scholarly journals Microeconomic Analysis of the Informal Sector - Results of Sample Surveys

1988 ◽  
Vol 27 (4II) ◽  
pp. 605-619
Author(s):  
S. I. Cohen ◽  
Ivo C. H Avinga
Keyword(s):  
Informal Sector ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Microeconomic Analysis ◽  
Development Policies ◽  
Institutional Influences ◽  
To Come

In earlier studies of the informal sector, and in particular in its association with small-scale, cottage and household manufacturing industries (HM), this sector was commonly considered as economically backward, low-income and offering few possibilities for raising productive employment. Later studies, by Allal and Chutta (1982) questioned this view , and noted, in addition, that informal activities are an important source of income and employment for a large portion of the population and will remain so over a long period to come and cannot be neglected , therefore, in t he design of development policies. The recognition of the importance of this sector has not removed two major obstacles in the investigation of the sector: data and viable analytical frameworks. Additional insight in the sector requires primary data collection of an unregistered population, and developing an analytical framework for studying settings with significant institutional influences. ll1is paper reports on the collection of primary data and on an analytical framework which were applied in a field survey of the informal sector in the context of urban areas in Pakistan

scholarly journals The benefits of geographical indication certification through farmer organizations on low-income farmers: the case of Hoa Vang sticky rice in Vietnam

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Huaiyu Wang ◽  
Dao The Anh ◽  
Paule Moustier
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Econometric Methods ◽  
Farmer Organizations ◽  
Quality Upgrading ◽  
Small Scale Farmers ◽  
Household Incomes ◽  
Farmer Organization

Origin labeling and quality upgrading through farmer organizations have been considered as solutions to reduce transaction costs and improve market bargaining power. This paper explores whether belonging to a farmer organization that improves and signals quality can help increase yields and household incomes of small-scale farmers for a specific quality product, Hoa Vang sticky rice in Vietnam. The paper is based on primary data on 185 households collected in 2013 and on 149 households collected in 2015. Different econometric methods were applied to investigate the effect based on rice yield, rice income and household income as the outcome variables. The results show that membership of farmer organization does not significantly improve household income compared to non-membership. However, members of farmer organizations have less resources in terms of land and inputs than non-members. These results suggest that the economic results achieved by farmers with fewer opportunities to access markets are similar to those obtained by farmers with more opportunities thanks to the involvement of farmer organizations in marketing. The specificities of the Hoa Vang sticky rice are still not reflected in higher farmer sales prices and incomes. More dialogue between farmer organizations and their customers is thus required, as well as better public control of labeling fraud.

scholarly journals Differential overlap in human and animal fecal microbiomes and resistomes in rural versus urban Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenna M Swarthout ◽  
Erica R Fuhrmeister ◽  
Latifah Hamzah ◽  
Angela Harris ◽  
Mir A. Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Urban Communities ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Long Read

Background Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) bear the largest mortality burden due to antimicrobial-resistant infections. Small-scale animal production and free-roaming domestic animals are common in many LMICs, yet data on zoonotic exchange of gut bacteria and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in low-income communities are sparse. Differences between rural and urban communities in population density, antibiotic use, and cohabitation with animals likely influence the frequency of transmission of gut bacterial communities and ARGs between humans and animals. Here, we determined the similarity in gut microbiomes, using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, and resistomes, using long-read metagenomics, between humans, chickens, and goats in rural compared to urban Bangladesh. Results Gut microbiomes were more similar between humans and chickens in rural (where cohabitation is more common) compared to urban areas, but there was no difference for humans and goats. Urbanicity did not impact the similarity of human and animal resistomes; however, ARG abundance was higher in urban animals compared to rural animals. We identified substantial overlap of ARG alleles in humans and animals in both settings. Humans and chickens had more overlapping ARG alleles than humans and goats. All fecal hosts carried ARGs on contigs classified as potentially pathogenic bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridiodes difficile, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Conclusions While the development of antimicrobial resistance in animal gut microbiomes and subsequent transmission to humans has been demonstrated in intensive farming environments and high-income countries, evidence of zoonotic exchange of antimicrobial resistance in LMIC communities is lacking. This research provides genomic evidence of overlap of antimicrobial resistance genes between humans and animals, especially in urban communities, and highlights chickens as important reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance. Chicken and human gut microbiomes were more similar in rural Bangladesh, where cohabitation is more common. Incorporation of long-read metagenomics enabled characterization of bacterial hosts of resistance genes, which has not been possible in previous culture-independent studies using only short-read sequencing. These findings highlight the importance of developing strategies for combatting antimicrobial resistance that account for chickens being reservoirs of ARGs in community environments, especially in urban areas.

