Levels, Pattern and Distribution of Income of Farmers in Rural Punjab: An Empirical Analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. 112-119
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Skewed Distribution ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Small Farm ◽  
Size Category ◽  
Large Farm ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Distribution Of Income

The present study examined the levels, pattern and distribution of income of farmers in rural Punjab. For this purpose, the primary data was collected from 510 farm households randomly from the selected villages from all the development blocks of the high, medium and low productivity regions during the period of 2015-16. The results of the study revealed that average household and per capita income increased with an increase in the farm size. The average household income of the large farm-size category was 9.94 and 6.31 times of the marginal and small farm-size categories, respectively. Farm business income was the largest source of income for all the farm-size categories followed by milk and milk products. The marginal and small farm-size categories have to work as labourers in agricultural and non-agricultural sector due to inadequate income from small landholdings, whereas the semi-medium, medium and large farm-size categories supplemented their income by hiring out agricultural machinery. The marginal and small farm-size categories earned 6.05 and 4.28 times less per capita income than the large farm-size category. The study showed the highly skewed distribution of per household and per capita income among farmers in the rural areas of Punjab.

Income Inequalities among Rural Households of Punjab

2020 ◽  
pp. 111-117
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Rural Household ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Large Farm ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Farm Business ◽  
Household Incomes ◽  
Compare And Contrast ◽  
Distribution Of Income

ABSTRACT The study aimed to examine the inequality in income among various categories of households of rural Punjab. An attempt was made to compare and contrast the relative shares of the different components of income items in the total income of the households across the different rural household categories, along with examining the inequalities in the distribution of income prevailing therein. The analysis showed that an average rural household earns around one and a half lakh rupees annually in rural Punjab. There were considerable variations in the income levels earned among the different rural household categories. The farm business income is the most important component of household income for the farmer households, followed by livestock, pension and salary from private jobs. There were considerable differences in the range of average per capita and the average household incomes of the various rural categories. The per capita income earned by large farm households was 10.79 of times the per capita income earned by agricultural labour households.

scholarly journals An Economic Analysis of Production of Isabgol and Constraints Faced by Farmers in Rajasthan

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rakesh Rathore
Keyword(s):  
Crop Damage ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Small Farm ◽  
Size Category ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Large Farm ◽  
The Cost

The study was carried out in Barmer district of Rajasthan to analyze economics of Isabgol production and constraints faced by farmers. The primary data were collected from total sample of 80 farmer’s respondents. The study reveals that total cost of cultivation was higher ` 38407.69 per hectare on large farm, followed by ` 34132.15 on medium and ` 31281.96 on small farm and ` 34607.27 per hectare on overall farm. The cost of cultivation increases as farm size increase. It is observed from the result of F test p value is .001 which shows that there is statistically significant difference in cost of cultivation of Isabgol on different farm size category. The different cost on the basis of cost concept (Cost A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, C2 and C3) of Isabgol cultivation per hectare was calculated. The cost of production was found lower on large farm it was found to be ` 5053.64 per quintal followed by ` 5094.35 per quintal on medium farm, ` 5128.19 per quintal for small size farm which was found highest and ` 5092.06 per quintal for overall farm size. Farm business income, family labor income and farm investment income of Isabgol cultivation was found highest on large farm. The benefit cost ratio was found at 1.63 for overall farm size and was found to be 1.68 for large farm, 1.64 for medium farm and 1.63 for small farm. Crop damage by pest and diseases are the most important constraints faced by farmers in Isabgol production.

The Problem of Agricultural Taxation in West Pakistan and an Alternative Solution: A Comment (Notes & Comments)

1973 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-437
Author(s):  
Sarfaraz Khan Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Water Rate ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Government

In the Summer 1973 issue of the Pakistan Development Review, Mr. Mohammad Ghaffar Chaudhry [1] has dealt with two very important issues relating to the intersectoral tax equity and the intrasectoral tax equity within the agricultural sector in Pakistan. Using a simple criterion for vertical tax equity that implies that the tax rate rises with per capita income such that the ratio of revenue to income rises at the same percentage rate as per capita income, Mr. Chaudhry found that the agricultural sector is overtaxed in Pakistan. Mr. Chaudhry further found that the land tax is a regressive levy with respect to the farm size. Both findings, if valid, have important policy implications. In this note we argue that the validity of the findings on intersectoral tax equity depends on the treatment of water rate as tax rather than the price of a service provided by the Government and on the shifting assumptions regard¬ing the indirect taxes on imports and domestic production levied by the Central Government. The relevance of the findings on the intrasectoral tax burden would have been more obvious if the tax liability was related to income from land per capita.

