scholarly journals Immunological and molecular detection of rotavirus genotype in children with gastroenteritis in Diyala-Iraq

2021 ◽  
Vol 06 (03) ◽  
pp. 194-208
Author(s):  
Ammar Talib Nasser ◽  
Abdulrazak Shafiq Hasan ◽  
Amer Khazaal Saleh ◽  
Mohammad Kassem Saleh
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Detection ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Conventional Pcr ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rotavirus A ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccines ◽  
Group A ◽  
Stool Antigen ◽  
Stool Samples

Aim: To explore the prevalence along with the molecular detection and genotyping of group A rotavirus (RVA) among children up to 5 years old complaining of gastroenteritis in Diyala province-Iraq. Methods: This is a cross sectional study conducted in Diyala province-Iraq during the period of 2019-2020. One hundred children up to 5 years old with gastroenteritis were enrolled. 54% were males and 46% were females. They were attending hospitals or primary healthcare centers. All were vaccinated with rotavirus vaccine. Blood and fecal samples were collected from each subject. Serum anti-rotavirus IgM and IgG plus fecal rotavirus Ag were tested for using ELISA techniques. Stool samples positive for rotavirus Ag were submitted for conventional PCR and for G and P genotyping thereafter. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 25 and P values ≤ 0.05 were considered significant. Results: The anti-rotavirus IgM and IgG positivity rates among children were 71% (P = 0.001) and 81% (P = 0.0001), respectively. Additionally, the rotavirus stool antigen was positive in 75% of the children (P = 0.001). Among 61 stool samples submitted for conventional PCR technique, the rotavirus RNA was detected in 25 (40.9%). The sequencing and genotyping investigation of 10 PCR positive products revealed that all investigated viral samples belonged to G1P[8] rotavirus A genotype. Conclusion: The current strains analyzed belonged to the G1P[8] rotavirus A genotypes, indicating high coverage of current rotavirus vaccines and affirming the importance of continuous characterization of circulating rotavirus strains and monitoring vaccine efficacy.

Immunological and molecular detection of rotavirus genotype in calves with gastroenteritis in Diyala-Iraq

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 001-013
Author(s):  
Ammar Talib Nasser ◽  
Abdulrazak Shafiq Hasan ◽  
Amer Khazaal Saleh ◽  
Mohammad Kassem Saleh
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Detection ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Group A ◽  
Stool Antigen ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Age Range

Aim: To explore the prevalence of rotavirus infection along with the molecular detection and genotyping of group A rotavirus (RVA) among bovine calves up to 5 months old in Diyala province-Iraq. Methods: This is a cross sectional study conducted in Diyala province-Iraq during the period of 2019-2020. One hundred bovine calves with age range of 1-5 months were included in the study. All were suffering acute gastroenteritis. Serum anti-rotavirus IgM and IgG plus fecal rotavirus Ag were tested for using ELISA techniques. Stool samples positive for rotavirus Ag were submitted for reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) for G and P genes, followed by sequencing and genotyping thereafter. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 25 and P values ≤ 0.05 were considered significant. Results: The positivity rate of anti-rotavirus IgM was 80% (P = 0.0001), and that of anti-rotavirus IgG was 79% (P = 0.0001). The rotavirus stool antigen was detected in 68% of calves (P = 0.01). A total of 45 stool samples which were positive for rotavirus Ag were submitted for RT-PCR; 13 (28.9%) were positive and 32 (71.1%) were negative (P = 0.084). 10 PCR positive samples were used for sequencing and genotyping and indicated that all investigated strains belonged to G1P[8] genotype. Conclusion: The current strains analyzed belonged to the G1P[8] RVA genotypes, affirming that employment of VP7 gene polymorphism accurately yielded uniform phylogenetic distances amongst investigated rotavirus strains and that there were no noticeable assortment events between human and animal rotavirus strains in Diyala province.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of clinically relevant Entamoeba spp. (E. histolytica/dispar/moshkovskii/bangladeshi): A cross sectional study from North India

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. e0009762
Author(s):  
Aradhana Singh ◽  
Tuhina Banerjee ◽  
Uzma Khan ◽  
Sunit Kumar Shukla
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Detection ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
North India ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The People ◽  
Intestinal Infections ◽  
Routine Identification ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
The City

