Measurement of Structural Change in the Pakistan Economy: A Review of the National Income Estimates 1949/50 to 1963/64

1966 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-208
Author(s):  
Taufiq M. Khan ◽  
Asbjorn Bergan
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
National Income ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
British India ◽  
History Of ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Government ◽  
Net National Product ◽  
The Masses

A number of national income estimates are available for pre-Partition India. Many of these estimates, especially those pertaining to the last quarter of the 19th and the early 20th centuries, had their origin in political controversy. The estimators were mainly concerned with proving or refuting the idea that the per capita income was very low and that the government had failed to improve the economic conditions of the masses[6]. The earlier estimates were based on scanty data but as time passed, the basic statistics as well as the methods of income estima¬tion improved. The studies of national income of British India, undertaken by Dr. V.K.R.V. Rao, were exhaustive and comprehensive and still serve as a useful reference for all those who are interested in the history of national income estimation in India [14]. Because of the general lack of economic data in India, Dr. Rao conducted a number of ad hoc enquiries in different parts of India to fill in the existing gaps in data. The various estimates of per capita income in India before Partition are shown in Appendix Table A-I. These estimates are at current prices. Because of differences in concepts and methodology, these estimates are not entirely comparable and are to be regarded as rough approximations of per capita net national product at factor cost.

The Problem of Agricultural Taxation in West Pakistan and an Alternative Solution: A Comment (Notes & Comments)

1973 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-437
Author(s):  
Sarfaraz Khan Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Water Rate ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Government

In the Summer 1973 issue of the Pakistan Development Review, Mr. Mohammad Ghaffar Chaudhry [1] has dealt with two very important issues relating to the intersectoral tax equity and the intrasectoral tax equity within the agricultural sector in Pakistan. Using a simple criterion for vertical tax equity that implies that the tax rate rises with per capita income such that the ratio of revenue to income rises at the same percentage rate as per capita income, Mr. Chaudhry found that the agricultural sector is overtaxed in Pakistan. Mr. Chaudhry further found that the land tax is a regressive levy with respect to the farm size. Both findings, if valid, have important policy implications. In this note we argue that the validity of the findings on intersectoral tax equity depends on the treatment of water rate as tax rather than the price of a service provided by the Government and on the shifting assumptions regard¬ing the indirect taxes on imports and domestic production levied by the Central Government. The relevance of the findings on the intrasectoral tax burden would have been more obvious if the tax liability was related to income from land per capita.

The Determinants of U.K. Investment Abroad, 1870–1913: The U.S. Case

1974 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 980-1007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Edelstein
Keyword(s):  
Economic History ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
National Income ◽  
Industrial Output ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Foreign Lending ◽  
The U.S

Perhaps because the world had never before or since seen such a large proportion of national income devoted to accumulating overseas assets, the processes of British accumulation in the period from 1870 to 1913 have long been given disproportionate attention in the study of modern British economic history. Calculations based on C. H. Feinstein's latest studies of U.K. income, expenditures and product suggest that roughly half of the nation's annual savings took the form of net foreign lending during these years, savings averaging slightly less than ten percent of net national income. Undoubtedly, interest in these matters has been further augmented by the intriguing problem of the United Kingdom's loss of world leadership in both industrial output and per capita income during these same years.

Dynamics, Characteristics and Prospects of Consumer Spending in Albania

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-91
Author(s):  
Alqi Naqellari ◽  
Eros Angjeli ◽  
Nexhmi Dumani
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
National Income ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Light Industry ◽  
The World ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Alcoholic Drinks ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Rates Of Growth

Abstract In this paper analyzes the problem of the dynamics of income and expenditure of households in Albania. Analyzing costs in general, spending on food in particular, both connected with a range of other indicators of welfare, with per capita income, expenses for the basket of goods, according to its elements and structure. Survey basket expenditure according to regions of Albania. Analyzed per capita income, expenses basket compared with countries in the region, Europe and the world. The goal is: to extract an accurate conclusion, the place at which ranks Albania in these indicators. What to do in the future, in order to emerge from this negative situation. The conclusions drawn from the analysis are: Albania ranks last places of the world, the indicator of per capita income and expenditure of households. Ranked in first countries in the region and in Europe for the indication of the percentage of expenditure on food and non-alcoholic drinks to the total cost of items in the basket. This situation has come as a result of lower rates of growth of its economy. It recommended changes in the structure of GDP in terms of growth of light industry and food industry extraction and processing, etc. By developing these branches will grow faster GDP and national income, and consequently will increase per capita income. Methods used are: methods of analysis and synthesis, methods of description and comparison, statistical methods etc.