scholarly journals Impact of foreign remittances on school enrolment and educational expenditures in district Peshawar, Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-205
Author(s):  
Sajid Gul ◽  
Ali Zeb ◽  
Obaid Ullah ◽  
Guo Mingyan
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
School Attendance ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
School Enrolment ◽  
Educational Expenditures ◽  
Point Increase ◽  
Marginal Propensity ◽  
Per Capita

This study aims to identify the effects of foreign remittances on school enrolment and the educational expenditures of children in the Peshawar district. Primary data were acquired by simple random sampling and a questionnaire. Correspondingly, the logit approach and Heckman selection theory were utilized to examine school enrolment and educational expenses. The marginal effects were evaluated to determine the co-efficient. The study's findings indicate that Per Capita Remittances (PCRM) have a highly substantial and beneficial effect on children's school attendance, with a (10.8%) point increase in school enrolment for every 100 rupees rises in Per Capita Remittances (PCRM). Suppose a household's Per Capita Income (PCIM) improves by one hundred rupees, the probability of children enrolling in school increases by (0.17). The results indicate that PCRM and educational costs per kid are significantly and positively correlated. Educational spending per child increases by 12.01 rupees for every 100 rupees rise in family remittances per capita, whereas every 100 rupees increase in per capita income increases educational expenditure per kid by (8.38 PKR). Which leads to an 8.38 % marginal propensity to spend on child education.

scholarly journals Community Culture Improvisation Regarding Waste Management Systems and Per Capita Income Increase

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dwi Arman Prasetya ◽  
Anwar Sanusi ◽  
Grahi Chandrarin ◽  
Elfiatur Roikhah ◽  
Irfan Mujahidin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Food And Beverage ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Medium Enterprises

The contributions of micro, small, and medium enterprises concerning the formation of small and medium enterprise gross regional domestic product are instrumental to achieve a country’s sustainability development goals. Malang is the second-largest city in East Java and the biggest contributor to Indonesia’s provincial gross regional domestic product, with 65% of its food and beverage sector producing an ever-increasing amount of waste. Indeed, its enhancement is not balanced by appropriate waste management, owing to the inhibiting factors stated in the form of variables, to increase the competitiveness of a community and improve its culture with respect to waste management, leading to an increase in the per capita income. This paper adopts a quantitative and descriptive approach to describe the phenomena and conditions pertaining to the research objective, accompanied by quantitative data processing. The primary data collected via surveys is processed, including data on the availability of waste treatment regulations and facilities, along with infrastructure and statistical analyses (as output from the survey results) to provide solutions for increasing the productivity of micro, small, and medium enterprises in Malang.

scholarly journals Um Estudo Comparado: Indicadores de Sustentabilidade, Análise do Perfil Socioeconômico de Dourados MS 2012-2013

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (41) ◽  
pp. 59-65
Author(s):  
Daniel Massen Frainer ◽  
Marcos Roberto Costa ◽  
Wesley Osvaldo Pradella Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Socioeconomic Indicators ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Reflective Process ◽  
Specific Objective ◽  
Basic Sanitation ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Data Collection Technique

ResumoO processo de sustentabilidade é visto neste artigo por meio dos indicadores socioeconômicos realizados no munícipio de Dourados MS, nos anos de 2012 versus os indicadores do ano de 2013. O perfil socioeconômico realizado no munícipio de Dourados MS visou a elaboração deste artigo, com o intuito de levantar a principal correlação do processo evolutivo de sustentabilidade (saneamento básico, renda per capita e IDH) ocorrida entre 2012 e 2013. O objetivo geral deste artigo é de comparar os indicadores de sustentabilidade no município de Dourados MS, nos anos de 2012 versus 2013. Como objetivo específico haviam sido analisados os indicadores de saneamento básico, no município de Dourados MS, mais precisamente a extensão de esgoto implantado e renda per capita evolutiva no município. Este artigo se utilizou de uma metodologia comparativa e descritiva, através de métodos exploratórios. As técnicas de coleta de dados envolveram o uso de dados primários, com a análise dos indicadores construídos nos anos de 2012 e 2013. Em suas considerações finais se obteve um resultado evolutivo aos índices comparativos de renda per capita versus tratamento de água e esgoto e o processo reflexivo nos ganhos de qualidade de vida, com relação ao Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH). Palavras-chave: Econômico. Indicadores. Renda. Saneamento. AbstractThe sustainability process is seen in this article through the socioeconomic indicators carried out in the Municipality of Dourados MS, in the years of 2012 versus the 2013 year indicators. The socio-economic profile carried out in the Municipality of Dourados MS, aimed at the elaboration of this article in order to raise the main correlation of the sustainability evolutive process (basic sanitation, per capita income and HDI) that occurred between 2012 and 2013. The general objective of this article is to compare sustainability indicators in the municipality of Dourados MS in the years of 2012 versus 2013. In its specific objective, the indicators of basic sanitation in the municipality of Dourados MS were analyzed, more precisely, extension of implanted sewage and per capita evolutionary income in the municipality. This article used a comparative and descriptive methodology, through exploratory methods. Their data collection technique prevailed through primary data, with the analysis of indicators constructed in the years of 2012 and 2013. In their final considerations, an evolutionary result was obtained for the comparative indices of per capita income versus water and sewage treatment and the reflective process in the quality of life gains, in relation to the Human Development Index (HDI). Keywords: Economic. Indicators. Income. Sanitation.

