scholarly journals An Urban Poverty Line Estimate

1977 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Wasay
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Urban Poverty ◽  
Basic Needs ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Policy Objective ◽  
Adequate Level ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Over Time

A fundamental policy objective in developing countries is the reduction of poverty and the provision of an adequate level of income sufficient to allow for the basic consumption needs of the lowest income group. It is not an easy objective because resources are limited. Moreover, the definition of basic needs itself is difficult since these needs vary from region to region, and over time. Nevertheless, the poverty problem is sufficiently important to justify the development of practical measures of at least the biological and physical needs: food, clothing, and shelter. With such measures, a translation of basic consumption needs from physical to expenditure units and the calculation of an absolute poverty line is possible.

The Absolute Poverty Approach

2018 ◽  
pp. 221-248
Author(s):  
Gary S. Fields
Keyword(s):  
Basic Needs ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Amartya Sen ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Absolute Requirement ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Over Time

“Poverty” has been defined as the inability of an individual or a family to command sufficient resources to satisfy basic needs. The workman who, in Adam Smith’s day, could not appear in public wearing a proper linen shirt, was ipso facto poor, not only to Smith but to Amartya Sen who, commenting on Smith’s observation, wrote: “On the space of the capabilities themselves – the direct constituent of the standard of living – escape from poverty has an absolute requirement, to wit, avoidance of this type of shame. Not so much having equal shame as others, but just not being ashamed, absolutely” (Sen 1984, p. 335). Over time, the poverty line needs to be adjusted for changes in the cost of acquiring the basket of basic needs. When the poverty line is adjusted for inflation and only for inflation, the line defines “absolute poverty.”

Experience of Female Entrepreneurs With Disabilities in Zimbabwe

2018 ◽  
pp. 145-163
Author(s):  
Tafadzwa Rugoho ◽  
Agnes Chindimba
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
People With Disabilities ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Light Industry ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
Women With Disabilities ◽  
Economic Rights ◽  
Formal Employment ◽  
Employment Of Women

The global population of people with disabilities is estimated to be around one billion which represents 15% of the population. It is further estimated that the majority of people with disabilities are found in developing countries to which the majority are women. Adding on to the challenge, 82% percent of disabled people live below the poverty line and can barely employ sustainable means of earning a living and neither can they widen livelihood options due to their circumstances. Thus, they are languishing in absolute poverty. Developing countries are lagging behind in promoting the economic rights of women with disabilities. This is mainly shown by their absence in formal employment because many developing countries do not have policies which facilitate the employment of women with disabilities. Women with disabilities in Zimbabwe are concentrated in light industry entrepreneurship. The majority are found in vending, buying, and selling of cloth and electrical items, others are involved in cross-border trading.

scholarly journals Minimum subsistence level in the social policy of the poor countries of Europe: the case of Ukraine

2020 ◽  
Vol 182 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 117-125
Author(s):  
Еlla Libanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Insurance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Subsistence Level ◽  
Food Component ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

The category of «minimum subsistence level» (SL), also referred to as «absolute poverty line», is one of the fundamental in the socio-economic policy of the modern country. The majority of social transfers depends on the size of the minimum subsistence level, i.e., the level of state support for vulnerable groups of the population; SL is the basis for setting a number of salaries in the budgetary sphere and, accordingly, the amount of tax revenues; the practice is common of reconciling the size of the minimum wage and the maximum level of income from which contributions to compulsory state social insurance are paid with SL. Thus, the SL forms a significant part of budget expenditures and at the same time revenues in the public finance system. The article presents the results of systematization of the principles and methods of calculating SL adopted in different countries. In particular, the characteristics of normative, structural and normative, statistical, resource-based and subjective approaches are given. Considering the well-founded claims to the current methodology for determining SL in Ukraine, the urgent need for its transformation is emphasized and the author’s vision of innovations is highlighted. The rationale is provided for introducing a structural and normative approach for the analysis, monitoring and forecasting of social development and welfare, differentiated by age groups, determined in accordance with participation in education and the labour market. The necessity is emphasized of: developing the norms of food consumption exclusively by medical specialists; using different SL structures; transition to the calculations of SL of the households with a separate definition of the so-called semi-fixed costs (at the level of 20-30% of the food component of a person aged 20-64), which eliminates the use of disputable scales of equivalence. For the purpose of social assistance and calculation of its amount, it is proposed to focus on 40% of the median official salary. The argument is that payouts from the budget depend on the revenues, i.e., taxes on legal wages, and, moreover, this is the threshold accepted in many European countries. The article provides examples of SL calculations, in particular, with the definition of the impact of various methodological schemes on the level and depth of poverty in the country, on the structure of the poor.As the final result the proposals are given for the use of SL in public policy.

scholarly journals Basic Needs and Absolute Poverty in Lithuania: Method and Estimation

