scholarly journals PENGARUH MODEL SETS TERHADAP KETERAMPILAN PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN SISWA SMP TOPIK PENCEMARAN LINGKUNGAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hairida Hairida ◽  
Fitri Rahmadanti

This study aims to determine the effect of the SETS learing model (Science, Environement, Technology, and Society) on the decision-making skills of students of SMP Negeri 01 Belitang on environmental pollution material. The form of research used was a quasi experimental design with are search nonequivalent control group design. The sample of this research is class VII A as a control class amounting to 25 students and class VII B as an experimental class totaling 25 students, using saturated sampling technique. Data calculation techniques are measurement and interview techniques. Based on the analysis using the U-Mann Whitney test ( which shows the differences in the decision-making skills of students who were given the SETS learning model and given conventional learning model. The effect size value obtained is 1,3 with high criteria and has an effect of 90 % on improving decision-making skills.

10.29406/521 ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sepy Saparina ◽  
Anandita Eka Setiadi ◽  
Nuri Dewi Muldayanti

ABSTRAK                                                                            Media pembelajaran yang efektif diperlukan untuk mengatasi  rendahnya retensi siswa pada sub materi tulang. Salah satu media yang dapat digunakan adalah buku saku berbasis mnemonik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui  perbedaandan besarnya pengaruh Buku saku berbasis mnemonik terhadap retensi siswa serta mengetahui efektivitas buku saku berbasis mnemonik menggunakan metode SQ3R terhadap retensi siswa. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah Quasi Experimental Designdengan rancangan Nonequivalent Control Group Design. Penentuan sampel menggunakan teknik purposive sampling, kelas X1 IPA1 sebagai kelas eksperimen dan kelas XI IPA2 sebagai kelas kontrol. Perlakuan di kelas eksperimen menggunakan buku saku berbasis mnemonik dan di kelas kontrol menggunakan LKS.Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik pengukuran dan observasi langsung.Alat pengumpul data yang digunakan adalah tes dan lembar observasi.Hasil penelitian menunjukan penggunaan buku saku berbasis mnemonik efektif terhadap retensi siswa yang diajar menggunakan metode SQ3R. Retensi siswa kelas eksperimen berbeda secara signifikan dengan kelas kontrol (nilai U Mann-Withney 0,007) dan dipengaruhi perlakuan sebesar 58,9% (nilai Effect Size 0,11).Kata kunci: Buku saku,  mnemonik, retensi, SQ3R,tulangABSTRACTAn effective learning media is needed to overcome student’s low retention in tulang sub material. One of media can be used is pocket book mnemonic based. This study aimed to find out the difference and the effect of mnemonic towards students’ retention and to find out the effectiveness of using pocket book mnemonic based with SQ3R method towards student’s retention. Metethod used in this study was Quasi Experimental Design with Nonequivalent Control Group Design. The sampling technique was purposive technique with XI IPA1as the experimental class and XI IPA2as the control class. Treatment done in experimental class was using pocket book mnemonic based and in control class was using students’ workbook (LKS). Data was collected by measurement technique and direct observation sheet. The result of the study showed that the used of pocket book mnemonic based was effective towards students’ retention whuch were taught using SQ3R method. Students’ retention in experimental class differed significantly to students in control class (U Mann Whitney value 0.007) and treatment affected ad 58,9% (with effect size 0,11)Keywords: Pocket book, mnemonic, retention, SQ3R, tulang 


2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-14
Author(s):  
Aan Qonaah ◽  
Heni Pujiastuti ◽  
Abdul Fatah

Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh pembelajaran generatif untuk meningkatkan kemampuan komunikasi  matematis siswa berdasarkan kemampuan awal. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuasi eksperimen. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa SMAN 6 Pandeglang,  kelas XI yang berjumlah 9 kelas. Dengan teknik purposive sampling diperoleh kelas XI IPA 4 sebagai kelas kontrol dan kelas XI IPA 5 sebagai kelas eksperimen. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalahThe nonequivalentpretest-postest control group design. Selama penelitian berlangsung kelompok eksperimen diberi perlakuan model pembelajaran generatif sedangkan kelas kontrol menggunakan model pembelajaran ekspositori. Analisis data dilakukan terhadap rataan gain ternormalisasi antara dua kelompok sampel. Hasil penelitian ini adalah (1) Peningkatan kemampuan komunikasi matematis siswa  yang  diberi  perlakuan model pembelajaran generatif  lebih tinggi  daripada siswa  yang mendapat model pembelajaran ekspositori; (2) Terdapat interaksi antara model pembelajaran dan kemampuan awal matematis (KAM) terhadap peningkatan kemampuan komunikasi matematis siswa; (3) Terdapat peningkatan kemampuan komunikasi matematis pada siswa dengan KAM tinggi; (4) Tidak terdapat peningkatan kemampuan komunikasi matematis pada siswa dengan KAM sedang dan rendah. Kata kunci: kemampuan komunikasi matematis, pembelajaran generatif, kemampuan awal matematika   Abstract This study aims to look at the effect of generative learning to improve students' mathematical communication skills based on early mathematic abilities. This type of research is quasi-experimental research. The population in this study were students of SMAN 6 Pandeglang, class XI which numbered 9 classes. The purposive sampling technique was obtained in class XI IPA 4 as the control class and class XI IPA 5 as the experimental class. The research design used was The Nonequivalent Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design. During the research, the experimental group was treated with generative learning models while the control class used the expository learning model. Data analysis was performed on normalized gain average between two sample groups. The results of this study are (1) Increased mathematical communication skills of students who are treated with a generative learning model higher than students who get an expository learning model; (2) There is an interaction between the learning model and early mathematic abilities (EMA) on improving students' mathematical communication skills; (3) There is an increase in mathematical communication skills in students with high EMA; (4) There is no increase in mathematical communication skills in students with moderate and low EMA. Keywords:mathematical communication ability, generative learning, early mahthematics ability


2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 505
Author(s):  
Ni Made Wiradewi ◽  
I G. A. Agung Sri Asri ◽  
Ida Bagus Surya Manuaba

The low competence of civic education knowledge due to less optimal use of models when learning resulted that students have difficulty understanding learning and getting bored quickly. This study aimed to analyze the effect of the Value Clarification Technique learning model based on the civic on the knowledge competence of civic education. This study was a quasi-experimental research with nonequivalent control group design. A total of 184 students from 6th grade IV became the population. Samples were selected using a random sampling technique. Knowledge competence of civic education data collection used multiple-choice objective test instruments. The data obtained were analyzed using a t-test, namely polled variance. The results of data analysis obtained t-count = 2.880> t-table = 2.005 at a significance level of 5% with dk = n1 + n2-2 so that Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted. Then it can be concluded that there is a significant effect in the knowledge competence of civic education between students who are taught the Value Clarification Technique learning model based on the folklore.