scholarly journals Welfare Implications of Domestic Land Grabs Among Rural Households in Delta State, Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (334) ◽  
pp. 19-25
Author(s):  
Abimbola O. Adepoju ◽  
Scholastica Ewolor ◽  
Oluwakemi A. Obayelu
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Community Leaders ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Land Grabs

Abstract Rural households are displaced from their lands without any plan in place to resettle or compensate them, for a promise of improvement in their living standards. This has not only resulted in a decline in the living standard of the rural populace, in terms of loss of land and livelihoods, the poor are also further marginalized and impoverished. This study examines the welfare implication of domestic land grabs among rural households in Delta State, Nigeria, employing primary data obtained from one hundred and seventy-three representative farming households. Descriptive analysis revealed that majority were low-income earners and engaged in farming as their major occupation. Econometric analysis revealed land size, secondary education, community leaders’ influence, compensation and the use to which the grabbed land was put into as some of the significant factors influencing domestic land grabs in the study area. Further, the size of land grabbed, no compensation for the use of land and low farm output were found to have negative effects on the welfare of the farmers. Thus, the need to intensify efforts to ensure that the rural populace is not being unreasonably dispossessed of its lands, becomes imperative. The need for commensurate compensation of rural households whose lands were grabbed and periodical checks on community leaders who positively influence domestic land acquisitions arbitrarily also becomes pertinent for improvement in the welfare of the farmers. This is especially so, if these small-scale farmers are to be significant drivers of global food security.

scholarly journals AN ASSESSMENT OF THE APPLICATION OF OCCUPATIONAL ERGONOMICS PRINCIPLES IN THE INFORMAL SECTOR OF HARARE AND MUTARE IN ZIMBABWE

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Jerie
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Health ◽  
Informal Sector ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Occupational Health And Safety ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Informal Workers ◽  
Employee Relationship ◽  
To Come

<p>A major challenge for the city authorities of Harare and Mutare in Zimbabwe is to come up with clear policies and actions aimed at supporting and nurturing the informal sector as well as improving health and safety in the sector. This study thus aims at assessing the awareness of ergonomics principles in the small scale enterprises of Harare and Mutare.<strong> </strong>The level of awareness of ergonomics principles is low in the small scale informal sectors of Harare and Mutare. It was expected that builders, woodworkers and welders would have a higher level of ergonomic principles, but this was not the case. The informal workers are employed in a high-risk sector, but survey results indicated that improving their work environment is not one of their top priorities. The financial situation and the fact that occupational hazards and diseases are not always visible means that their limited resources are allocated to field other than occupational health and safety. Workers in the informal sector are not affected by the traditional employer-employee relationship as that obtains in the formal sector where the employee is obliged to care for the workers occupational health and safety needs. In order to address occupational health and safety discrepancies in the informal sector there is need for change of mindset and this can be catalysed by the local authorities and other organizations. The local authorities can begin by ensuring basic occupational hygiene skills among the informal sector workers so that they may realize their economic potential and hence sustained businesses.</p>

scholarly journals SAVINGS MOBILIZATION ON POVERTY ALLEVIATION AMONG PERI-URBAN HOUSEHOLDS IN KWALI AND BWARI AREA COUNCILS F.C.T ABUJA, NIGERIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 293-300
Author(s):  
Juliana Ojochide Olori ◽  
Ogechi Cordelia Nwahia ◽  
Franҫois Siėwė
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Urban Households ◽  
Poverty Status

