scholarly journals Nature of viruses and the radical change in viral taxonomy

2021 ◽  
pp. 266-270
Author(s):  
V. V. Makarov ◽  
L. P. Buchatsky
Keyword(s):  
Radical Change ◽  
International Committee ◽  
Short Report ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Rank One ◽  
Conserved Genes ◽  
Modern Classification

A short report is devoted to the radical changes in the taxonomy of viruses. The metagenomic sequencing has revealed the presence of a vast variety of viruses in diverse environmental samples without any connections with banal parasitism, infectivity, or pathogenicity. The understanding of viruses has expanded beyond the original parasitic–pathogen model, and now virologists recognize the role of viruses in host regulation and the maintenance of natural ecosystems. Co-evolution of the viral and cellular genomes includes mutual horizontal gene transfer and joint development of new biological functions, such as the mechanism of phylogenesis and phylodynamics of coactants. The concepts of the origin of viruses and their relation to the Universal Tree of Life are formulated. In this regard, the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) changed the previous Code of their classification hierarchy from five ranks to a fifteen-rank one, that emulates a Linnaean framework and accommodates the entire spectrum of genetic divergence in the virosphere. Changes in the rank hierarchy are based on the evolution of the recognition of virus taxa over time, from a traditional phenotype-based characterization process to a multistage process that includes comparative sequence analyses of conserved genes and proteins, including gene phylogeny, gene synteny and shared gene content. The ICTV, that oversees the official classification of viruses and nomenclature of taxa, accepts possible non-hierarchical classifications of viruses beyond taxonomic attribution. The above provisions are illustrated with schemes of chimeric polyphyletic origin of viruses and a new rank structure; the table gives examples of the modern classification of viruses that cause some socially significant infections.

Balanoposthitis: issues of classification, diagnosis and approaches to therapy

2021 ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
A. V. Ignatovsky
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Index ◽  
Therapy Options ◽  
Human Papillomavirus Infection ◽  
Papillomavirus Infection ◽  
Choice Of Treatment ◽  
High Therapeutic Index ◽  
Modern Classification ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

Objective. To present a variant of the modern classification of the processes occurring with lesions of the genitals, to draw specialists’ attention to the peculiarities and variety of causes leading to inflammation of the glans and foreskin, as well as to discuss topical issues of external therapy of balanopostitis.Material and methods. Data from modern studies and clinical guidelines were used in the preparation of the publication.Results. The variety of variants of lesions of the glans and foreskin can be due to a number of reasons and can be either an independent local process or a fragment of dermatosis, where it is possible to be affected in the form of balanoposthitis. Also, when examining and selecting therapy options, it is important to consider the possible role of microorganisms, whose spectrum as a cause of balanoposthitis varies from aerobic and anaerobic, to viral and fungal microflora. Treatment approaches are determined by the etiological factors.Conclusions. Balanoposthitis is a heterogeneous group of nosologies. The choice of treatment is based on the identified cause or empirically when possible. External therapy and hygiene constitute an essential part of treatment. When choosing drugs for topical glucocorticosteroids, preferenceshould be given to drugs with a high therapeutic index and low atrophogenic potential. Dysplastic processes of the penis are associated with human papillomavirus infection, the treatment of which can be both conservative and destructive.

scholarly journals The role of modern technologies in the management of azoospermia using microdissection TESE in the framework of the ECF-ICSI program. A literature review. Part I.

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 66-74
Author(s):  
I I Vitiazeva ◽  
S V Bogoliubov ◽  
I I Dedov
Keyword(s):  
Prognostic Factors ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Male Infertility ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Modern Methods ◽  
Modern Classification ◽  
Modern Technologies ◽  
Azf Region

The present review is focused on the modern methods for the treatment of male infertility related to obstructive and unobstructive azoospermia. The criteria and prognostic factors for obtaining spermatozoa by means of invasive manipulations on the testicles are considered. Special attention is given to the results of investigations into the state of the AZF-region of Y-chromosome and of the studies of patients presenting with Klinefelter's syndrome. The modern classification of testicular biopsies is presented that allows to discriminate between different forms of compromised spermatogenesis.