Background Entamoeba infections have major impact on millions of the people worldwide. Entamoeba histolytica has long been accepted as the only pathogenic species. However, recent reports of other Entamoeba spp. in symptomatic cases have raised questions on their pathogenicity. Methodology/Principal findings Total 474 stool samples and 125 liver aspirates from patients with intestinal and extra intestinal manifestations and from community were included. Sewage samples from the hospital and the city were also included. Microscopic examination and molecular detection were performed to detect presence of E. histolytica/ dispar/ moshkovskii/ bangladeshi. The associated demographic and socioeconomic factors were statistically analyzed with the presence of Entamoeba. Microscopy detected Entamoeba spp. in 5.4% stool and 6.4% liver aspirate samples. Through nested multiplex PCR, prevalence of Entamoeba spp. in intestinal and extra-intestinal cases was 6.6% (20/301) and 86.4% (108/125) respectively and in asymptomatic population was 10.5% (13/123). Sewage samples did not show presence of any Entamoeba spp. Uneducated subjects, low economic conditions, untreated drinking water, consumption of raw vegetables and habit of not washing hands before meals were significantly associated with presence of Entamoeba spp. Conclusions E. histolytica still remains the only Entamoeba spp. in invasive extra intestinal infections. E. dispar was detected in both asymptomatic and symptomatic intestinal infections. Routine identification of Entamoeba spp. should incorporate PCR based detection methods.

scholarly journals Measles and rubella serosusceptibity among population vaccinated with different schedules: the potential impact on measles-rubella elimination in Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hana Saffar ◽  
Maryam Khalifeloo ◽  
Mohammad-Jafar Saffar ◽  
Alireza Abdollahi ◽  
Mohammad-Reza Parsaei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Mmr Vaccine ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
School Entrance ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Iranian Children ◽  
Group D

Abstract Background Iranian children were vaccinated with the scheduled two doses of monovalent measles vaccine (mMV) from 1984. In December 2003, a nationwide campaign of measles-rubella (MR) immunization was established to vaccinate 5–25 year- old individuals. In 2004, the mMV was replaced with measles- mumps- rubella (MMR) vaccine. Despite the high vaccination coverage, the outbreaks of measles still occur in the country. In this Study, the MR immunity status of various age groups, vaccinated with different schedules was investigated, and the immunologic response of seronegative subjects to revaccination was examined. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted among 7–33-year-old healthy individuals with a documented history of measles vaccination from November 2017 to June 2018. The subjects were categorized as follows: group A, including 20–33 year-old individuals; vaccinated with 1–2 doses of mMV at ages 9 and 15 months, and revaccinated with MR, group B, including 15–19-year-old individuals, vaccinated with two doses of mMV at 9 and 15 months of age, and received additional dose of MMR upon school entrance, group C, including 11–14 year-old individuals, vaccinated with two-doses of MMR at the ages of 15 months and 6 years, and group D, including 7–10 year-old individuals vaccinated with two-doses of MMR vaccine at the ages 12 and 18 months, respectively. Levels of antimeasles- antirubella IgG antibodies in the collected sera were measured. Also antimeasles- antirubella IgM and IgG of seronegative individuals were reexamined at 4–6 weeks after MMR revaccination. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods. Results A total of 635 individuals were investigated in this study. Group A, 98; group B, 295; group C, 139; and group D, 103 persons. Overall, 12.3 and 18.4% of the population were seronegative for measles and rubella antibodies. This rate varied greatly between the 4 groups: group A, 0/0–2%; group B,15.2–25.0%; group C,11.5–17.2%; and groupD,14.6–18.4%. After revaccination, 92 and 94.9% of seronegative individuals showed IgG response to measles and rubella vaccines, respectively. Conclusion Despite the high coverage rate of M-R containing vaccines, a significant number of vaccinated subjects were seronegative for measles and rubella, possibly because of secondary vaccine failure; this may negatively affect measles-rubella elimination targets in the country. If these findings are confirmed in similar future studies, a more robust regional/national supplementary immunization activity will be considered.

Rapid detection of Rotavirus antigen in stool sample of acute diarrheic children

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-13
Author(s):  
Sushmita Roy ◽  
S.M. Shamsuzzaman ◽  
K.Z. Mamun
Keyword(s):  
Stool Sample ◽  
Rapid Detection ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Rapid Diagnosis ◽  
Age Group ◽  
College Hospital ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rotavirus Infection ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Stool Samples

Rotavirus is one of the leading causes of pediatric diarrhea globally. Accurate and rapid diagnosis of Rotavirus diarrhea should reduce unnecessary use of antibiotics and ultimately reduce drug resistance. Study was designed for rapid diagnosis of Rotavirus antigen in stool sample by ICT (Immunochromatographic test) as well as to observe the seasonal variation of rotavirus infection. This cross sectional study was carried out in the department of Microbiology, Dhaka Medical College from January 2011 to December 2011. Eighty stool samples were collected from Dhaka Shishu Hospital and Dhaka Medical College Hospital. All samples were tested for rotavirus antigen by ICT. Among 80 patients, 42 (52.5%) samples were positive for rotavirus antigen. Among these 42 positive samples, 30 (71.43%) were from 0-12 months of age group, 10 (23.81%) from 13 to 24 months of age group and rest 2 (4.76%) from 25 to 36 months of age group. Rotavirus Ag was detected in stool samples from January to April and another peak episode from October to December. Considering the importance of Rotavirus associated diarrhea, rapid detection of Rotavirus infection in human is substantially needed and should be routinely practiced.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmm.v6i1.19354 Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2012; 06(01): 11-13

