production and leaf Mn, and decreased incidence of Mn deficiency. When the rates of these fertilizers were increased from 100, 179 and 86 kg respectively to 400, 714 and 343 kg, sugar production was not significantly improved; leaf Mn and incidence of deficiency symptoms responded to the higher Mn rates. Soil application was rather better than foliar treatment. No treatment controlled Mn deficiency throughout the entire season. The % of Mn-deficient plants was related, negatively, to leaf and reducible soil Mn, but not to yield. Soil-applied Mn did not control gray spot in oats or increase yields but sprayed Mn did. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals COMPARISON OF GUINEA GRASS-TROPICAL KUDZU, PARA GRASS, PANGOLA GRASS, AND ST. AUGUSTINE GRASS AS PASTURE CROPS IN THE YABUCOA VALLEY IN EASTERN PUERTO RICO

1969 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-104
Author(s):  
L. Rivera-Brenes ◽  
J. I. Cabrera ◽  
L. F. Colón
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Eastern Coast ◽  
First Year ◽  
Guinea Grass ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Main Station ◽  
Better Than

A grazing trial was carried out at Yabucoa, on the eastern coast of Puerto Rico to determine the usefulness for this purpose of several grasses and a grass-legume mixture. It followed the same pattern and procedure as those which had been performed previously at the Main Station Farm located in the northern humid section of the Island. In the trial, which lasted for 2 years, Pangola grass, Pará grass, St. Augustine grass, and a Guinea grass-tropical kudzu combination were compared as to carrying capacity and other characters to determine their pasture values. The carrying capacities of these grasses were as follows: Pangola, 1.12; Guinea-tropical kudzu, 1.42; St, Augustine, 1.23; and Para grass, 0.87 head per acre. The gross returns per acre for the first year were, $118, $137, $97, and $87, respectively. For the second year they were: $159, $179, $124, and $68, respectively. Besides the information obtained on the carrying capacity of the pastures, the results show that well-managed pastures are at least as profitable as many of the cash crops actually grown in the Island. This does not take into consideration additional soil- and water-conservation benefits which accrue from having the soil covered by a sod. Pangola and St. Augustine grasses are good pasture crops that can be used in the eastern coastal region satisfactorily. The Guinea-tropical kudzu mixture, however, is better than these grasses by themselves. The superiority of the legume-grass combination was again demonstrated by the results of this experiment. Pará grass was not well adapted for grazing in the light soil in which the experiment was planted.

Explicit constructivism: a missing link in ineffective lectures?

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Prior Knowledge ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Learning Experience ◽  
Regulation Of Respiration ◽  
Missing Link ◽  
Construction Of Knowledge ◽  
Interactive Lectures ◽  
Second Year ◽  
To Receive

This study tested the possibility that interactive lectures explicitly based on activating learners’ prior knowledge and driven by a series of logical questions might enhance the effectiveness of lectures. A class of 54 students doing the respiratory system course in the second year of the Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery program in my university was randomized to two groups to receive one of two types of lectures, “typical” lectures ( n = 28, 18 women and 10 men) or “constructivist” lectures ( n = 26, 19 women and 7 men), on the same topic: the regulation of respiration. Student pretest scores in the two groups were comparable ( P > 0.1). Students that received the constructivist lectures did much better in the posttest conducted immediately after the lectures (6.8 ± 3.4 for constructivist lectures vs. 4.2 ± 2.3 for typical lectures, means ± SD, P = 0.004). Although both types of lectures were well received, students that received the constructivist lectures appeared to have been more satisfied with their learning experience. However, on a posttest conducted 4 mo later, scores obtained by students in the two groups were not any different (6.9 ± 3 for constructivist lectures vs. 6.9 ± 3.7 for typical lectures, P = 0.94). This study adds to the increasing body of evidence that there is a case for the use of interactive lectures that make the construction of knowledge and understanding explicit, easy, and enjoyable to learners.

scholarly journals The Use of Snowball Throwing in Teaching Reading at The Second Year Students of SMPN 8 Palopo

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-82
Author(s):  
Wahidin ◽  
Amalia Yahya
Keyword(s):  
Research Question ◽  
Narrative Text ◽  
Student Activities ◽  
Research Cycle ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Grouping Students ◽  
Student Reading ◽  
Class Viii ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Better Than