scholarly journals Prevention of Imported Infectious Diseases in Travelers

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 89-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Erovichenkov ◽  
N. N. Zvereva ◽  
M. A. Sayfullin ◽  
N. V. Okolot
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
International Travel ◽  
Urgent Problem ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Modern Classification ◽  
Imported Infections ◽  
Study Development

In modern conditions, the study, development of methods for the prevention of imported infections after international travel is an urgent problem in many countries of the world. In 2017, the world has committed more than 1322 million international trips, in Russia – 39.6 million trips abroad. The factors influencing the growth in the number of international trips made are singled out. The structure of imported infectious diseases in 380 children and 1580 adult patients hospitalized in Moscow's Infectious Clinical Hospital № 1 between 2009 and 2016 after arriving from foreign countries is given. Objective: to analyze some modern approaches to the prevention of imported infectious diseases. The modern classification of categories of travelers is given. Examples of studies conducted in different countries indicate the important role of pre-travel consultations for the prevention of imported infections. The analysis of the risks of development of certain infectious diseases in travelers has been carried out. Modern algorithms of vaccination before journeys are considered. Attention is drawn to the need to develop centers for medicine in Russia, which will help provide practical health care in the prevention of imported infections.

Endotoxemia and enterosorption in obstetric and gynecological practice

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-101
Author(s):  
I.B. Manukhin ◽  
◽  
T.P. Kraposhina ◽  
S.P. Kerimova ◽  
A.V. Khovanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnancy Loss ◽  
Lichen Sclerosus ◽  
Key Words Pregnancy ◽  
Gynecological Diseases ◽  
Modern Classification ◽  
Therapeutic Properties ◽  
Endotoxin Aggression ◽  
Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus

The review considers the role of intestinal endotoxin in the pathogenesis of a number of obstetric and gynecological diseases, as well as the results of their treatment with the use of enterosorption in order to correct endotoxin aggression. The well-known methods for determining anti-endotoxin immunity and modern classification of enterosorbents were presented. The analysis of the main results of more than 30 years experience in the use of enterosorbent polymethylsiloxane polyhydrate was conducted, taking into account the mechanisms of its medical and prophylactic effects in the treatment of pre-eclampsia, arterial hypertension of pregnant women, miscarriage, endometriosis, chronic pelvic inflammatory disease, urogenital disorders, vulvar lichen sclerosus. The evaluation of therapeutic properties of the drug polymethylsiloxane polyhydrate was carried out, and prospective directions for its further use in obstetric and gynecological practice were planned. Key words: pregnancy loss, pre-eclampsia, vulvar lichen sclerosus, endometriosis, endotoxin, endotoxin aggression, enterosgel

The Influence of Fires on Forest Ecosystems

2020 ◽  
pp. 345-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Anatolievna Pasko ◽  
Vasily Fedorovich Kovyavin ◽  
Nadezhda Anatolyevna Lebedeva
Keyword(s):  
Forest Ecosystem ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Forest Restoration ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Natural Ecosystems

The chapter focuses on the role of fire as an environmental factor affecting the components of the forest ecosystem. The classification of forest fires according to the fire location in the forest ecosystem is given. Negative impact of fire on communities and people, components of forest ecosystems: a phytocoenosis (the forest under-growth, understory, ground cover), tocinos (animal world), klimatop (atmosphere and climate) and adatom (topography and soil) are discussed. The role of fire as a factor of organisms and natural ecosystems' evolution in general is studied. The problems of forest restoration on fires (fumes) are considered. Research established that the degree of damage to the ecosystem components and social consequences depend on the forest fire type, natural conditions, and forest conditions of the region.

scholarly journals CT texture analysis of Abdominal Lesions – Part II.: Tumors of the Kidney and Pancreas

Imaging ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronica Frank ◽  
Sonaz Shariati ◽  
Bettina Katalin Budai ◽  
Bence Fejér ◽  
Ambrus Tóth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Texture Analysis ◽  
Pancreatic Tumors ◽  
Short Report ◽  
Kidney Tumors ◽  
Texture Parameters ◽  
Ct Texture Analysis ◽  
Abdominal Lesions ◽  
Significant Attention