Molecular Detection of Group A Rotavirus in under Five Years Old Children with Acute Diarrhoea Admitted to Yangon Children’s Hospital

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-92
Keyword(s):  
Acute Diarrhoea ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Viral Gastroenteritis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Group A Rotavirus ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccination ◽  
Group A ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Considerable Morbidity

Rotaviruses are regarded as the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis and are responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality among children especially under five years of age worldwide. In developing countries like Myanmar, where diarrhoea is in the priority childhood disease, rotavirus surveillance and detection of rotavirus genotypes are utmost important. A hospital-based, cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at Yangon Children‟s Hospital among under five children admitted for acute diarrhoea from January to October 2016. This study includes detection of Group A rotavirus antigen by commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and genotyping by multiplex RT-PCR. From a total of 488 collected samples, rotavirus antigen was detected in 219 samples (45%). Rotavirus diarrhoea was most common among the age of 6-11 months (38.8%) followed by 12-23 months (37.9%). The results showed that boys were more commonly affected than girls. Detection of rotavirus positivity was peak in February (57.6 %). Out of 219 stool samples with positive ELISA result, 40 stool samples with high optical density value were proceeded for further determination of G and P genotypes. Regarding distribution of G genotypes, the most common G genotype was G9 which comprised 45%, and that of P genotype was P[8] which comprised 92.5%. Regarding combination of G and P genotypes, the most frequent combination is G9P[8], and it constituted 42.5%. Untypable genotypes were seen in 30% of G and 2.5% of P typing. As rotavirus infection can be prevented by vaccine, WHO recommended that rotavirus vaccination should be included in national immunization program especially in countries where prevalence of rotavirus is high. The distribution of G and P genotypes is important in consideration of appropriate vaccine in pre-vaccination and evaluation of effectiveness of vaccine in post-vaccination period. Therefore, the information on currently circulating genotypes of rotavirus in this study will serve as valuable data for vaccination programme.

scholarly journals The Pandemic and Changes in the Self-Perception of Teacher Digital Competences of Infant Grade Students: A Cross Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 4756
Author(s):  
Rosalía Romero-Tena ◽  
Carmen Llorente-Cejudo ◽  
María Puig-Gutiérrez ◽  
Raquel Barragán-Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Intervention Group ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Self Perception ◽  
Digital Competence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Self Perceptions ◽  
Group A ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Group B

Without having a reaction time, the pandemic has caused an unprecedented transformation in universities around the world, leading to a revolution from structured models anchored in the conception of transmission of training towards a teaching approach-learning saved thanks to the incorporation of technology. This study aims to verify whether the pandemic situation has influenced the digital competence self-perception of students. Comparing two groups during the academic years 2019/2020 and 2020/2021, the instrument used is the questionnaire for digital competence “DigCompEdu Check-In” for future teachers. After the educational intervention, group A (before COVID-19) presented higher self-perceptions of competence than group B (during COVID-19); the pandemic situation caused by COVID-19 has negatively influenced students’ self-perception of their digital skills in the pretest in the different dimensions under study. Before receiving the training, the group that did not experience the pandemic enjoyed a higher self-perception of their competencies than the group that experienced the pandemic. The data obtained indicate that the difference exists, and that it is statistically significant, and may be a consequence of the clear relationship between self-perception and the way in which students face reality through their personal and subjective vision.

scholarly journals Gut Microbiome Composition Remains Stable in Individuals with Diabetes-Related Early to Late Stage Chronic Kidney Disease

Biomedicines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Ashani Lecamwasam ◽  
Tiffanie M. Nelson ◽  
Leni Rivera ◽  
Elif I. Ekinci ◽  
Richard Saffery ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Early Event ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Late Stages

