scholarly journals Pengaruh Sumur Injeksi Terhadap Reservoir Panas Bumi Dominasi Air pada Simulasi Lapangan Panas Bumi Dieng Unit II Menggunakan Software Tough-2

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Arizona Yoris Wirawan
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Coming Out ◽  
Hot Springs ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Injection Well ◽  
Production Well ◽  
Reservoir Temperature ◽  
The Past ◽  
Geothermal Fields

<p><span>Dieng merupakan salah satu lapangan panas bumi yang sistem reservoirnya didominasi air. Lapangan dengan reservoir dominasi air memerlukan separator untuk memisahkan fasa uap dan fasa cair, karena fluida didominasi air, fasa cair yang dihasilkan tentu lebih banyak daripada fasa gas sehingga perlu dilakukan injeksi untuk menghindari polusi.Kesetimbangan energi merupakan persamaan dengan prinsip dasar bahwa energi yang masuk kedalam suatu sistem sama besarnya dengan energi yang keluar dari sistem tersebut tanpa ada akumulasi. Prinsip ini digunakan untuk menganalisis bagaimana kondisi reservoir panas bumi Dieng di masa lalu sehingga dapat dijadikan pembelajaran untuk kasus serupa di masa sekarang dan masa yang akan datang. Massa yang keluar sistem antara lain dapat berupa manifestasi permukaan seperti fumarole dan <em>hot springs</em>. Proses ekstraksi fluida juga mengurangi massa yang ada dalam sistem. Sedangkan massa yang masuk kedalam sistem dapat berupa injeksi alami dan injeksi. Metodologi penelitian <span> </span>ini, menggunakan prinsip kesetimbangan energi yang disimulasikan dengan bantuan simulator Tough-2. Hasil penelitian dapat menentukan keefektifan injeksi terhadap tekanan reservoir. Kesimpulan pada penelitian ini, bahwa injeksi perlu dilakukan sedini mungkin pada reservoir dominasi air untuk menghindari tekanandrop yang besar di awal produksi. Namun perlu diperhatikan juga posisi sumur injeksi yang akan difungsikan sebagai sistem recharge, karena akan berpengaruh pada temperatur reservoir, khususnya temperatur pada sumur produksi yang terdekat dengan sumur injeksi.</span></p><p><em>Dieng is one of the geothermal fields where the reservoir system is dominated by water. A field with a water domination reservoir requires a separator to separate the vapor phase and liquid phase, because the fluid is dominated by water, the liquid phase produced is certainly more than the gas phase so injection needs to be done to avoid pollution. Energy balance is an equation with the basic principle that the energy that enters a system is as large as the energy coming out of the system without any accumulation. This principle is used to analyze how the condition of the Dieng geothermal reservoir in the past so that it can be used as learning for similar cases in the present and in the future. The mass that exits the system can be in the form of surface manifestations such as fumaroles and hot springs. The fluid extraction process also reduces the mass in the system. While the mass that enters the system can be either natural injection or injection. The research methodology uses the principle of energy balance simulated with the help of the Tough-2 simulator. Research results can determine the effectiveness of injection of reservoir tekanan. The conclusion of this study, that injection needs to be done as early as possible in the reservoir of water dominance to avoid a large tekanan at the beginning of production. However, it should be noted also that the position of the injection well will function as a recharge system, because it will affect the reservoir temperature, especially the temperature at the production well closest to the injection well.</em></p>

Analytical solution for estimating the influence of a pre-existing ground water flow on a geothermal heat production-injection well system

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
I. David ◽  
M. Visescu
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Geothermal Energy ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Injection Well ◽  
Production Well ◽  
Ground Water Flow ◽  
The Earth