ABSTRACTIt has been proven in a few early studies that radiomic analysis offers a promising opportunity to detect or differentiate between organ lesions based on their unique texture parameters. Recently, the utilization of CT texture analysis (CTTA) has been receiving significant attention, especially for response evaluation and prognostication of different oncological diagnoses. In this review article, we discuss the unique ability of radiomics and its subfield CTTA to diagnose lesions in the pancreas and kidney. We review studies in which CTTA was used for the classification of histology grades in pancreas and kidney tumors. We also review the role of radiogenomics in the prediction of the molecular and genetic subtypes of pancreatic tumors. Furthermore, we provide a short report on recent advancements of radiomic analysis in predicting prognosis and survival of patients with pancreatic and renal cancers.

scholarly journals Diabetic neuropathy

2018 ◽  
pp. 68-75
Author(s):  
N. V. Pizova
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Neuropathy ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Modern Classification

Diabetes mellitus is one of the emergency situations worldwide. DM is the most common cause of neuropathy throughout the world that create a wide range of conditions associated with the damage of various nerves and various pathological mechanisms. The article considers the main pathogenetic mechanisms of neuropathy - the role of metabolic, vascular and genetic factors. It presents the main clinical manifestations, depending on what type of nerve fibers are affected. A modern classification of diabetic neuropathy is provided. The most common form - diabetic distal symmetric polyneuropathy is considered in detail. The authors describe the main drugs used for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy, which were proposed by the International Diabetic Federation (2017) in 2017. Lipoic acid supplements are examined in more details.

scholarly journals The role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis of genital endometriosis

2017 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 81-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra S. Denisova ◽  
Mariya I. Yarmolinskaya
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Target Therapy ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Modern Classification ◽  
Genomic Regulation

The influence of vitamin D on the women’s health is undeniable. Here we review the modern classification of vitamin D forms and receptors, the current understanding of genomic and non-genomic regulation pathways of vitamin D synthesis. It was found that a vitamin D deficiency related to the development of many diseases, negative impact on reproductive function and pregnancy outcomes. Nowadays, vitamin D is concerned as a prohormone that has multiple effects. Special attention is given to the role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis of genital endometriosis. It is known that vitamin D has anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative and immunomodulating effects, which allow it to be considered as a forward-looking target therapy in endometriosis.

Raiders Activity on the Market for Corporate Control as a Product of Coercive Entrepreneurship Evolution

2007 ◽  
pp. 80-92
Author(s):  
A. Kireev
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Control ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Market For Corporate Control ◽  
Basic Characteristics

The paper studies the problem of raiders activity on the market for corporate control. This activity is considered as a product of coercive entrepreneurship evolution. Their similarities and sharp distinctions are shown. The article presents the classification of raiders activity, discribes its basic characteristics and tendencies, defines the role of government in the process of its transformation.

The issue of radioactive contamination in context of ecosystem services development

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 48-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Chobotko ◽  
L. Raychuk ◽  
I. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
The State ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Type Region ◽  
State Register ◽  
Agrarian Policy ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Radiation Contamination ◽  
Logical Research

The aim of the article was to defi ne the role of the radioactive environment contamination in the formation of ecosystem services strategy. Methods. Monographic, systemic and structural, factor analysis, abstract and logical research methods have been used. The data from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, the Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine, the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine, materials of scientifi c researches, international materials and reports and other literary sources on the issues investigated have been used as an information base. Results. Retrospective analysis of sources and state of radioactive eco- systems contamination was conducted and the priority steps in developing the concept of ecosystem services in conditions of radiation contamination were found. Conclusions. The current socio-ecological paradigm of the transition from environmental use to environmental management should be refl ected in the relevant envi- ronmental management mechanisms. Currently, when assessing the state of ecosystem services in Ukraine and worldwide one must take into account the changes in food demand of residents of radioactively contaminated areas, the exploitation of radioactively safe ecosystems growth, their overload and degradation. All of this re- quires an inventory of ecosystem services by type, region, consumers, etc. and the formation of a state register of ecosystem services with a clear assignment of area of responsibility for appropriate natural ecosystems. This will help to make the economic evaluation of different ecosystem services and mechanisms of charges for ecosystem services.

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