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-38
Author(s):  
Jekaterina Navickė ◽  
Aušra Čižauskaitė ◽  
Ugnė Užgalė
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Basic Needs ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Consumption Patterns ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Eu Accession ◽  
Poverty Indicators ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Poverty Levels ◽  
The Eu

We propose a methodology for estimating the cost of the basic needs and applying it on the data for Lithuania in a decade after the EU accession (2006-2016). The basic food costs account for the minimal nutrition requirements, while the cost of other needs is estimated in relative terms, taking actual consumption patterns in the population into account. A reduction in the cost of the basic needs for additional members of the household is accounted for by a specially constructed consumption-based equivalence scale estimated on the HBS data. We show that the cost of the basic needs in Lithuania is close to the relative at-risk-of-poverty line (at 60% of the median equivalized disposable income) for a single adult but exceeds it for larger households. The share of people with income below the basic needs’ cost was above the relative at-risk-of-poverty levels in the EU-SILC data for all years, except of 2016. Albeit, the actual level might be lower due to the under-reporting of shadow income in the EU-SILC. Ability to meet basic needs and related absolute poverty indicators shows anti-cyclical dynamics in times of the economic growth and recession. Children are consistently the most deprived group of the Lithuanian population when it comes to meeting the basic needs. The official absolute poverty indicator used in Lithuania under-estimates the cost of the basic needs for households with more than one member.

Poverty in Kazakhstan

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 (12) ◽  
pp. 105-115
Author(s):  
T. Aliev
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Household Spending ◽  
The World ◽  
Countries In Transition ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
The Developed Countries

To properly assess the extent of poverty in Kazakhstan it is important to understand the methodology of its definition and measurement. There are three basic concepts of measuring poverty. Absolute poverty is based on the establishment of a living wage or poverty line. The position of the World Bank is dominant in the world in the assessment of absolute poverty. The WB experts use multiple criteria income. An internationally accepted poverty line was established in 2005 at US$ 1.25 (PPP) per person per day. They also used less “hard” indicator of US$ 2 per day (in constant 2005 prices) which is the median poverty line for all developing countries. For the transitional economies WB applies poverty line based on the differential absolute poverty equal to US$ 4.3 (before 1999 – US$ 4), for developed economies – US$ 11. According to a relative concept, the category of poor includes individuals and households with income clearly insufficient to live on prevailing community standards of consumption. This approach is used primarily for the developed countries. For example, in the EU the relative poverty is defined at the level of 60% of the median per capita income. Subjective approach (developed by Leiden University, Netherlands) takes into account people’s own estimates of their welfare status. In terms of Kazakhstan, the author states that any one-dimensional approach will fail to estimate the real extent of poverty and deprivation of the population. International and national statistics fail to provide an accurate picture of the number of poor in the country and the dynamics of poverty. According to national and WB statistics, in recent decades Kazakhstan showed substantial progress in reducing poverty. However, this was achieved largely due to maintaining rather low official levels of subsistence and cost of minimum food basket. Establishment of these indicators is mainly determined by political considerations, thus it lacks objectivity. For a country aiming to improve competitiveness of its economy and to achieve the level and quality of life comparable to developed countries the focus on a poverty criteria that is close to the standards of the poorest developing countries is not acceptable. Actually, the poverty situation in Kazakhstan continues to be a serious challenge. This is evidenced by the materials of international statistics based on criteria of poverty for countries in transition; by a quite high proportion of household spending on food and the relatively low (as compared to many Eastern European countries) national poverty line. It is concluded that a large-scale poverty still persists in Kazakhstan despite high rates of economic growth.

scholarly journals Globalisation and poverty

2012 ◽  
Vol 48 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 81-86
Author(s):  
Ľ. Bartová
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
World Bank Report ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
Eastern European Countries

Transitional process in Central and Eastern European countries has been affected by globalisation. Evaluation of poverty and inequality become an integral part of economic thinking a few years ago. The importance of this topic is documented in the 2000 World Bank Report. In comparison with living standards of developing countries (especially Africa, South Asia, partially Latin America), Slovakia does not belong to the group of countries with the highest absolute poverty and according to the World Bank Report, the Slovak Republic is one of the countries with the lowest level of inequality. The paper presents an assessment of poverty and inequality in the Slovak Republic and a comparative analysis of indicators of selected countries. From 1992 the poverty in the Slovak Republic was evident, lasting and befalling more and more inhabitants. Household living costs were affected by price liberalisation. Inequality increased too. In 1996, inequality was correlated with the size of settlements and reached the highest level in settlements with over 50 thousand inhabitants. The share of population under poverty line has been increasing as well. Poverty assessment depends on the poverty line, which changes over time and across the regions. Distribution of household income in the Slovak Republic by the size of settlements (Microcenzus 1996) is shallow and densely concentrated around the poverty line. Therefore high sensitivity of poverty incidence, its depth and severity is observed. Contrary to the situation in developing countries, where the highest share of poor is observed in rural areas, the share of the Slovak Republic population under the poverty line was the highest in the settlements with 5 thousand to 10 thousand inhabitants in 1996.