Author(s):  
Farizah Yulianti ◽  
Sutrio Sutrio ◽  
Hairunisyah Sahidu

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penerapan model Giving Question Getting Answers  melalui metode eksperimen terhadap motivasi dan hasil belajar fisika peserta didik. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah quasi eksperimen dengan posstest only control group disign. Populasi terdiri dari seluruh peserta didik kelas XI SMAN 1 Labuapi. Teknik pengambilan sample yang digunakan adalah sampling jenuh, dengan kelas XI MIA 1 sebagai kelas eksperimen 1 dan kelas XI MIA 2 sebagai kelas eksperimen 2. Kelas eksperimen 1 diberi perlakuan model Giving Question Getting Answers melalui metode eksperimen sedangkan kelas eksperimen 2 diberi perlakuan menggunakan model pembelajaran Giving Question Gettig Answers tanpa metode eksperimen. Instrumen motivasi belajar menggunakan angket motivasi sedangkan  instrumen hasil belajar menggunakan soal pilihan ganda. Hipotesis penelitian diuji menggunakan uji Manova, hasilnya menunjukkan Nilai Sig. <0,05 maka H0 ditolak dan Ha diterima sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh model Giving Question Getting Answers melalui metode eksperimen terhadap motivasi dan hasil belajar fisika peserta didik. Kata kunci: model GQGA melalui metode eksperimen; motivasi; hasil belajar. ABSTRACTThe aim of this research is to know the impact of the applying Giving Question Getting Answers model with experimental methods toward the learning motivation and result of physics learning. The type of research used was quasi-experimental with posttest only control group design. The population was all student of grade XI in senior high school 1 of  Labuapi. The sampling technique used saturation sampling, while the sample are class XI MIA 1 as the experimental 1 class, and the XI MIA 2 as experimental 2 class. Experimental 1 class was treated with giving question getting answers learning model with experimental methods and experimental 2 class was treated with giving question getting answers learning model without experimental methods. The instrument of motivation learning was used motivation questionnaire and instrument the result of physics learning used multiple choice test. The research hypothesis was tested using Manova-test, data analysis shows that Sig. <0,05which mean that H0 was rejected and Ha accepted. Thus, it can be concluded that there are effect of Giving Question Getting Answers model with experimental methods on student’s motivation and physics learning result. Keywords: GAGQ model with experimental methods; motivation; physics learning result.


2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Eti Sunarsih ◽  
Suci Adelina ◽  
Lili Yanti

<p>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh model pembelajaran <em>problem based learning </em>terhadap hasil belajar menulis teks negosiasi siswa kelas X SMA Negeri 1 Singkawang. Secara rinci tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui: (1) Perbedaan penggunaan model pembelajaran <em>problem based learning </em>dengan model pembelajaran langsung terhadap hasil belajar menulis teks negosiasi, (2) Mengetahui seberapa besar pengaruh penggunaan model pembelajaran <em>problem based learning </em>terhadap hasil belajar pada keterampilan menulis teks negosiasi, dan (3) Mengetahui aktivitas belajar siswa terhadap penggunaan model pembelajaran <em>problem based learning </em>pada keterampilan menulis teks negosiasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode ekperimen dengan bentuk <em>Quasi experimental design</em> dengan rancangan <em>the nonequivalent posttes-only control group design</em>. Teknik pengumpul data yang digunakan ialah teknik pengukuran, teknik observasi langsung, dan teknik dokumentasi. Alat pengumpul data yakni tes, lembar pengamatan aktivitas, dan dokumen. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data dapat disimpulkan bahwa: (1) Terdapat perbedaan hasil belajar siswa yang menggunakan model pembelajaran <em>problem based learning</em> dengan model pembelajaran langsung berdasarkan hasil perhitungan uji <em>independent sample t-test </em>diperoleh hasil t<sub>hitung </sub>11,436 atau lebih besar dari t<sub>tabel </sub>2,045, (2) Besarnya pengaruh penggunaan model pembelajaran <em>problem based learning </em>terhadap hasil belajar menulis teks negosiasi dengan dibuktikan pada hasil uji <em>effect size </em>sebesar 0,98 atau lebih besar dari 0,8 termasuk ke dalam kategori tinggi, dan (3) Adanya ativitas belajar siswa yang menggunakan model pembelajaran <em>problem based learning </em>pada keterampilan menulis teks negosiasi dengan rata-rata persentase yaitu 85% yang termasuk ke dalam kriteria baik. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan model pembelajaran <em>problem based learning</em> dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa pada keterampilan menulis teks negosiasi siswa kelas X SMA Negeri 1 Singkawang.</p><p> </p>


2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
A. Sriyanti ◽  
Ridwan Idris ◽  
Rikayanti Rahman