scholarly journals Indebtedness Among Farmers in Haryana State, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-384
Author(s):  
Babloo Jakhar ◽  
Rohtas Kait
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Small Farm ◽  
Average Amount ◽  
Size Category ◽  
Land Holdings ◽  
Very High ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Subject and purpose of work: The study aims to assess the nature, extent and sources of debt and the measures of the burden of debt on farmers. Materials and methods: The study was based on primary data collected (by field survey) from a sample of 600 farmers selected from Haryana state in India. With regards to the selection of farmers/respondents, a proportionate sampling technique was employed. For the analysis of the collected data, average (or mean value) and percentage techniques were used. The data were collected in January, February and March, 2021. Results: The study revealed that the average amount of debt per sampled farmer is 563 960 rupees. This amount of debt is very high. Institutional sources played a major role in loan disbursement to farmers. Of the total amount owed, one third of all the debt was incurred from non-institutional sources at a higher rate of interest; 67.03% was incurred for productive purposes and the remaining 32.97% of debt was incurred for non-productive purposes. Non-productive debt adds nothing to agricultural production. 67% of all farmers in the state belong to marginal and small farm-size category. Thus, at small size of land holdings, at higher rate of interest charged by non-institutional sources and non-productive loans are the main cause of farmer indebtedness. Conclusions: Farmers have been trapped under the burden of debt and are not in a situation to pay their loans back within the prescribed period of time.

Socio-economic Characteristics of Farmers in Rural Punjab: An Inter-Category Analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. 31-42
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Small Farm ◽  
Size Category ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Large Farm

ABSTRACT The present study examined the socio-economic characteristics of farm households in the rural areas of Punjab. For this purpose, the data were collected from the 510 farm households from the villages which were further randomly selected from the high, medium and low productivity regions of Punjab. The results revealed that most of the farm households belonged to the General Castes and Sikh religion. About 70 percent of persons appeared in the economically active age group of 15 to 59 years. The sex ratio had been es against the females among all the farm-size categories. The proportion of farm households living in the joint type family was positively associated with the farm size. Most of the persons of the marginal and small farm-size categories were illiterate and with relatively low level of education as compared to the semi-medium, medium and large farm-size categories. The proportionate share of earners was the highest for the small farm-size category and the lowest for the semi-medium farm-size category. About 99 percent of sampled farmers owned either pucca or semi-pucca houses. The proportion of sampled farmers who owned good condition houses, bathrooms and toilets were directly related to the farm size. About 92 and 96 percent of farm households had separate kitchen and gas connections, respectively. LPG was a major fuel used in the kitchen and owned RO was the major source of drinking water for a majority of sampled farmers in the rural areas of Punjab.

A Successful Population Policy: Potentials and Constraints (Distinguishedl Lecture)

1993 ◽  
Vol 32 (4I) ◽  
pp. 411-431
Author(s):  
Hans-Rimbert Hemmer
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Population Policy ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Access To Health Services ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
Per Capita

The current rapid population growth in many developing countries is the result of an historical process in the course of which mortality rates have fallen significantly but birthrates have remained constant or fallen only slightly. Whereas, in industrial countries, the drop in mortality rates, triggered by improvements in nutrition and progress in medicine and hygiene, was a reaction to economic development, which ensured that despite the concomitant growth in population no economic difficulties arose (the gross national product (GNP) grew faster than the population so that per capita income (PCI) continued to rise), the drop in mortality rates to be observed in developing countries over the last 60 years has been the result of exogenous influences: to a large degree the developing countries have imported the advances made in industrial countries in the fields of medicine and hygiene. Thus, the drop in mortality rates has not been the product of economic development; rather, it has occurred in isolation from it, thereby leading to a rise in population unaccompanied by economic growth. Growth in GNP has not kept pace with population growth: as a result, per capita income in many developing countries has stagnated or fallen. Mortality rates in developing countries are still higher than those in industrial countries, but the gap is closing appreciably. Ultimately, this gap is not due to differences in medical or hygienic know-how but to economic bottlenecks (e.g. malnutrition, access to health services)

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