(1) Background: Individuals with diabetes and chronic kidney disease display gut dysbiosis when compared to healthy controls. However, it is unknown whether there is a change in dysbiosis across the stages of diabetic chronic kidney disease. We investigated a cross-sectional study of patients with early and late diabetes associated chronic kidney disease to identify possible microbial differences between these two groups and across each of the stages of diabetic chronic kidney disease. (2) Methods: This cross-sectional study recruited 95 adults. DNA extracted from collected stool samples were used for 16S rRNA sequencing to identify the bacterial community in the gut. (3) Results: The phylum Firmicutes was the most abundant and its mean relative abundance was similar in the early and late chronic kidney disease group, 45.99 ± 0.58% and 49.39 ± 0.55%, respectively. The mean relative abundance for family Bacteroidaceae, was also similar in the early and late group, 29.15 ± 2.02% and 29.16 ± 1.70%, respectively. The lower abundance of Prevotellaceae remained similar across both the early 3.87 ± 1.66% and late 3.36 ± 0.98% diabetic chronic kidney disease groups. (4) Conclusions: The data arising from our cohort of individuals with diabetes associated chronic kidney disease show a predominance of phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. The families Ruminococcaceae and Bacteroidaceae represent the highest abundance, while the beneficial Prevotellaceae family were reduced in abundance. The most interesting observation is that the relative abundance of these gut microbes does not change across the early and late stages of diabetic chronic kidney disease, suggesting that this is an early event in the development of diabetes associated chronic kidney disease. We hypothesise that the dysbiotic microbiome acquired during the early stages of diabetic chronic kidney disease remains relatively stable and is only one of many risk factors that influence progressive kidney dysfunction.

scholarly journals Survey of iodine deficiency and intestinal parasitic infections in school-going children: Bie Province, Angola

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1314-1318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Tomlinson ◽  
Vera Adams ◽  
Mickey Chopra ◽  
Pieter Jooste ◽  
Emmerentia Strydom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
International Health ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Intestinal Protozoa ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Helminth Infections ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
The Government

AbstractObjectiveTo obtain baseline pre-intervention prevalence levels of iodine deficiency and parasitic and helminth infections in school-going children in Bie Province, Angola.DesignA cross-sectional study conducted in randomly selected schools. The target population was children aged 6–10 years.SettingBie Province, Angola.SubjectsA total of 1029 children sampled, with 791 stool samples and 826 urine samples collected from twenty-four schools.ResultsWidespread severe and moderate deficiencies in iodine. Children in five schools were severely iodine deficient. All sampled schoolchildren were iodine deficient to a greater or lesser extent. In all, 80 % of all children across the twenty-four schools were infected with one or a combination of intestinal helminths and intestinal protozoa.ConclusionsThese findings have serious implications for the cognitive development of Angolan children, as well as for Angola’s development in terms of productivity and economic potential. It is strongly recommended that the provincial and national Ministries of Health, in collaboration with international health agencies, immediately plan and implement a strategy to provide sufficient iodine through iodised oil capsules and iodised salt to the iodine-deficient population. National coalitions need to be strengthened among the government, partners and salt producers. It is also recommended that all the children in schools be de-wormed for multiple helminth species at least twice a year.

scholarly journals Identification of Hookworm Species in Stool By Harada Mori Culture

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sazzad Bin Shahid ◽  
A Chowdhury ◽  
S M Shamsuzzaman ◽  
K Z Mamun
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
Necator Americanus ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Hookworm Infections

This cross sectional study was done from January 2009 to June 2010 in Microbiology department of Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka to identify hookworm species and to compare different laboratory methods for diagnosis of hookworm infections. Among the 375 stool samples evaluated, 26 (6.93%) samples were positive for hookworms. Ankylostoma duodenale were 3 (11.50%) and Necator americanus were 23 (88.50%). Harada Mori culture was found as the most effective method for detection of hookworms.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmm.v4i2.10821 

scholarly journals Bacterial enteric pathogens and serum interleukin-6 levels in children with acute diarrhea

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 144
Author(s):  
Herlina Herlina ◽  
Jeanette Irene Manoppo ◽  
Adrian Umboh
Keyword(s):  
Acute Diarrhea ◽  
Interleukin 6 ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Enteric Pathogens ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Bacterial Gastroenteritis ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Blood Specimens

Background Acute diarrhea is currently one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. A wide range of enteric pathogens, including bacteria, is responsible for the pathogenesis of acute infectious diarrhea. Recent studies have shown an increase in acute phase proteins, such as serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, in patients with acute bacterial gastroenteritis. Thus, IL-6 may be a useful marker to differentiate bacterial from non-bacterial enteric pathogens.Objective To assess for a correlation between bacterial enteric pathogens and serum IL-6 levels in children with acute diarrhea.Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study from November 2013 to March 2014 in two hospitals in Manado. Subjects were children aged 1-5 years with acute diarrhea and good nutritional status. Subjects’ provided stool samples for bacterial culture and microscopic examination, as well as blood specimens for serum IL-6 measurements. Data was analyzed by linear regression and Pearson’s correlation tests for a correlation between bacterial enteric pathogens and serum IL-6 levels.Results In children with acute diarrhea, those with bacterial enteric pathogens had significantly higher mean serum IL-6 than those with non-bacterial enteric pathogens (r = 0.938; P < 0.001).Conclusion Serum IL-6 levels are significantly more elevated in children with acute diarrhea and bacterial enteric pathogens. Therefore, serum IL-6 may be a useful marker for early identification of bacterial gastroenteritis in children aged 1-5 years. [Paediatr Indones. 2016;56:144-8.].

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