AbstrakTujuan penelitian ini adalah melihat efektivitas model pembelajaran Numbered Heads Together (NHT) berbantuan media pembelajaran question card di kelas VIII SMPN 1 Sanrobone dalam meningkatkan pemahaman konsep matematika siswa di kelas VIII  SMPN 1 Sanrobone. Jenis penelitian ini adalah eksperimen semu (Quasi Eksperimental) dengan non-equivalent control grup design. Sampel terdiri dari dua kelas yaitu kelas eksperimen menggunakan model pembelajaran Numbered Heads Together (NHT) berbantuan media pembelajaran question card dan kelas kontrol tidak dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran Numbered Heads Together (NHT) berbantuan media pembelajaran question card dengan teknik pengambilan sampel purposive sampling. Hasil uji hipotesis dengan taraf signifikan α = 0,05 menunjukkan bahwa nilai  (2-tailed)  atau  artinya tidak terdapat perbedaan rata-rata pemahaman konsep matematika siswa yang diajar menggunakan model pembelajaran Numbered Heads Together (NHT) berbantuan media pembelajaran question card dan kelas yang tidak diajar menggunakan model pembelajaran Numbered Heads Together (NHT) berbantuan media pembelajaran question card. Berdasarkan kesimpulan dapat diketahui bahwa penerapan model pembelajaran Numbered Heads Together (NHT) berbantuan media pembelajaran question card  tidak efektif meningkatkan pemahaman konsep matematika siswa. AbstractThis research aims to examine the effectiveness of Numbered Heads Together (NHT) learning model which is equipped with Question Card learning media in promoting seventh grader’s understanding of mathematical concepts in SMPN 1 Sanrobone. In investigating the issue, this research used quasi experimental research with non-equivalent control group design. The research samples were selected using purposive sampling technique and were divided into two groups. The first group is an experimental class where Numbered Heads Together (NHT) learning model and Question Card learning media are implemented, while the second group is control class where Numbered Heads Together (NHT) learning model and Question Card learning media are not implemented. The results of hypothesis testing with significance rate of α = 0,05 shows that the value of  (2-tailed)  atau  . This further indicates that there is no difference in students’ understanding of mathematical concepts whether or not they are taught using Numbered Heads Together (NHT) learning model and Question Card learning media. Therefore, this research concludes that the implementation of Numbered Heads Together (NHT) learning model and Question Card learning media is not effective in promoting seventh graders’ understanding of mathematical concepts.


2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 265
Author(s):  
Rahma Diani ◽  
Yuberti Yuberti ◽  
Shella Syafitri

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect size scramble learning model with video media on Physics students learning outcomes of class X MAN 1 Pesisir Barat on the measurement material. The research method used was a quasi experimental design with nonequivalent control group design. The survey results revealed that the normality test of the experimental class Lcount = 0.161052 and class control while Lcount = 0.149135 Ltable = 0.1726. Terms of normality test L count <L table then normally distributed data. To test the homogeneity of Fcount<Ftable = 1.166 <1.96 then the data homogeneous. Test hypotheses obtained tcount> t table = 6.4> 1.708 means that there are significant scramble learning model with video media to the learning outcomes of students subject matter physics measurements in class X MAN 1 Pesisir Barat. Furthermore, the effect size obtained results of 0.8. These results indicate that the learning model Scramble with video media can influence the outcome of physics students learn as much as 79%.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui effect size model pembelajaran scramble dengan media video terhadap hasil belajar Fisika peserta didik kelas X MAN 1 pesisir barat pada materi pengukuran. Metode penelitian yang di gunakan adalah quasi eksperimental dengan desain nonequivalent control group design. Dari hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa uji normalitas pada kelas eksperimen Lhitung=0,161052dan kelas kontrol Lhitung=0.149135 sedangkan Ltabel= 0,1726. Syarat uji normalitas Lhitung< Ltabel maka data terdistribusi normal. Untuk uji homogenitas, Fhitung < Ftabel = 1,166< 1,96 makadata homogen. Uji hipotesis didapatkan thitung > t tabel   = 6,4 >1,708 artinya, terdapat pengaruh model pembelajaran scramble dengan media video terhadap hasil belajar Fisika peserta didik materi pokok pengukuran di kelas X MAN 1 Pesisir Barat. Selanjutnya, diperoleh hasil uji effect size sebesar 0,8. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa model pembelajaran Scramble dengan media video dapat mempengaruhi hasil belajar fisika peserta didik sebanyak 79%. 