Abstract Geothermal energy source is the heat from the Earth, which ranges from the shallow ground (the upper 100 m of the Earth) to the hot water and hot rock which is a few thousand meters beneath the Earth's surface. In both cases the so-called open systems for geothermal energy resource exploitation consist of a groundwater production well to supply heat energy and an injection well to return the cooled water, from the heat pump after the thermal energy transfer, in the underground. In the paper an analytical method for a rapid estimation of the ground water flow direction effect on the coupled production well and injection well system will be proposed. The method will be illustrated with solutions and images for representative flow directions respect to the axis of the production/injection well system.

scholarly journals Separation of Sn, Sb, Bi, and Cu from Tin Anode Slime by Solvent Extraction and Chemical Precipitation

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 515
Author(s):  
Wei-Sheng Chen ◽  
Shota Mesaki ◽  
Cheng-Han Lee
Keyword(s):  
Solvent Extraction ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Chemical Precipitation ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Refining Process ◽  
Anode Slime ◽  
Electrolytic Refining ◽  
Precipitation Procedure ◽  
Tin Anode

Tin anode slime is a by-product of the tin electrolytic refining process. This study investigated a route to separate Sn, Sb, Bi, and Cu from tin anode slime after leaching with hydrochloric acid. In the solvent extraction process with tributyl phosphate, Sb and Sn were extracted into the organic phase. Bi and Cu were unextracted and remained in the liquid phase. In the stripping experiment, Sb and Sn were stripped and separated with HCl and HNO3. Bi and Cu in the aqueous phase were also separated with chemical precipitation procedure by controlling pH value. The purities of Sn, Sb, Cu solution and the Bi-containing solid were 96.25%, 83.65%, 97.51%, and 92.1%. The recovery rates of Sn, Sb, Cu, and Bi were 76.2%, 67.1%, and 96.2% and 92.4%.

scholarly journals Characterizing microseismicity at the Rotokawa and Ngatamariki geothermal fields

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Chet Hopp
Keyword(s):  
Matched Filter ◽  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
B Value ◽  
Injection Well ◽  
Taupo Volcanic Zone ◽  
Reservoir Properties ◽  
Injection Wells ◽  
Small Magnitude ◽  
Magnitude Distribution ◽  
Geothermal Fields

<p>In this thesis, we construct a four-year (2012–2015) catalog of microearthquakes for the Ngatamariki and Rotokawa geothermal fields in the Taupō Volcanic Zone of New Zealand, and use these data to improve the knowledge of reservoir behavior. These microearthquakes occur frequently, often every few seconds, and therefore provide a tool that we use to assess reservoir properties with dense spatial and temporal resolution as well as to illuminate the underlying processes of seismogenesis. Using a matched-filter detection technique we detect and precisely relocate nearly 9000 events, from which we calculate 982 focal mechanisms.  At Ngatamariki, these results constitute the first detailed analysis of seismicity at a newly-developed resource. It has been commonly assumed that induced shear on fractures increases reservoir permeability by offsetting asperities on either fracture wall, thereby propping the fracture open. During stimulation treatments of two boreholes (NM08 and NM09), borehole permeability experiences logarithmic growth. At NM08, this growth occurs for eight days in the absence of seismicity, while at NM09 only nine microearthquakes are observed during the one-month treatment. This suggests that hydro-shear, the process of inducing seismicity through increased pore pressure at critically-stressed fractures, is not the dominant mechanism of permeability increase at many geothermal wells. Instead, aseismic processes, likely thermal and overpressure induced fracture opening, dominate well stimulation in high-temperature geothermal settings.  At Rotokawa, the earthquake frequency-magnitude distribution (b-value) is positively correlated with both proximity to major injection wells and depth. In an inferred pressure compartment near injection well RK23, b is ~1.18, but is <1.0 elsewhere, suggesting a connection between increased pore-fluid pressure and small-magnitude events. In addition, throughout the reservoir b increases from a value of ~1.0 at injection depth to almost 1.5 two kilometers below the reservoir, consistent with observations at volcanic areas elsewhere, but opposing the conventional wisdom that b-value is inversely proportional to differential stress.  Finally, the 982 focal mechanism observations that we invert for stress show a normal faulting regime throughout both reservoirs. At Rotokawa, a lowering stress ratio, v, after reintroduction of injection well RK23 (v drops from 0.9 to 0.2 over six months) indicates that anisotropic reservoir cooling affects the reservoir stress state through a process of preferential stress reduction.</p>

scholarly journals Casing setting depth and design of production well in water-dominated geothermal system with 330 °C reservoir temperature

