scholarly journals Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): An extensive study on evolution, global health, drug targets and vaccines

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 054-069
Author(s):  
Khan Abdul Ashik ◽  
Dutta Tanmoy ◽  
Mondal Palas ◽  
Mandal Manab ◽  
Chowdhury Swapan Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
Scientific Communities ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Partial Analysis ◽  
Complete Study ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

The Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), has become a worldwide pandemic and the scientific communities are struggling to find out the ultimate treatment strategies against this lethal virus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus–2 (SARS-CoV-2). Presently, there is no potential chemically proven antiviral therapy available in the market which can effectively combat the infection caused by this deadly virus. Few vaccines are already developed but it is not clear to the scientific community how much efficient they are to combat SARS-CoV-2. Mode of transmission and symptoms of the disease are two important factors in this regard. Rapid diagnosis of the COVID-19 is very much important to stop its spreading. In this scenario, a complete study starting from symptoms of the disease to vaccine development including various SARS-CoV-2 detection techniques is very much required. In this review article, we have made a partial analysis on the origin, virology, global health, detection techniques, replication pathways, doses, mode of actions of probable drugs, and vaccine development for SARS-CoV-2.

scholarly journals COVID-19: Characteristics and Therapeutics

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rameswari Chilamakuri ◽  
Saurabh Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Drug Repurposing ◽  
World Health ◽  
Pharmacological Intervention ◽  
Multiple Treatment ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Novel coronavirus (COVID-19 or 2019-nCoV or SARS-CoV-2), which suddenly emerged in December 2019 is still haunting the entire human race and has affected not only the healthcare system but also the global socioeconomic balances. COVID-19 was quickly designated as a global pandemic by the World Health Organization as there have been about 98.0 million confirmed cases and about 2.0 million confirmed deaths, as of January 2021. Although, our understanding of COVID-19 has significantly increased since its outbreak, and multiple treatment approaches and pharmacological interventions have been tested or are currently under development to mitigate its risk-factors. Recently, some vaccine candidates showed around 95% clinical efficacy, and now receiving emergency use approvals in different countries. US FDA recently approved BNT162 and mRNA-1273 vaccines developed by Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna Inc. for emergency use and vaccination in the USA. In this review, we present a succinct overview of the SARS-CoV-2 virus structure, molecular mechanisms of infection, COVID-19 epidemiology, diagnosis, and clinical manifestations. We also systematize different treatment strategies and clinical trials initiated after the pandemic outbreak, based on viral infection and replication mechanisms. Additionally, we reviewed the novel pharmacological intervention approaches and vaccine development strategies against COVID-19. We speculate that the current pandemic emergency will trigger detailed studies of coronaviruses, their mechanism of infection, development of systematic drug repurposing approaches, and novel drug discoveries for current and future pandemic outbreaks.

scholarly journals Longitudinal SARS-CoV-2 antibody study using the Easy Check COVID-19 IgM/IgG™ lateral flow assay

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0247797
Author(s):  
Renee L. Higgins ◽  
Stephen A. Rawlings ◽  
Jamie Case ◽  
Florence Y. Lee ◽  
Clarence W. Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Lateral Flow ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Successful Vaccine ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Antibody Levels

Since the initial identification of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in December of 2019, researchers have raced to understand its pathogenesis and begun devising vaccine and treatment strategies. An accurate understanding of the body’s temporal immune response against SARS-CoV-2 is paramount to successful vaccine development and disease progression monitoring. To provide insight into the antibody response against SARS-CoV-2, plasma samples from 181 PCR-confirmed COVID-19 patients collected at various timepoints post-symptom onset (PSO) were tested for the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibodies via lateral flow. Additionally, 21 donors were tracked over time to elucidate patient-specific immune responses. We found sustained levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies past 130 days PSO, with 99% positivity observed at 31–60 days PSO. By 61–90 days PSO, the percentage of IgM-/IgG+ results were nearly equal to that of IgM+/IgG+ results, demonstrating a shift in the immune response with a decrease in IgM antibody levels. Results from this study not only provide evidence that the antibody response to COVID-19 can persist for over 4 months, but also demonstrates the ability of Easy Check™ to monitor seroconversion and antibody response of patients. Easy Check was sufficiently sensitive to detect antibodies in patient samples as early as 1–4 days PSO with 86% positivity observed at 5–7 days PSO. Further studies are required to determine the longevity and efficacy of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, and whether they are protective against re-infection.