2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Amy Novalia Esmiati ◽  
Nanik Prihartanti ◽  
Partini Partini

Abstrak. Kedisiplinan memiliki peranan penting dalam membentuk pribadi yang taat pada aturan-aturan yang ada dan bertanggung jawab terhadap tugas yang harus dikerjakan. Kedisiplinan dapat meningkat, salah satunya dipengaruhi oleh kesadaran diri. Sehingga perlu adanya pengelolaan kesadaran pada diri untuk memahami, mengenali, mengakui, dan mengekspresikan diri secara akurat. Subjek dalam penelitian ini yaitu siswa SMK yang memiliki kategori tingkat kedisiplinan yang rendah. Keseluruhan subjek dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 20 siswa, yang terbagi dalam 2 kelompok yaitu kelompok eksperimen dan kelompok kontrol. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode Quasi Experimental Design dengan teknik pengambilan sampel purposive sampling, dan dengan model desain eksperimen pre test-post test control group design. Uji hipotesis dalam penelitian ini menggunakan teknik Man Whitney U-Test dengan nilai z= -3.485 dan  sig (2 tailed)= 0,000 dimana (p<0,01), yang berarti terdapat perbedaan tingkat kedisiplinan yang signifikan antara kelompok yang diberikan pelatihan kesadaran diri dibandingkan dengan kelompok yang tidak diberikan pelatihan kesadaran diri.Kata kunci: Kedisiplinan, Pelatihan Kesadaran diri.Abstract. Discipline has an important role in managing individuals who obey the rules that exist and are responsible for the tasks that must be done. Discipline can increase, one of which is developed by self-awareness. Because it needs to be considered, awareness must be approved, approved, recognized, and approved. The subjects in this study were vocational students who had a low level of discipline category. All subjects in this study were 20 student experiments, which were divided into 2 groups: the experimental group and the control group. The research method used in this study were the Quasi Experimental Design method with a purposive sampling technique and the pre-test design model of the control group design. Hypothesis testing in this study use the Man Whitney U-Test technique with a value of z = -3,485 and sig (2 tailed) = 0,000 where (p <0.01), which on average contains a significant level of discipline compared to the group that is not given self-awareness training.Keywords: Discipline, Self Awareness Training


10.29406/514 ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mar’atul Mufiidah ◽  
Arif Didik Kurniawan ◽  
Nuri Dewi Muldayanti