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 582-593
Author(s):  
B.T.H. Marbun ◽  
R.H. Ridwan ◽  
H.S. Nugraha ◽  
S.Z. Sinaga ◽  
B.A. Purbantanu
Keyword(s):  
Geothermal System ◽  
Production Well ◽  
Reservoir Temperature

scholarly journals Physical Processes in Temperate Glaciers

1976 ◽  
Vol 16 (74) ◽  
pp. 151-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Lliboutry
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Past History ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Physical Processes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Glacier Ice ◽  
History Of

AbstractIn a temperate glacier ice the water content results from the past history of the ice, and the temperature adjusts itself to the appropriate value. Results obtained by the Laboratoire de Glaciologie are summarized. Several facts seem to prove some migration of the liquid phase and a coalescence of liquid inclusions. The enthalpy flux is calculated, but it cannot be proved that a spontaneous gathering together of liquid inclusions could occur. The water-rich, small grain-size layers should come from the lowering of the viscosity when the water content increases, as discovered by Duval. The form of Weertman’s sliding law without cavitation can be derived from simple dimensional considerations. Numerically, it cannot account for high sliding velocities, for which subglacial cavitation must be introduced. The cavities are infilled with more stagnant regelation ice than water. Two subglacial hydraulic regimes are distinguished: autonomous and interconnected. The effect which the salt content may have on cavitation is estimated.

scholarly journals Geochemical response of deep geothermal processes in the Litang region, Western Sichuan

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 626-645
Author(s):  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Guiling Wang ◽  
Linxiao Xing ◽  
Tingxin Li ◽  
Jiayi Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Recharge ◽  
Hot Springs ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Isotope Analysis ◽  
Geothermal Field ◽  
Geothermal System ◽  
Calcite Dissolution ◽  
Western Sichuan ◽  
Geothermal Fields ◽  
Positive Correlations

The geochemical characteristics of geothermically heated water can reveal deep geothermal processes, leading to a better understanding of geothermal system genesis and providing guidance for improved development and utilization of such resources. Hydrochemical and hydrogen oxygen isotope analysis of two geothermal field (district) hot springs based on regional geothermal conditions revealed that the thermal water in the Litang region is primarily of the HCO3Na type. The positive correlations found between F−, Li2+, As+, and Cl− indicated a common origin, and the relatively high Na+ and metaboric acid concentrations suggested a relatively long groundwater recharge time and a slow flow rate. The values of δD and δ18O were well distributed along the local meteoric line, indicating a groundwater recharge essentially driven by precipitation. The thermal reservoir temperature (152°C–195°C) and thermal cycle depth (3156–4070 m) were calculated, and the cold water mixing ratio (60%–68%) was obtained using the silica-enthalpy model. Finally, hydrogeochemical pathway simulation was used to analyze the evolution of geothermal water in the region. The results were further supported by the high metasilicate content in the region. Of the geothermal fields in the region, it was found that the Kahui is primarily affected by albite, calcite precipitation, and silicate, while the Gezha field is primarily affected by calcite dissolution, dolomite precipitation, and silicate.