scholarly journals Dimensions and Correlates of Development in Construction

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-64
Author(s):  
André Ullal ◽  
Paolo Tombesi
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Construction Industry ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Industry Development ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Stages Of Economic Development ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Case Based ◽  
Oriented Research

In light of the limited impact research on construction in developing countries has had on theory and practice, this article discusses the meaning of development as it pertains to construction. The discussion distinguishes between studies addressing construction in developing countries, entailing focus on context and case-based approaches to research, and studies that focus on the process of construction industry development. Progress in research addressing the process of development has been hampered by a lack of data to support the examination of changes in construction industries over time and to compare industries in countries at different stages of economic development. To encourage more process-oriented research, a definition of development in construction is elaborated to include six important dimensions – i.e., important factors affecting construction industry development. Taking into account the lack of relevant statistics, correlates for these dimensions (i.e., statistical proxies) are reviewed. Finally, a manner of graphically presenting these dimensions and correlates is introduced. This graphic format enables visual comparison of conditions affecting construction in different countries. It also provides a frame for relating separate case studies to support comparisons and contributions to theory.

Experience of Female Entrepreneurs With Disabilities in Zimbabwe

2022 ◽  
pp. 1694-1707
Author(s):  
Tafadzwa Rugoho ◽  
Agnes Chindimba
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
People With Disabilities ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Light Industry ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
Women With Disabilities ◽  
Economic Rights ◽  
Formal Employment ◽  
Employment Of Women

The global population of people with disabilities is estimated to be around one billion which represents 15% of the population. It is further estimated that the majority of people with disabilities are found in developing countries to which the majority are women. Adding on to the challenge, 82% percent of disabled people live below the poverty line and can barely employ sustainable means of earning a living and neither can they widen livelihood options due to their circumstances. Thus, they are languishing in absolute poverty. Developing countries are lagging behind in promoting the economic rights of women with disabilities. This is mainly shown by their absence in formal employment because many developing countries do not have policies which facilitate the employment of women with disabilities. Women with disabilities in Zimbabwe are concentrated in light industry entrepreneurship. The majority are found in vending, buying, and selling of cloth and electrical items, others are involved in cross-border trading.

scholarly journals An Analysis of Pakistan’s Poverty Problem from an Islamic Perspective

1995 ◽  
Vol 34 (4II) ◽  
pp. 857-864
Author(s):  
Muhammad Hussain ◽  
Nasim Shah Shirazi
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Basic Needs ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Nutritional Requirements ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Islamic Perspective ◽  
Poverty Lines ◽  
The Way ◽  
Islamic Literature

Poverty is a widespread problem that particularly afflicts developing countries. A number of studies, such as Naseem (1973, 1977); Allaudin (1975); Mujahid (1978); Irfan and Amjad (1984); Cheema (1985); Malik (1988); Ercelawn (1990); Ahmad and Ludlow (1989); Havinga et al. (1990, 1990a); Malik (1992, 1994); Zaidi and de Vos (1993); Malik and Shirazi (1994); and Gazdar et al. (1994), have analysed the phenomena of poverty in Pakistan. Some of these studies are based on arbitrarily chosen poverty-lines, and others are based on poverty-lines determined on the basis of nutritional requirements or basic needs of human beings. The incidence of poverty is greatly influenced by the poverty-line used for a particular study. Therefore, the way a poverty-line is defined is of great significance in determining the incidence of poverty. In Islamic literature, certain limits for poverty and prosperity have been prescribed. Fuqaha like Imam Abu Yousuf consider a person prosperous if he owns wealth equivalent to or more than the amount of Nisab. A person is considered to be poor if he owns wealth less than the amount of Nisab.1 Nisab for gold was equal to 20 Miskals and Nisab for silver was 200 dirhams, which were equivalent to 140 Miskals in weight.2

The Distinction between [P] and [S]

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Galen Strawson
Keyword(s):  
Personal Identity ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
Legal Responsibility ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Over Time

This chapter examines the difference between John Locke's definition of a person [P], considered as a kind of thing, and his definition of a subject of experience of a certain sophisticated sort [S]. It first discusses the equation [P] = [S], where [S] is assumed to be a continuing thing that is able to survive radical change of substantial realization, as well as Locke's position about consciousness in relation to [P]'s identity or existence over time as [S]. It argues that Locke is not guilty of circularity because he is not proposing consciousness as the determinant of [S]'s identity over time, but only of [S]'s moral and legal responsibility over time. Finally, it suggests that the terms “Person” and “Personal identity” pull apart, in Locke's scheme of things, but in a perfectly coherent way.

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