scholarly journals Fighting COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 698-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. O. Campos ◽  
C. B. S. Oliveira ◽  
J. M. A. Andrade ◽  
J. I. N. Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Drug Targets ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
High Rate ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Rate Of Spread ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Main Protease ◽  
Clinical Strategies ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Transmembrane Serine Protease

Abstract The current COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) poses a threat to global health owing to its high rate of spread and severe forms of respiratory infection. The lack of vaccines and antivirals prevents clinical strategies against the disease, creating an emerging need for the development of safe and effective treatments. Strategies for vaccine development include complete vaccines against viruses, subunits, and nucleic acids, but are still in their early stages. Studies carried out to date on possible SARS-CoV2 drug targets highlight glycoprotein S, Mpro (main protease or protease type 3C), and a member of the transmembrane serine protease II families (TMPRSS2). However, due to the pandemic state, priority is given to marketed drugs. These include chloroquine (CQ), hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), nitazoxanide, remdesivir, Lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV / r), in addition to treatment with convalescent plasma. But, therapeutic specific effects against SARS-CoV2 have not yet been verified. Most of the information obtained about treatment is based on preliminary and limited studies. We conclude that, at this time of emergency, the search for new therapies is more urgent due to the need to save lives. Thus, we point out as interesting targets for future more specific research: glycoprotein S, Mpro, and TMPRSS2.

scholarly journals Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Current Update; Perspective on Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Drug Targets and Vaccines

Coronaviruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunil L. Harer ◽  
Priyanka A. Sonar
Keyword(s):  
Drug Targets ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Genome Structure ◽  
Viral Envelope ◽  
Antibody Detection ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Acute Lung Failure ◽  
Detection Assay ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Background:: A novel coronavirus disease, 2019-nCoV (COVID-19), reported first in Wuhan, the capital of Hubei, China in late December 2019 and subsequently reached pandemic level affecting around 213 countries. As of 24th May 2020, the total number of positive cases confirmed is 5,446,514 and 344,754 death reports worldwide. COVID-19 infection causes pneumonia-like severe respiratory infection and acute lung failure. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA beta coronavirus that is a confirmed causative agent of COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 may use angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), unlike the receptor utilized by SARS-CoV (emerged in 2002) to infect humans. People with a history of hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, cardiovascular disease are more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2. Objective:: The purpose behind this review is to help the society to distinguish and deal with SARS-CoV-2, and make available a reference for forthcoming studies. Methods:: Recently, a diagnostic primer sets on the SARS-CoV-2 genome have been identified. The receptor-binding domain of SARS-COV-2 highlighted the mode by which beta-CoV recognizes ACE2. Various diagnostic tools are available to differentiate and identify SARS-CoV-2 infection as RT-PCR, antigen detection assay, and antibody detection assay. Different strategies have been employed to control the SARS-CoV-2, considering various drug targets like the main protease (3CLPro), papain-like protease (PLpro), helicase (NSP13), RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), and viral envelope (E) protein. Conclusion:: In the present review, we have updated details of transmission, pathogenesis, genome structure, diagnostic criteria, clinical characteristics, therapeutics, and vaccine development of the SARS-CoV-2 infection, which may be significant in the control and response to the COVID-19 outbreak.

scholarly journals A comprehensive review on COVID-19: What we know and how to treat against the novel coronavirus

2021 ◽  
Vol 292 ◽  
pp. 03091
Author(s):  
Jiacheng Wang ◽  
Xianhao Xu ◽  
Zihan Xu
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

COVID-19 emerged in Wuhan, China, at the end of 2019 and then soon evolved into a global pandemic. The novel coronavirus inducing this pandemic is under extensive study held by researchers all over the world. We give out a comprehensive review of what we have known about this novel coronavirus, including the pathogenesis. Passive immunity, different strategies, and targets for vaccine development and antiviral drugs are introduced as therapeutic strategies. At last, many other properties of SARS-Cov-2 are discussed.