Savings is increasingly being acknowledged as a powerful tool for poverty alleviation but the peri- -urban households who are mostly, low cadre workers, peasant farmers and small-scale business owners lacks savings services. This study analyzed savings mobilization on poverty alleviation among peri-urban households in Kwali and Bwari Area Councils Abuja. Cross-sectional primary data was used in this study. The data was collected with the aid of a well-structured questionnaire administered to 185 peri-urban farming households. Descriptive statistics (mean, frequency and percentage), Foster Greer Thorbecke index and ordered logit regression were used to analyze the collected data. The results that emanated from the analysis reveals that 98% of respondents are within the economic active age while 82% of them had formal education and average household size of 4 person. About 93% of households saved in one form or the other. About 51% of the respondent are non-poor while 49% are poor based on analysis of poverty status which revealed poverty incidence of 49%, poverty depth of 28% and poverty severity of 56%. The results further reveals that primary occupation and education reduces the likelihood of not being poor, but there is an increment in the likelihood of being very poor while farm size, savings, access to credit and income generated from secondary activities increases the probability of being non-poor, but reduces the probability of being very poor. Therefore, households should be encouraged by Governmental agencies to engage in secondary economic activities for multiple stream of income to improve on their poverty status. In addition, government should facilitate the establishment of Financial Institutions in the Peri- Urban areas to inculcate saving habit among the people.

Sanitation service delivery in smaller urban areas (Mzuzu and Karonga, Malawi)

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 597-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rochelle H Holm ◽  
Alinafe Kamangira ◽  
Mavuto Tembo ◽  
Victor Kasulo ◽  
Hastings Kandaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Business Opportunity ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Adequate Coverage

This paper assesses the provision of sanitation services in two urban areas in northern Malawi, both with populations under 150,000, to determine the potential for private sector enterprises to contribute to longer-term self-reliance as part of the overall sanitation situation. The paper shows that most households in the two study areas use pit latrines and remain unserved with regard to both faecal sludge management and solid waste removal. Local governments have been unable to offer adequate coverage of sanitation services, and community-based organizations are doing very little that is relevant to the issue. This gap offers a viable business opportunity for private sanitation service providers. Of these two urban areas, Karonga Town has no formal private sector services, but Mzuzu City has pit emptying and solid waste collection services, plus some small-scale manufacturers of pre-made pit latrine slabs. The paper explores these activities, considering their accessibility to low-income customers. It closes with suggestions regarding the potential for building on what is currently available.

scholarly journals Social housing development policy in HCMC - advantages and difficulties

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. first
Author(s):  
Huynh Thuy Tien
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Social Housing ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
House Prices ◽  
Urban Housing ◽  
Housing Development ◽  
City Government ◽  
Ho Chi Minh City ◽  
Housing Projects ◽  
Development Policies

Ho Chi Minh City is considered as one of the most developed economic and financial centers of Viet Nam. In addition to the achievements, the city's development has also put considerable pressure on addressing housing needs for the residents. In recent years, the demand for social housing for low-income people in developed cities has accounted for a high proportion, up to 60% of the total. Although the city government has been had many policies to encourage investers to participate in social housing projects and provide financial support for home buyers, the results are still quite limited. Currently, real estate projects are generally focused on commercial housing projects due to high profitability and fast capital recovery time; together with the house prices in urban areas are constantly increasing and many times higher than the average income of the residents. The above factors have put great pressure on urban housing development to ensure basic rights to accommodation of the people. The article summarizes the current situation of social housing development policies in Ho Chi Minh City from 2006 to present; assess achievements and shortcomings; thereby proposing solutions to help improve the effectiveness of social housing development policies in urban areas.