ABSTRAK                                                                                          Rendahnya aktivitas belajar siswa didalam kelas dan cara mengajar guru yang belum maksimal dalam proses pembelajaran sehingga menyebabkan hasil belajar siswa kelas VIII SMP Negeri 7 Sungai Raya pada Mata Pelajaran Biologi masih di bawah KKM 69, khususnya pada sub materi rangka dan otot  69,23% siswa tidak tuntas. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui ada tidaknya perbedaan dan besarnya pengaruh model pembelajaran SAVI berbantuan Macromedia Flash berbasis Lesson Study terhadap aktivitas belajar siswa. Metode penelitian yang digunakan metode penelitian eksperimen. Bentuk penelitian yang digunakan adalah Quasi Experimental Design dengan rancangan Nonequivalent Control Group Design. Penentuan sampel menggunakan teknik purposive sampling yaitu kelas VIII F sebagai kelas eksperimen dan VIII A sebagai kelas kontrol. Hasil uji U-Mann Whitney menunjukan terdapat perbedaan aktivitas belajar yaitu 0,000<0,05 hal ini menunjukkan aktivitas belajar siswa pada kelas eksperimen berbeda dengan kelas kontrol. Sedangkan perhitungan Effect Size memberikan pengaruh persentase peningkatan aktivitas belajar sebesar 75,4% tergolong besar. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan model pembelajaran SAVI berbantuan Macromedia Flash berbasis Lesson Study terdapat perbedaan dan memberikan pengaruh terhadap aktivitas belajar siswa.Kata kunci: SAVI, Macromedia Flash, Lesson Study, Aktivitas Belajar, Rangka dan Otot AbstractThe low activity of student learning in the classroom and how teachers teach is not maximized in the learning process, causing the results of class VIII student of SMP Negeri 7 Sungai Raya Subjects Biology KKM is still below 69, particularly in sub material order and muscle 69.23% of students uncompleted. The purpose of this study to determine whether there is a difference and the influence of SAVI-assisted learning model Macromedia Flash-based Lesson Study the learning activities of students. The method used experimental research methods. Forms of study is a Quasi-Experimental Design with design Nonequivalent Control Group Design. Determination of the sample using purposive sampling technic that is class F as the experimental class VIII and VIII A as the control class. The results U-Mann Whitney test showed that there are differences in learning activities 0,000 <0,05 this indicates activity of students in the experimental class is different from the control class. While the calculation of Effect Size influence learning activity increased percentage of 75.4% is quite large. It can be concluded that the use of SAVI-assisted learning model Macromedia Flash-based Lesson Study there is a difference and give effect to the learning activities of students.Keywords: SAVI, Macromedia Flash, Lesson Study, Learning Activities, Frame and Muscles 


2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-30
Author(s):  
Kurniati Kurniati ◽  
Muhammad Yunus ◽  
Muhammad Nur

Proses pendidikan bertujuan untuk menghasilkan peserta didik mengalami peningkatan kemampuan akademik secara kuantitatif dan memiliki motivasi untuk belajar tinggi. Kedua hal ini sangat dipengaruhi oleh metode yang digunakan oleh guru dalam proses pembelajaran. Course Review Horay merupakan salah satu metode yang diyakini dapat meningkatkan kemampuan akademik dan motivasi belajar pada anak karena dapat meningkatkan pemahaman anak dan menghasilkan suasana belajar yang menyenangkan. Jenis penelitian adalah Quasi Experimental Design dengan rancangan NonEquivalent Control Group Design. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di SD Inpres Bakung II Kota Makassar. Populasi penelitian ini adalah seluruh peserta didik kelas V yang berjumlah 78 peserta didik. Sampel penelitian ini terdiri dari 40 peserta didik kelas V-A dan 38 peserta didik kelas V-B. Penentuan kelompok eksperimen dan kelompok kontrol dilakukan dengan teknik purposive sampling uji hipotesis yang digunakan adalah uji Wilcoxon. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa; (1) Model pembelajaran Course Review Horay dapat meningkatkan motivasi peserta didik dalam pembelajaran, (2) Model pembelajaran Course Review Horay dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar peserta didik, (3) Terdapat pengaruh penerapan model pembelajaran Course Review Horay terhadap motivasi belajar peserta didik. Dan (4) Terdapat pengaruh penerapan model pembelajaran Course Review Horay terhadap hasil belajar peserta didik. Education aims to improve academic abilities and learning motivation of students. Both of these are highly influenced by the method used by teachers in learning process. Course-Review-Horay is one method that is believed to improve academic ability and learning motivation of children because it can increase children's understanding and generate a fun learning environment. This type of research is Quasi Experimental Design with NonEquivalent Control Group Design. This research was conducted at SD Inpres Bakung II Makassar City. The population of this study were all grade V students, counting for 78 students. The sample of this study consisted of 40 students in class V-A and 38 students in calss V-B. The decision of the experimental group and the control group was done by using purposive sampling. Hypothesis test used was Wilcoxon test. The results show that; (1) Course-Review-Horay learning model can increase student motivation in learning, (2) Course-Review-Horay learning model can improve student learning outcomes, (3) There is an influence of the implementation of Course-Review-Horay learning model to students' learning motivation, and (4) There is an influence of the implementation of Course-Review-Horay learning model to students’ learning achievement.


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