This thesis uses snowball to improve student reading with the research question, "How to use snowball throwing in SMPN's second-year students. This research employed Classroom Action Research (CAR) with cycles: first cycle, second cycle. Each cycle consists of four steps: planning. Acting, observing, reflecting. Four meetings during the research cycle. Class VIII, three samples of this study, consisted of 20 students. The study result revealed that Cycle 2 was better than Cycle one scores. During the lesson, the students showed great enthusiasm. Cycle 2's mean score is 82,75, and the percentage of student activity observation The student reading mastery increases after Cycle 2. The appropriate way to teach reading using snowball throwing is: (1) giving students more motivation to build confidence and spirit to study hard and be active in learning. (2) Before starting the learning process, more explanation of the material and giving the game than allowing the students to say what they do not understand. (3) Giving reward/gift for appreciation, (4) grouping students into a small group of 5 students. (5) Narrative text glossaries (6) Observers and writers were observing student activities. (7) Testing students to know the students ' improvement in reading after Using Snowball Throwing Learning (focus on the narrative text)

scholarly journals Effects of Mulch on Soil Moisture and Growth of Desert Willow

1998 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 588-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Tyler Kraus
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Wood Chip ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Root Area ◽  
Root And Shoot Growth ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Chilopsis Linearis ◽  
Better Than

The objective of this research was to consider the effects of gravel, wood chip, and tire mulches and turf on soil moisture and root and shoot growth of Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) `Burgundy' (desert willow). Gravel, wood chip, and tire mulches retained greater soil moisture than bare soil (control) with little difference in soil moisture between the mulches. Mulched trees and bare soil had greater height and shoot and root dry weights than trees in turf. Turf conserved soil moisture better than bare soil but appeared to compete with desert willow for water and nutrients resulting in less growth. Trees with gravel and tire mulches had greater shoot dry weight in the second year of growth and greater root dry weight, root length, and root area in both the first and second years of growth after transplanting.

Effect of various seeding techniques on productivity, nutritional and energy values of festulolium mixtures with legumes in the Kaluga region

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
В. Лукашов ◽  
А. Исаков
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Exchange Energy ◽  
Slow Development ◽  
Kaluga Region ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Better Than

Полевые исследования по изучению влияния черезрядного и смешанного способов посева двойных травосмесей фестулолиума с клевером луговым, люцерной изменчивой и козлятником восточным на продуктивность, питательную и энергетическую ценность корма проведены в 20152018 годах на серых лесных почвах Калужской области. Почва опытного участка серая лесная среднесуглинистая, содержание гумуса 2,8, рН 5,8, валовое содержание азота 0,12, подвижного фосфора 135 мг/кг, обменного калия 100 мг/кг почвы. Способ посева бобовых трав и фестулолиума в двойных травосмесях не оказал существенного влияния на урожайность зелёной массы и сухого вещества. В среднем за 3 года наибольший урожай зелёной массы и сухого вещества получен при посеве смеси фестулолиума и люцерны изменчивой: при черезрядном способе посева он составил соответственно 43,5 и 9,2 т/га, при смешанном посеве 43,9 и 9,3 т/га. Травосмесь с участием козлятника восточного по продуктивности уступала другим вариантам, что объясняется медленным развитием козлятника в первые годы жизни. При черезрядном посеве доля его участия в первый год пользования составляла 30, во второй 40, в третий 59. Клевер луговой имел наибольшую долю участия в травосмесях по сравнению с другими бобовыми: 5557 при черезрядном посеве и 5658 при смешанном посеве. Его присутствие снижалось в смесях во второй год пользования. Клевер луговой сорта Делец отличался более интенсивным развитием и бльшим участием в травосмесях по сравнению с сортом Орловский. Люцерна изменчивая сорта Сарга, начиная с первого года пользования, активно внедрялась в травостой смеси и доминировала в нём во второй и третий годы пользования. Способ посева компонентов в изучаемых травосмесях незначительно влиял на сбор обменной энергии и сырого протеина. Наибольший сбор обменной энергии в сумме за два укоса был получен в травосмеси фестулолиума с люцерной изменчивой: 90,0 ГДж/га при смешанном посеве и 1,71 т/га сырого протеина при черезрядном способе посева. Field trials took place in the Kaluga region in 20152018. The investigation tested productivity, nutritional and energy values of festulolium swards combined with red clover, bastard alfalfa or eastern goats rue as affected by skip-row and mixed seeding patterns. Seeding pattern had no significant influence on green and dry mass (DM) productivity. Festulolium and alfalfa yielded the best for 3 years. Green and dry mass yields amounted to 43.5 and 9.2 t ha-1 under skip-row seeding and 43.9 and 9.3 t ha-1 in mixtures, respectively. Eastern goats rue mixtures had the lowest yield due to slow development in the first years. Eastern goats rue proportion reached 30, 40 and 59 in the first, second and third years, respectively, under skip-row planting patterns. Red clover was more abundant in mixtures compared to other legumes: 5557 under skip-row sowing and 5658 in mixtures. Its proportion dropped down in the second year. Red clover Delets developed faster and better than Orlovskiy in mixtures. Alfalfa Sarga dominated in mixtures in the second and third years. Seeding pattern insignificantly affected exchange energy and crude protein yields. Festulolium-alfalfa mixture had the highest exchange energy content (90.0 GJ ha-1) for two cuts. Under skip-row seeding they produced 1.71 t ha-1 of crude protein.

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