Class Politics in the (Re) Making of Space: Displacing the Urban Poor in Kolkata, India

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 43-62
Author(s):  
Anurupa Roy
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Shopping Malls ◽  
Class Politics ◽  
Marxist Approach

In the wake of the neoliberal turn in India, the focus on urban areas has gained importance in the planning process at various geographical scales. Urban space making and restructuring processes are evident in the form of various physical infrastructural undertakings and developmental projects such as bridges, flyovers and other lines of transportation, also upscale shopping malls, plush residential buildings devoted to residential and recreational uses. The (re)making of urban spaces is subject to intense conflicts both from above and below, since it is a contradictory socio-economic process based on conflicting class interests. However, in the current literature inspired primarily by post-structuralism that examines urban space, the emphasis is unduly on the politics of urban subalterns. This literature prioritizes a plethora of everyday practices on the part of the disenfranchised population in response to the top-down developmental politics. Such an approach is undialectical: it ignores the fact that the (re)creation of urban space is a combined result of the struggles from above reflecting the interests of the ruling classes and its state in accumulation, and the struggles from below represented by the subordinate classes, reflecting their interests in their own reproduction. Urban space (re)making must be studied in its totality. Through an analysis of empirical materials based on a study of the poorer (low-income) segments of the urban working class in India, I assert that a Marxist approach provides a better analytical framework to understand the politics of the urban subordinate class, in which the emphasis is on class struggle that complexly intertwines with other socio-spatial schisms in the society.

scholarly journals Labour Process in Informal Sector: A Case Study of Carpet Industry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ishfaq Majeed ◽  
Mohammad Swalehin
Keyword(s):  
Informal Sector ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Labour Process ◽  
Carpet Industry ◽  
Surplus Extraction ◽  
Four Blocks

The Carpet industry is an important informal sector in Kashmir, provides employment opportunities to lakhs of people in the rural and semi-urban areas of Kashmir. The carpet industry has made a significant contribution to production, employment, and export of handicraft products and contributes to economic development. Regardless of generating growth, weavers in carpet industry continue to be locked in the unequal and exploitative labour process. The purpose of the present study is to examine the labour process in the carpet industry with specific focus on organization of production, capital accumulation and wage pattern among carpet weavers in Pulwama district of Kashmir. The present study is both primary and secondary in nature. The primary data collected from four blocks of Pulwama district through interview-schedule, focused group discussion and field observation. The key findings revealed that there is diversity in production relation, weavers are facing with a problem of middlemen/master weaver exploitation, low earning, and long working hours and piece-wage is a mode of surplus extraction for capitalists in the carpet industry.

scholarly journals THE EVALUATION OF SLUM MANAGEMENT PROGRAM IN KEMUNING REGION, BANJARBARU CITY

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 34-43
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Management Program ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Urban Settlements ◽  
Technical Recommendations

The main obstacle currently faced in Indonesia urban settlements is the existence of slums area, as happened in Banjarbaru City. This is triggered by the high rate of urbanization which becomes the a strong pull factor for rural communities to move out to urban areas. They live in illegal land in the city and giving rise to slums. Urban settlements on legal land also have slum houses. This is mainly due to the fact that Minimum Service Standards (SPM) has not been implemented in the region. Looking at the social and cultural order in the environment, the communities that live in economically slum areas are generally low-income groups which are often the cause of moral degradation and politeness norms in various social structures. This study aim to understanding the characteristic of slums in Kemuning Region, evaluate the benefits of activities that have been built, find out if there are obstacles and how technical recommendations for handling slums next so that it can become a best practice. The method of research uses a quantitative approach and is a descriptive study that affects the slum environment in the Kemuning Area. This study is using primary data and secondary data. Primary data is obtained from interviews, questionnaires to the community and field observations related to the handling of slums in the Human Settlements field that had been built in the Kemuning Area. While secondary data is obtained from documentation that serve as supporting data and complement research support. This study suggested that Kemuning area has a typology of slums located on the edge of the water and lowlands, the evaluation of the utilization of slum area handling activities in Kemuning is deemed successful and beneficial as it is able to change the slums condition through handling contributions of 77.27% and technical recommendations for handling sustainability

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document