Sports and Sexuality

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik N. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Coming Out ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Western World ◽  
Sexual Expression ◽  
Black Athlete ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
The Past ◽  
Jack Johnson ◽  
Headline News ◽  
Heterosexual Behavior

This chapter explores the intersection between athletic practices and sexual expression, primarily in the Western world, beginning with the same-sex eroticism of gymnasia in ancient Greece and the charged atmosphere of gladiatorial contests in Rome. After brief mentions of jousting and the Renaissance celebration of chiseled torsos, the chapter focuses on sports’ nineteenth-century reemergence as a chaste antidote to sexual desire, particularly in the movement known as “muscular Christianity.” Already by the early 1900s, however, athletes had begun to cultivate highly sexualized images. The heavyweight boxer Jack Johnson, in particular, epitomized white fears of the athletically indomitable and sexually insatiable black athlete. Even as heterosexual behavior in sports became headline news in the twentieth century, homosexuality remained hidden in the shadows until the first female tennis players began coming out in the 1980s. The chapter concludes with the rise of the athlete as sex symbol over the past three decades.

scholarly journals Infant Motor Milestones and Childhood Overweight: Trends over Two Decades in A Large Twin Cohort

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 2366
Author(s):  
Silvia I. Brouwer ◽  
Ronald P. Stolk ◽  
Meike Bartels ◽  
Toos C.E.M. van Beijsterveld ◽  
Dorret I. Boomsma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Motor Skill ◽  
Childhood Overweight ◽  
The Past ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
Motor Skill Competence ◽  
Motor Milestone

Background: Poor motor skill competence may influence energy balance with childhood overweight as a result. Our aim was to investigate whether the age of motor milestone achievement has changed over the past decades and whether this change may contribute to the increasing trend observed in childhood overweight. Methods: Motor skill competence was assessed in children from the Young Netherlands Twin Register born between 1987 and 2007. Follow-up ranged from 4 up to 10 years. Weight and height were assessed at birth, 6 months, 14 months, and 2, 4, 7, and 10 years. Results: Babies born in later cohorts achieved their motor milestones ‘crawling’, ‘standing’, and ‘walking unassisted’ later compared to babies born in earlier cohorts (N = 18,514, p < 0.001). The prevalence of overweight at age 10 was higher in later cohorts (p = 0.033). The increase in overweight at age 10 was not explained by achieving motor milestones at a later age and this persisted after adjusting for gestational age, sex, and socioeconomic status. Conclusion: Comparing children born in 1987 to those born in 2007, we conclude that children nowadays achieve their motor milestones at a later age. This does not however, explain the increasing trend in childhood overweight.

scholarly journals Researches on the chemistry of coal-Part IV. The oxidation of the residue from the benzene-pressure-extraction process

1926 ◽  
Vol 110 (755) ◽  
pp. 537-542 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Picric Acid ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid ◽  
Crystalline Form ◽  
Tetracarboxylic Acid ◽  
The Past ◽  
Polycarboxylic Acids ◽  
Pressure Extraction

Since publishing the last paper of this series, in which was described our process of extracting coals with benzene under pressure up to 700 lb. per square inch, and of fractionating the crude extracts thereby obtained, we have turned our attention to the “residues” resulting from it, which in the case of most bituminous coals usually form about 90 per cent, of the actual coal substance. And in this paper the results of our experiments during the past eighteen months upon their oxidation by means of an alkaline solution of potassium permanganate are briefly described. It was decided to publish these results a t this stage of the investigation because of the recent publication by Mr. W. Francis and Prof. R. Y. Wheeler of an account of their work upon “The Properties and Constitution of Coal Ulmins,” in the course of which they oxidised, with either hydrogen peroxide or 30 per cent, nitric acid, what they termed the “regenerated ulminsfrom coals,” obtaining good yields of oxalic and succinic acids together with small quantities of other acids, among which picric acid, and certain benzene polycarboxylic acids were mentioned. They state ( loc . cit ., p. 2245) “symmetrical benzene tetracarboxylic acid (m. p. 264° with decomposition) has been isolated in a pure form by slow crystallisation from acetic acid, and its methyl ester (m. p. 138°) formed. The tricarboxylic acid appears to be trimellitic acid, but it has not yet been obtained in a sufficiently pure crystalline form to identify.” No ultimate analyses of these acids were, however, published.

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