scholarly journals An Overview of Drugs Used in COVID-19: A Pharmacotherapeutic Approach

2021 ◽  
pp. 34-54
Author(s):  
Archith Aithal ◽  
Edwin Dias
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Antiviral Treatment ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Research Experience ◽  
Infected People ◽  
The World ◽  
Difficult Challenge ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Coronavirus originated pandemic disease also called Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is spread all over the world causing severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) called SARS-CoV-2 poses a difficult challenge to scientists, researchers, and practitioners to discover effective drugs for prevention and treatment. By using a huge amount of clinical data obtained from many SARS-CoV2 infected people, clinicians are trying to gather accurate evidence for effective treatment and also developing a suitable vaccine system for the prevention of spread of infection for many more people. With no proven therapies which can treat and prevent SARS-CoV-2 is developed until now, there is an opportunity for new researchers in virology to make such an attempt at this crucial time. In this regard, currently, two strategies are active. The first kind of strategy is on developing completely new molecules to prevent and treat this disease, or the second strategy is on testing the effectiveness of already available antivirals and antimalarials for possible potential recovery and prevention. This is done by testing several antivirals (Remdesivir, Favipiravir, etc) and antimalarials (Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine, etc) for their potential therapies. Studies show that the most promising therapy is the use of antiviral Remdesivir. Remdesivir has shown the potential ability to exhibit vitro activity to control COVID-19. The drug is currently being tested by ongoing randomized trials. Until a widely accepted drug reaches the global market, different antiviral treatment strategies are used under urgent investigation. In this article, we review the latest research developments related to the systematic treatments for COVID-19 reported from various research labs of different countries. The article also provides a summary of various clinical research experience, intermediate results, and treatment guidance to combat the novel coronavirus epidemic based on pharmacotherapeutic analysis, along with insights to the attempts on vaccine development across the world in order to curb the COVID pandemic.

Current Paradigms in COVID-19 Research: Proposed Treatment Strategies, Recent Trends and Future Directions

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anil K. Sharma ◽  
Varruchi Sharma ◽  
Arun Sharma ◽  
Suresh Pallikkuth
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Bibliographic Databases ◽  
Significant Similarity ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Background: Recent pandemic of coronavirus disease caused by a novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in humans is the third outbreak by this family of viruses leading to an acute respiratory infection which has been a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.The virus belongs to the genus, Betacoronavirus which has been recently reported to have significant similarity (>89%) to a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-related member of the Sarbecoviruses. Current researches are not sufficient to understand the etiological and immunopathobiological parameters related to COVID-19 so as to have a therapeutic solution to the problem. Methods: A structured search of bibliographic databases for peer-reviewed research literature has been carried out using focused review questions and inclusion/exclusion criteria. Further Standard tools were implied in order to appraise the quality of retrieved papers. The characteristic outcomes of screened research and review articles along with analysis of the interventions and findings of included studies using a conceptual framework have been described employing a deductive qualitative content analysis methodology. Results: This review systematically summarizes the immune-pathobiological characteristics, diagnosis, potential therapeutic options for the treatment and prevention of COVID-19 based on the current published literature and evidence. The current review has covered 125 peer-reviewed articles, majority of which are from high-income technically developed countries providing the most recent updates about the current understanding of the COVID-19 bringing all the significant findings and related researches together at a single platform. In addition, possible therapeutic interventions, treatment strategies and vaccine development initiatives to manage COVID-19 have been proposed. Conclusions: It is anticipated that this review would certainly assist the public in general and scientific community in particular to recognize and effectively deal with COVID-19, providing a reference guide for futuristic studies.