scholarly journals POTRET IPM DI PROPINSI JAWA TIMUR TAHUN 2000-2012

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Prayudi Setiawan Prabowo
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Population Control ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Relationship

This study aims to find the relationship between compliance with HDI in East Java. With case study on Surabaya, Sidoarjo and Gresik. Where is expected to recover low HDI East Java in Java Island that year. The method to be used in this research is descriptive Quantitative research method. The first result, success in controlling the population both from the side of birth control and in-migration, will enable the achievement of a relatively low population density. As the population density diminishes, the education budget and health budget issued by the government will have a more significant impact on improving education and public health. This will ultimately increase HDI, as education and health levels are a dimension in HDI measurement. Second, population control will increase per capita income. Per capita income (GRDP per capita) of GRDP is divided by the total population. With fewer populations, GDP per capita will tend to be higher. High per capita income will increase HDI growth.

scholarly journals An Evaluation of the Performance of Government of Pakistan

2006 ◽  
Vol 45 (4II) ◽  
pp. 831-841
Author(s):  
Farooq Rasheed ◽  
Eatzaz Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
National Income ◽  
Political Regimes ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Per Capita

The use of social and economic indicators to evaluate and rank governments’ performance is often found in literature. The Anglo-Commonwealth and Scandinavian countries rest on the surveillance of work in the various ministries. This performance accounting approach thus becomes crucial for any regime to perform superlatively to their predecessors and thus it provides the basis to suggest why it is important to inspect governance of a government. Government’s efficacy also depends on the magnitude of the welfare that it is able to achieve. Debate on welfare is dated back to Adam Smith at-least. Now the question is what should be the welfare gauging indicators. We understand that, issues related to poverty, land utilisation, agriculture and industrial sectors, health services, education, growth rate of national income, per capita income, employment, etc. are important factors that can explain welfare status of a nation. Thus by developing an index based on performance in these areas, various political regimes can be evaluated and ranked. These evaluations and rankings set standards for future governments to improve. Thus these studies can be useful for developing and improving social welfare standards.

scholarly journals The effect of democracy on income: An analysis of countries affected by coups d’état

2020 ◽  
pp. 18-18
Author(s):  
Ozan Saray
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
National Income ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Panel Data Estimation ◽  
Definite Effect ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Coups D'etat ◽  
Data Estimation ◽  
Positive Effect

Although there is a considerable amount of study which examines the effect of democracy on national income, a limited number of papers analyses the effect of democracy on per capita income. The main objective of this research is to show the effect of democracy level on per capita income among new sample, 21 countries which share a similar coup d??tat experience in their political history, to fulfil the gap in the literature. The countries selected are from different continents and are those most affected by coups. The impact of two different democracy indicators (Freedom House and Polity IV) on the per capita income of the countries in the period 2000-2014 is analysed. The results of the panel data estimation show that, an increase in democracy level has a positive effect on per capita income for both democracy indicators. As expected, the effect of the investment, secularism and education variables on income is positive, whereas the effect of population growth rate is negative. And trade has no definite effect on per capita income.

scholarly journals Eliminating Dependence on Foreign Aid— Some Policy Implications

1975 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Kemal
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
National Income ◽  
Capital Inflow ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Marginal Propensity ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Almost All

The domestic resources of the developing countries are usually too limited even to permit a steady maintenance of their per capita income. In their attempt to improve the level of their per capita income, such countries resort to the strategy of increasing their growth rate by relying on foreign resources. In an economy, where population is growing at the rate of 3 percent per annum, and saving capacity is less than 10 percent of the G.N.P., the chances of increasing the per capita income are very low. Capital inflow allows an economy to grow at a higher rate. It is expected that an increasing proportion of increased income will be saved so that the economy would be self-reliant after some years. How¬ever, most of the aid to the developing countries is in the form of loans, often on very unfavourable terms, with the result that the debt servicing problem becomes quite serious. The huge burden of debt servicing makes it rather difficult for the developing countries to attain self-reliance. Since a continuous aid inflow means a surrender of national sovereignty to some extent, almost all the developing countries want to eliminate their dependence on aid as soon as possible. To achieve this objective, many developing countries set a time period after which the capital inflow would hopefully be zero. If a time limit is to be set, then we must know the policies that a government will have to follow in order to eliminate aid flows. In particular, we need to know the maximum allowance for consumption out of the increase in national income. Similarly, if there is a limit to the marginal propensity to save, we must determine the period over which a country can realistically hope to do away with the aid.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Ukuran Pemerintah, Pendapatan Per Kapita Dan Leverage Terhadap Keteraksesan Internet Financial Report Oleh Pemerintah Daerah