Recent Advances towards Drug Design Targeting the Protease of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sehrish Bano ◽  
Abdul Hameed ◽  
Mariya Al-Rashida ◽  
Shafia Iftikhar ◽  
Jamshed Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Drug Design ◽  
Rna Polymerase ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
Rna Dependent Rna Polymerase ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Functional Relationships ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Background: The 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), also known as coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) acute respiratory syndrome has recently emerged and continued to spread rapidly with high level of mortality and morbidity rates. Currently, no efficacious therapy is available to relieve coronavirus infections. As new drug design and development takes much time, there is a possibility to find an effective treatment from existing antiviral agents. Objective: In this case, there is a need to find out the relationship between possible drug targets and mechanism of action of antiviral drugs. This review discusses about the efforts to develop drug from known or new molecules. Methods: Viruses usually have two structural integrities, proteins and nucleic acids, both of which can be possible drug targets. Herein, we systemically discuss the structural-functional relationships of the spike, 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro), papain like protease (PLpro) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), as these are prominent structural features of corona virus. Certain antiviral drugs such as Remdesivir are RNA dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor. It has the ability to terminate RNA replication by inhibiting ATP. Results: It is reported that ATP is involved in synthesis of coronavirus non-structural proteins from 3CLpro and PLpro. Similarly, mechanisms of action of many other antiviral agents has been discussed in this review. It will provide new insights into the mechanism of inhibition, and let us develop new therapeutic antiviral approaches against novel SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Conclusion: In conclusion, this review summarizes recent progress in developing protease inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2.

The Current Outbreak of COVID-19 with reference to India

Coronaviruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harshita Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Medical Research ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Indian Council ◽  
Current Outbreak ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Bat Coronavirus ◽  
Viral Outbreak

Abstract:: This review summarizes the outbreak of viruses causing the fatal disease which is highly pathogenic and human to human transmittable and it first emerges in Wuhan, China and now this epidemic situation becomes worldwide. A novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus(SARS-CoV)-2 belongs to β-coronavirus genera which were originated in bats due to highly identical genome with bat coronavirus. This review highlights the Indian Council of Medical Research, India study which determined the detection of pathogenic coronavirus in two species of Indian bats. Indian Council of Medical Research, India has successfully isolated the COVID-19 virus strain which was the first step towards diagnosis and the development of vaccines in the country. The outbreaks of coronavirus received worldwide attention for overcoming the challenges faced during this current pandemic as there is no clinically approved antiviral drug or vaccine available, however, preventive measures and different treatments were taken to cope with this viral outbreak. In response to this global outbreak, this review tries to explain the Virology, Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and discusses the Diagnosis, treatment strategies of COVID-19. This review emphasizes the current update of knowledge about COVID-19.

Possible benefits of reformulating antiviral drugs with nanoemulsion system in the treatment of novel coronavirus infection

Coronaviruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manish Kumar ◽  
Chandra Prakash Jain
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Therapy ◽  
Pulmonary Surfactant ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Drug Dosage ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
Antiviral Action ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Background: An outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) infection or COVID 19, causing serious threats to all around the world. Until an effective and safe vaccine for novel coronavirus is developed by scientists, current drug therapy should by optimize for the control and treatment of COVID 19. Objective: In this manuscript, we are presenting a perspective on possible benefits of reformulating antiviral drug dosage form with nanoemulsion system against novel coronavirus infection. Methods: Literature review has been done on COVID 19, treatment strategies, novel drug delivery systems and role of pulmonary surfactant on lungs protection. Results: Nanoemulsion system and its components have certain biophysical properties which could increase the efficacy of drug therapy. Antiviral drugs, delivered through a nanoemulsion system containing P-gp inhibitor (surfactant and cosolvent), can inhibit the cellular resistance to drugs and would potentiate the antiviral action of drugs. Pulmonary surfactant (PS) assisted antiviral drug delivery by nanoemulsion system could be another effective approach for the treatment of COVID 19. Use of functional excipients like pulmonary surfactant (PS) and surfactant proteins (SPs), in the formulation of the antiviral drug-loaded nanoemulsion system can improve the treatment of coronavirus infection. Conclusion: In our opinion for synergizing antiviral action, lipid and protein portion of PS and their commercial analogs should be explored by pharmaceutical scientists to use them as a functional excipient in the formulation of antiviral drugloaded nanoemulsion system.

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