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 2020-2034
Author(s):  
Anugerah Akbar Anthony Putra ◽  
Efrizal Syofyan
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Government Size ◽  
Regional Government ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
The West ◽  
City Governments ◽  
Financial Report ◽  
West Sumatra ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Government

This study aims to analyze 1) How does the size of the government affect the accessibility of internet financial report by the Regency / City Regional Government in West Sumatra Province, 2) How does the income per capita affect the accessibility of internet financial report by the Regency / City Regional Government in the West Sumatra Province, 3) How does leverage affect the accessibility of internet financial report by Regency/City Governments in West Sumatra Province, 4) Does the size of the government, per capita income and leverage jointly affect the accessibility of internet financial report by Regency/City Governments in West Sumatra Province . The results of the study found variables of government size, per capita income and unaffected leverage on the accessibility of internet financial report by the Regency / City Regional Government in West Sumatra Province

scholarly journals Cash Waqf Linked Sukuk Alternative Development of Sustainable Islamic Economic Development Sustainable Development Goals (SDG's)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-148
Author(s):  
Wina Paul ◽  
Rachmad Faudji ◽  
Hasan Bisri
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Sustainable Development Goals ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Government ◽  
Islamic Economic

Economic development itself is defined as a continuous process that has the aim of increasing a country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and per capita income of a country's population in the long term which has an impact on various aspects, both economic, social, and science and technology. The purpose of economic development in Indonesia is not only to increase per capita income but also to accelerate economic growth. Technological advances as a result of this development will also improve the quality of human resources, improve community welfare, reduce inequality, and reduce unemployment. The government continues to face various forms of economic development problems in Indonesia, including high unemployment, rampant poverty, high population, inflation resulting in low purchasing power, low productivity resulting in low per capita income, and export commodities dominated by the primary sector. Today, the development of Islamic economics, both in academia and practice, is very important to pay attention to. This is also related to how to develop thoughts and applications of the Islamic economic system in Indonesia. Various perspectives in the field of Islamic economics associated with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) themselves were created to answer the demands of world leadership in overcoming poverty, inequality and climate change in the form of real action. Establish a set of targets that can be applied universally and can be measured in balancing the three dimensions of sustainable development such as environmental, social and economic. Islamic economic objectives in several points of view are philosophical goals consisting of Al-Falah (holistic prosperity) and Maqasid al-Shariah and operational objectives consisting of increasing faith, creating maslahah, preventing concentration of wealth, and avoiding dangerous activities and even distribution. On the basis of this Islamic economic objective, the response was the issuance of a Cash Waqf Linked Sukuk as a product of the government through the Ministry of Finance to serve as an alternative to increasing Islamic-based economic development. The method used in this article is descriptive qualitative method with literature review. Through this article, we will try to discuss how this cash waqf linked sukuk can be used as an alternative for sustainable Islamic economic development. Sustainable Development Goals (SDG's).

scholarly journals Improvement of methodical approaches to estimating the efficiency of social assistance in the context of the poverty overcoming policy and unequal possibilities of the population Ukraine

2019 ◽  
pp. 98-110
Author(s):  
Liliia Olifirenko ◽  
Kristyna Koval
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Social Assistance ◽  
National Income ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Per Capita

Introduction. Effective social assistance of the government provides the basic needs of the national economy. Methods. The presented research is devoted to the analysis of income distribution among categories of families, presented depending on the availability and quantity of children in order to improve the methodological approaches to estimating the level of per capita income from the number of children being raised in a family. The concept of national income, its distribution and redistribution was studied. The level of average incomes of the population of the country, depending on the number of children who are on the maintenance of the family was analyzed. Results. The research revealed a large number of options for evaluating the effectiveness of government aid, each of which solves specific problems at a certain stage of development of society. At the same time, at the state level, the regulatory impact associated with social assistance in the context of overcoming poverty and the unequal opportunities of the countryʼs population is assessed. However, the assessment is carried out only according to the criteria that are laid down in the program documents and can not comprehensively reflect the current trends and the state of consumers of social services in the dynamics of their socio-economic development. In this connection, a full-fledge dunders tanding of the socio-economic processes and the performance of the authorities is not happening. Discussion. The structural averages (mode, median) per capita income by categories of population and decile coefficient of income differentiation among families with children by selected groups that were identified that contributes to an adequate assessment of social benefits and compensations. And the identification of factors that negatively affect the state of reintegration of citizens to an active economic life (with secondary income distribution) makes it necessary to find new principles of social payments to improve the accuracy of their targeting, which will be the basis for improving the regulatory framework and government program documents.

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